天津市南开区万兴街道:armlinux学习笔记--LCD驱动程序分析

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From:http://cid-b6be8a6f2ed519d0.spaces.live.com/blog/cns!B6BE8A6F2ED519D0!114.entry
//*******************************************************
//* 2007.6.18
//*******************************************************
在/kernel/include/asm-arm/arch-s3c2410/bitfield.h 文件中:
#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
#define UData(Data) ((unsigned long) (Data))
#else
#define UData(Data) (Data)
#endif例:UData(5); = 5/*
 * MACRO: Fld
 *
 * Purpose
 *    The macro "Fld" encodes a bit field, given its size and its shift value
 *    with respect to bit 0.
 *
 * Note
 *    A more intuitive way to encode bit fields would have been to use their
 *    mask. However, extracting size and shift value information from a bit
 *    field's mask is cumbersome and might break the assembler (255-character
 *    line-size limit).
 *
 * Input
 *    Size       Size of the bit field, in number of bits.
 *    Shft       Shift value of the bit field with respect to bit 0.
 *
 * Output
 *    Fld        Encoded bit field.
 */#define Fld(Size, Shft) (((Size) << 16) + (Shft))例:Fld(2,5); = 0x20005/*
 * MACROS: FSize, FShft, FMsk, FAlnMsk, F1stBit
 *
 * Purpose
 *    The macros "FSize", "FShft", "FMsk", "FAlnMsk", and "F1stBit" return
 *    the size, shift value, mask, aligned mask, and first bit of a
 *    bit field.
 *
 * Input
 *    Field      Encoded bit field (using the macro "Fld").
 *
 * Output
 *    FSize      Size of the bit field, in number of bits.
 *    FShft      Shift value of the bit field with respect to bit 0.
 *    FMsk       Mask for the bit field.
 *    FAlnMsk    Mask for the bit field, aligned on bit 0.
 *    F1stBit    First bit of the bit field.
 */#define FSize(Field) ((Field) >> 16)例:FSize(0x20005); = 2#define FShft(Field) ((Field) & 0x0000FFFF)例:FShft(0x20005); = 5/*
 * MACRO: FInsrt
 *
 * Purpose
 *    The macro "FInsrt" inserts a value into a bit field by shifting the
 *    former appropriately.
 *
 * Input
 *    Value      Bit-field value.
 *    Field      Encoded bit field (using the macro "Fld").
 *
 * Output
 *    FInsrt     Bit-field value positioned appropriately.
 */
#define FInsrt(Value, Field) \
                 (UData (Value) << FShft (Field))例:FInsrt(0x3, 0x20005); = 0x3 << 0x0005 = 0x60------------------------------------------------------------------------
在/kernel/include/asm-arm/arch-s3c2410/hardware.h 文件中:
/*
 * S3C2410 internal I/O mappings
 *
 * We have the following mapping:
 *  phys  virt
 *  48000000 e8000000
 */#define VIO_BASE  0xe8000000 /* virtual start of IO space */
#define PIO_START  0x48000000 /* physical start of IO space */#define io_p2v(x) ((x) | 0xa0000000)
#define io_v2p(x) ((x) & ~0xa0000000)# define __REG(x) io_p2v(x)
# define __PREG(x) io_v2p(x)    这里,在实际的寄存器操作中,都用__REG(x) 宏将物理地址转换为了虚拟地址,然后再对这些虚拟地址进行读写操作。------------------------------------------------------------------------
    当应用程序对设备文件进行ioctl操作时候会调用它们。对于fb_get_fix(),应用程序传入的是fb_fix_screeninfo结构,在函数中对其成员变量赋值,主要是smem_start(缓冲区起始地址)和smem_len(缓冲区长度),最终返回给应用程序。在/kernel/drivers/video/s3c2410fb.c 文件中的s3c2410fb_map_video_memory 函数中:
fbi->fb.fix.smem_len = fbi->max_xres * fbi->max_yres *
      fbi->max_bpp / 8;fbi->map_size = PAGE_ALIGN(fbi->fb.fix.smem_len + PAGE_SIZE);
fbi->map_cpu = consistent_alloc(GFP_KERNEL, fbi->map_size,
            &fbi->map_dma);
if (fbi->map_cpu)
{
  fbi->screen_cpu = fbi->map_cpu + PAGE_SIZE;
  fbi->screen_dma = fbi->map_dma + PAGE_SIZE;
  fbi->fb.fix.smem_start = fbi->screen_dma;
}
在/kernel/include/asm-arm/proc-armo/page.h 文件中:
/* PAGE_SHIFT determines the page size.  This is configurable. */
#if defined(CONFIG_PAGESIZE_16)
#define PAGE_SHIFT 14  /* 16K */
#else  /* default */
#define PAGE_SHIFT 15  /* 32K */
#endif在/kernel/include/asm-arm/page.h 文件中:
#define PAGE_SIZE       (1UL << PAGE_SHIFT)
#define PAGE_MASK       (~(PAGE_SIZE-1))/* to align the pointer to the (next) page boundary */
#define PAGE_ALIGN(addr) (((addr)+PAGE_SIZE-1)&PAGE_MASK)在/kernel/arch/arm/mm/consistent.c 文件中:
/*
 * This allocates one page of cache-coherent memory space and returns
 * both the virtual and a "dma" address to that space.  It is not clear
 * whether this could be called from an interrupt context or not.  For
 * now, we expressly forbid it, especially as some of the stuff we do
 * here is not interrupt context safe.
