广州惠普电脑专卖店:高中英语词语辨析(十二)

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discover与invent

这两个词都是动词,都指人们首先见到的新鲜事物而言,但涵义有异。

Discover指初次看见本来已存在但以前未被发现的事物(to find out something existing but not yet known),故作“发现”解。如: 

Columbus discovered America but he did not explore the new continent.

哥伦布发现了美洲,可是他没有去探索这个新大陆。

Modern astronomers have discovered a million such galaxies.

现代的天文学家已发现了一百万类似的星群。

The circulation of blood was discovered by Harvey.

血液循环是哈维发现的。

Invent是指创造前所未有的事物(to create or design something not existing before),故作“发明”解。例:

Edison invented the electric light bulb.

爱迪生发明了电灯泡。 

A new-type stethoscope has yet to be invented.

新型的听诊器有待发明。

有时候,invent还可作“捏造”解。例:

Don't you know a lie is always invented?

谎言总是捏造出来的,难道你不知道吗?

We must invent an excuse for being late.

我们必须编造一个迟到的理由。

Discover的名词是 discovery;invent的名词是invention。“发现者”是 discoverer;“发明家”是inventor。

下面是discovery和invention的例句,从中可以看出,它们之间的涵义区别和动词相同:

Columbus's discovery was at first misunderstood.

The invention of calculating machines led to the invention of computers.

 

discreet与discrete

 

这一组词的读音相同,拼法相近,又都是形容词故很易混淆。

Discreet的意思是“(言行)谨慎的”、“慎重的”“有判断力的”(not saying too much;showing good sense and judgment),它的名词是 discretion。例: 

The action he takes is far from discreet.

他所采取的行动很不谨慎。

You must show more discretion in choosing your friends.

你在选择朋友时要谨慎些。

反义词是鲁莽:indiscreet(形容词)及 indiscretion (名词)。

Discrete的意思是“分离的”、“不联络的”、“各异的”(separate,disjoined or individually distinct)。它的名词是 discreteness。例:

This proposition contains two discrete parts.

这个建议由两个不同的部分组成。

Our company is made up of many small,discrete units.

我们的公司由许多小的各自分立的单位组成。

distinct与distinctive

 

这一对词都是形容词,拼法也相近,但涵义不同。

Distinct的意思是“分明的”、“明了的”、“清楚的”(well-marked,clearly defined or easily discernible)。例:

The photo you took in Hong Kong Cultural Centre is not distinct enough.

你在香港文化中心拍的那张照片不够清晰。

She has a distinct pronunciation.

她的发音清楚。

There is a distinct smell of smoke in my room.

我的房间里有一股明显的香烟味。 

有时候,distinct还可用以表示“不同的”、“有区别的”意味。如:

This picture is distinct from that.

这幅图和那幅不同。

The twins have distinct personalities.

这对双胞胎的个性并不相同。

Distinctive的意思是“表示差别的”、“有特色的”、“特殊的”(marking or showing a difference)。例如:

Can you find the distinctive watermarks of this stamp?

你能找到这枚邮票上有明显的水纹吗?

Pupils in Hong Kong usually have distinctive badges on their school uniforms.

在香港,小学生的校服上常戴有颇具特色的徽章。

现将distinct和distinctive用在一个句子里,以便区分:

One of the distinctive features of this book is its distinct illustrations.

本书的特点之一就是具清楚明了的图解。

due to与owing to

 

这一对词组都表示“因为”、“由于”之意,但用法和使用场合有所不同。

在标准英语里,due to只能用以引导形容词短语,不可引导副词短语。例如:

Our delay was due to heavy traffic. 

Mistakes due to carelessness may have serious consequences.

在第一例中,due to引导的短语在句中作表语,用在 verb“to be”之后;在第二例中,due to引导的短语作定语,修饰前面的主语mistakes。主张语言纯正者(purists)认为,due to不能引导副词短语,因此,下列句中的 due to应改为 owing to或 because of:

Due to ill health,he could not attend the meeting

由于健康不佳,他不能参加会议。

事实上,在现代英语中,due to也经常用以引导副词短语,下面数句均摘自英美刊物:

Due to the weather,the flight was cancelled.

He failed due to carelessness.

The population of Pennsylvania increased from 50,000 in 1730 to more than 200,000 in 1763,due in large part to the thousands of Scotch-Irish.

…in America,where women began to predominate from pioneer times,due to their scarcity and greater demands.

Owing to如同 because of或 on account of一样,是个介词,只能引导副词短语。例:

Owing to the rain,they could not come. 

由于下雨,他们不能来了。

Owing to a traffic hold-up,I missed my flight.

由于交通堵塞,我赶不上航班。

The project fell through because of poor planning.

工程告吹是因为缺乏周详策划。

The university faced a cost overrun on account of miscalculation.