 *
 * Note that this does *not* zero the allocated area!
 */
void *consistent_alloc(int gfp, size_t size, dma_addr_t *dma_handle)
    这里首先计算出需要视频缓冲区的大小(LCD屏的宽度 * LCD屏的高度 * 每像素的位数 / 每字节的位数)
fbi->fb.fix.smem_len = 240*320*16/8 = 0x25800 =150K(9.375个PAGE)
PAGE_SHIFT = 14
PAGE_SIZE = 1<<14 = 0x4000 = 16K (1个PAGE)
PAGE_MASK = 0xFFFFC000
fbi->map_size = PAGE_ALIGN(fbi->fb.fix.smem_len + PAGE_SIZE) = PAGE_ALIGN(150K + 16K) = PAGE_ALIGN(166K)
 = (166K + 16K - 1) & 0xFFFFC000 = 0x2D7FF & 0xFFFFC000 = 0x2C000 =176K
consistent_alloc(GFP_KERNEL, 176K, &fbi->map_dma);
最后得到:      framebuffer(物理地址)
 |---------------|
 |      ... |
 -------|---------------| <-- fbi->map_dma
 |      16K |
 分配了 |---------------| <-- fbi->screen_dma = fbi->fb.fix.smem_start
  176K |  | 
 共11个 |  |  160K = 10个PAGE
 PAGE   |      160K |  可以容下所需的150K 视频缓冲区大小
 (16K) |  |
 |  |
 -------|---------------|-------
 |      ... |
 |---------------|
//*******************************************************
//* 2007.6.19
//*******************************************************
在/kernel/drivers/video/s3c2410fb.c 文件中的s3c2410fb_activate_var 函数中:
unsigned long VideoPhysicalTemp = fbi->screen_dma;
    这里已经得到了framebuffer 在内存中的起始地址为VideoPhysicalTemp,地址数据位为A[30:0]。new_regs.lcdcon1 = fbi->reg.lcdcon1 & ~LCD1_ENVID;new_regs.lcdcon2 = (fbi->reg.lcdcon2 & ~LCD2_LINEVAL_MSK)
      | LCD2_LINEVAL(var->yres - 1);/* TFT LCD only ! */
new_regs.lcdcon3 = (fbi->reg.lcdcon3 & ~LCD3_HOZVAL_MSK)
      | LCD3_HOZVAL(var->xres - 1);new_regs.lcdcon4 = fbi->reg.lcdcon4;
new_regs.lcdcon5 = fbi->reg.lcdcon5;   LCDCON1 首先需要禁止视频输出才能进行寄存器的设置,然后对LCDCON2,LCDCON3 进行设置,主要是增加LINEVAL 和HOZVAL 这两个显示尺寸的参数。LCDCON4,LCDCON5 按原来配置设置。
LCDBANK[29:21]  为系统内存中视频缓冲区在系统存储器内的段地址的A[30:22]
LCDBASEU[20:0]  为LCD framebuffer 的起始地址的A[21:1]
LCDBASEL[20:0]  为LCD framebuffer 的结束地址的A[21:1]
OFFSIZE[21:11] 为某一行的第一个半字与前一行最后一个半字之间的距离(单位:半字数,即2个字节)
PAGEWIDTH[10:0] 为显示存储区的可见帧宽度(单位:半字数,即2个字节)
new_regs.lcdsaddr1 =
  LCDADDR_BANK(((unsigned long)VideoPhysicalTemp >> 22))
  | LCDADDR_BASEU(((unsigned long)VideoPhysicalTemp >> 1));new_regs.lcdsaddr2 = LCDADDR_BASEL(
  ((unsigned long)VideoPhysicalTemp + (var->xres * 2 * (var>yres))) >> 1);    这里LCDADDR_BASEL 的计算方法为用framebuffer 在内存中的起始地址VideoPhysicalTemp,加上framebuffer 的大小(LCD屏的宽度 * LCD屏的高度 * 每像素的位数 / 每字节的位数),得到framebuffer 在内存中的结束地址,然后右移1位。new_regs.lcdsaddr3 = LCDADDR_OFFSET(0) | (LCDADDR_PAGE(var->xres));    这里PAGEWIDTH 的计算方法为:LCD屏的宽度*每像素的位数/16位 (半字)。
问题:以上这些操作是否已经对DMA 控制器进行了设置?