大学经费超支是因为预计错误。

上面提过,在今日英语中,以上的 owing to/because of/on account of都可以用due to代替。

during与for

 

介词for引导时间状语时,很易和during混淆不清。它们的区别如下:

(一)during用在已知的时期、节日或表示时间观念的名词之前,其后通常接the、this、that、these、those、my、your、his……等词。例:

during the last four days(the spring of 1995)

during the winter(war,economic crisis of 1929)

during that time(the course of the play)

during my holidays(summer vacation)

during her absence(interview)

during our stay in Japan(their visit here)

而for则用以表示“有限的”或“无限的”时间概念,通常其后接冠词、数词,复数名词或副词ever。例如:

for the first time(a time,a while)

for a couple of weeks(days) 

for two months(weeks)

for many years(generations)

for years(months)

for ever(ages)

(二)during的涵义是“当……之际”,它既可指某个动作在某个时期里连续不断地进行,也可以指某个动作在这段时期里的某个时间发生。如:

He was sick for a week and during that week he was placed in an infirmary.

他病了一个星期,在这个星期里,他住在护养院。

It snowed all day but stopped snowing during that night.

下了一整天雪,到晚上才停了。

而for的涵义是指某个动作在某个时期里处于连续不断的状态。如:

They worked for the whole day.

他们干了一整天。

在某些场合下,for含有“预先安排”或“为了某一目的”之涵义。表示此意味时,大都和come、go、stay、lend、rent、hire等词连用。例:

I went to Europe for the holidays.

我到欧洲度假去了。

They will stay with us for the New Year.

他们将和我们在一起,共度新年。

We're off for our honeymoon. 

我们要去度蜜月。

May I borrow your camera for Christmas?

我可否借你的照相机在圣诞节时使用?

each与every

 

这两个词都有“每个”的意思,词义相近,但内涵和使用场合有所不同。

(一)each既可作形容词,又可作代词;every只能作形容词。例:

Each participant may try twice.(adj.)

每个参与者可尝试两次。

Each of them has done his work.(pron.)

他们各自干了自己的工作。

Every member has a share in the profits made by the company.(adj.)

每个会员可分享公司的盈利。

(二)each表示“各自”的意味,指一个整体中的个别人或事物;every表示“每个”之意,含有“全体”、“全部”之意味,因此,我们可以说:

Every boy was there and each did his part.

每个男孩都出席并各尽其力。 

从此例可见,every是从“整体”来看;而each是从“个别”来看。

(三)each用于两个或两个以上的人或事物;every 用于三个或三个以上的人或事物。例:

The pavement on each side is crowded with pedestrians.

每边的行人道上挤满路人。

I enjoy every minute of the party.

联欢会的每一分钟我都玩得很痛快。

(四)在each和every通用的场合里,every的语气比each重,例如在下句中,用every比较适合,因为它的语势较强:

Every form of society,every way of thinking has its particular contradiction and particular quality.

每一种社会形态和每一种思想形式,都有它的特殊的矛盾和特殊的性质。

(五)有时候,人们为了加重语气,故意把each和every用在一起。例如:

The professor wants each and every student to be present before eight o'clock.

值得注意的是,each不可以和否定式的动词连用,例如,我们不可以说:Each did not succeed.而应说:

Each failed.

表示 each的否定涵义用语是:neither,no one或 not every one。如:

Neither(or Not every one)of them was in good health.

eatable与edible

 

这一对词都可以用作形容词和名词,都有“可吃的”词义,但涵义有细微的差异。

Eatable源出于古英语etan;edible源出于拉丁语edibilis。前者着重表示“可吃的”、“能吃的”意味,但“可吃”、“能吃”并不等于“食物可口和好吃”,例如食品不够新鲜或烧得太生太熟时,也是 something eatable。后者则着重表示“本来不是食物,但吃下去也无害”之意。

通过下面的例句,我们可以辨别它们的不同涵义:

These bananas are over-ripe but they are eatable.

这些香蕉长得太熟,可是还是可以吃的。

This food is scarcely eatable. 

这种食物难以咽下。

It is said seaweeds are edible.

据说,海藻是可以吃的。

Toadstools are not edible.

毒菌是不能吃的。

Eatable用作名词时,常用复数形式,在词尾加-s。edible也是如此,如:They are not edibles

eligible与illegible

 

这一对形容词的拼法和读音有点相近,但涵义和使用场合却大不相同。

Eligible的意思“合格的”、“合适的”、“可采用的”(qualified,suitable or fit to be chosen)。它的副词是eligibly,名词是eligibility。例:

Mr.Lin is eligible for the election.

林先生在此次选举中有被选资格。

Ms.Wang is an eligible candidate for this vacant position.

汪小姐是有补此空缺资格的候选人。

They are seeking for an eligible young man for the governor's daughter.

他们正在为总督的女儿物色一位合适的青年。

Illegible/i'leDNibl/的意思是“难读的”、“难辨认的”(difficult or impossible to read or distinguish)。它的副词是il'legibly,名词是il'legibility。例:

I really cannot make out his illegible handwriting.

我确实是辨认不出他潦草的字体。 

Do you know this Chinese character?It's so illegible that no one can recognize it!

你认识这个中国字吗?它写得太草,无人会认得!

现将eligible和illegible用在一个句子里,以便区分:

A person might be eligible for a certain appointment despite his illegible handwriting.

一个人的字体尽管写得潦草,可是他可能适合担任某一种工作。

请注意,unreadable的意义和illegible相近,但涵义并不相同。unreadable是“索然无味,不值一读”(not interesting enough to read),而illegible是“字体潦草,难以辨认”(not plain enough to be deciphered)。下面举一例以说明unreadable的使用场合:

It seems to me today's editorial is unreadable.

我觉得,今日的社论不值一读。

emerge与immerge

 

这一组词的读音完全相同。念/i'm+: :DN/,又都是动词,但意义恰好相反。

Emerge的意思是“露出”、“出现(to come out or come into view),一般用以指从某物之后(下)露出;它亦可用作比喻意,指困难、问题、事实等显现出来。emerge的名词是emergence。例:

After a spell of wet days,the sun emerges from behind the clouds today.

一连下了几天雨,今天太阳从云后出现了。

The diver emerged from the water at last.

潜水员终于浮出了水面。

In the history of the Chinese nation,many national heroes have emerged.

在中华民族的历史中,出现了很多的民族英雄。 

During the past two years,a lot of social problems have emerged.

在过去两年中,出现了一大堆社会问题。

A significant feature of Hong Kong's football teams is the constant emergence of promising newcomers.

香港足球队的重要特色是有前途有望的新手经常出现。

Immerge很多时写作immerse,其意为“浸入”、“沉入”(to plunge into or dip into),它的名词是 immersion。例:

The diver immerged in the icy sea for several minutes.

潜水员潜入冰冷的海里数分钟。

He has immerged the dress in the boiling dye for two hours.

他已把衣服浸入滚烫的染料中两个小时了。

注:在现代英语中,immerse 比 immerge用得普遍,因为后者是前者的古体。

empty,vacant,hollow

 

这一组词都表示“空的”意思,但涵义有所不同

Empty的意思是“里面没有东西”、“一无所有”,具有“空无一物”的隐含意义,它可以用来描绘box、vessel、cupboard、bag、purse、room、house、street、stomach、head 等词。例:

This trunk is empty of its contents.

这只箱子空空如也。  

We found the room empty.

我们发现房间里空无一物。

At midnight even the busiest street is empty.

午夜时分,甚至最繁忙的大道上也不见人影。

Vacant的意思是“闲者的”、“无人占据的”,着重指临时性的情况,如:vacant seat、vacant apartment、vacant position等。例:

We have no vacant position here.

我们这里没有空职。

A vacant seat was found in this compartment.

在这个车厢里找到了一个空的座位。

请注意,当empty和vacant用以修饰同一个名词时,它们的意义有所不同。例如an empty house是既没有家具也没有人居住的空房子;a vacant house是指可能有家具放着,但暂时无人居住的房子。同理,an empty chair是既没有人坐也没有人东西放着的椅子;a vacant chair是指暂时空着无人坐的椅子。

Hollow的意思是“空心的”、“中空的”、“空洞的”、“下陷的”,它常与tree、ball、cheeks、voice、sound、words、promise等词连用,由此可见,它既可用以指实物的“中空”,亦可指 words、promise、compliments的“虚假”,用于后者场合是比喻意义。例:

This is a hollow tree. 

这是一棵中空的树。

I don't like to hear his hollow words.

我不喜欢听他那些空洞的话。

The tears rolled down her hollow cheeks.

泪水从她下陷的双颊流了下来。

His argument sounds hollow.

他的论点空洞。

English与the English

 

这一对词的涵义并不相同。

作名词时,English的意义是“英语”,相当于the English language。例:

Engish is chosen as one of the official languages to be used during meetings at the UN.

英语被选为联合国大会会议期间的官方语言之一。

English is also the official language in India.

英语也是印度的官方语言。

English有时可作“英国人”解。例:

My father is Scottish,but my mother is English,they are both British.

我的父亲是苏格兰人,而母亲是英国人,他们两个都是英联邦人。

The English have a wonderful sense of humor.

英国人有惊人的幽默感。

在现代英语里,不少人喜欢用Englishman代替(the)English。

作形容词时,English的意思是“英国的”或“英国人的”,相当于 British。如:English history(英国史);English literature(英国文学);English traditions(英国人的传统);English breakfast(英国人或英国式的早餐)。 

下面举两个例子,以说明 English和 the English的区别:

Hard Times is an English novel,written by Charles Dickens.

《艰难时世》是狄更斯写的一部英国小说。

The English belong to the white race.

英国人属于白种人。

由上例可见,the English是“英国人民”、“英国民族”,相当于 the English people。

下面四点值得我们注意:

(一)Englishman一般不能分写为 English man,但是我们可以说 every English man,那是指每个英国男人。

(二)The King's English(或 the Queen's English)是指“标准英语”而言。

(三)English English是“英国英语”或“英式英语”,即 British English,以区别于 American English(美国英语或美式英语)。 

(四)English Channel是“英伦海峡”或“英吉利海峡”,不译“英国海峡”,因为该海峡位于英国和法国之间 。