    我认为这里将framebuffer 在内存中的起始地址为VideoPhysicalTemp 变换后载入LCDADDR1,LCDADDR2,LCDADDR3 中就已经完成了对LCDCDMA 控制器的源数据的基地址设置,当打开LCDCON1 |= LCD1_ENVID; 后就可以由LCDCDMA 控制器自动从framebuffer 中传数据到LCD 屏幕了。
------------------------------------------------------------------------
在/kernel/drivers/video/s3c2410fb.c 文件中的xxx_stn_info 结构体初始化中:
lcdcon5 : LCD5_FRM565 | LCD5_INVVLINE | LCD5_INVVFRAME | LCD5_HWSWP | LCD5_PWREN,    INVVCLK , INVLINE , INVFRAME , INVVD :通过前面的时序图,我们知道,CPU的LCD控制器输出的时序默认是正脉冲,而LCD需要VSYNC(VFRAME)、VLINE(HSYNC)均为负脉冲,因此 INVLINE 和 INVFRAME 必须设为“1 ”,即选择反相输出。 INVVDEN , INVPWREN , INVLEND 的功能同前面的类似。    PWREN 为LCD电源使能控制。在CPU LCD控制器的输出信号中,有一个电源使能管脚LCD_PWREN,用来做为LCD屏电源的开关信号。    其中LCD5_HWSWP  一项,设置了LCD从内存中显示数据时,经过了半字交换。16BPP Display
(BSWP = 0, HWSWP = 0)
 D[31:16] D[15:0]
000H P1   P2
004H P3   P4
008H P5   P6
...(BSWP = 0, HWSWP = 1)
 D[31:16] D[15:0]
000H  P2   P1
004H  P4   P3
008H  P6   P5
...像素显示顺序如下:
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 ...例如:内存地址的数据为:0x11223344 (32位)
    系统存储器采用Big-Endian(大端模式)存储格式,地址数据格式如下:
 D[31:16]  D[15:0]
 00   01   02   03 
00H     0x11 0x22 0x33 0x44
        (0x1122)  (0x3344)
04H ...
08H ...则首先显示0x3344 的数据到第一个像素,然后再显示0x1122 到第二个像素。    系统存储器采用Little-Endian(小端模式)存储格式,地址数据格式如下:
 D[31:16]  D[15:0]
 03   02   01   00 
00H     0x11 0x22 0x33 0x44
        (0x1122)  (0x3344)
04H ...
08H ...则首先显示0x3344 的数据到第一个像素,然后再显示0x1122 到第二个像素。 //*******************************************************
//* 2007.6.20
//*******************************************************
在/kernel/arch/arm/mm/consistent.c 文件中的consistent_alloc 函数中:
void *consistent_alloc(int gfp, size_t size, dma_addr_t *dma_handle)
{
  ...
  virt = page_address(page);
  *dma_handle = virt_to_bus(virt);
  ret = __ioremap(virt_to_phys(virt), size, 0);
  ...
}    这里调用该函数来分配一段内存空间有两个返回值,一个返回值返回给了ret 指针,另一个返回值返回给了dma_handle 指针。virt_to_bus 和virt_to_phys 函数的调用可以参考下面的分析。经过分析这两个函数作用一样,都是将virt 这个虚拟地址转换为物理地址。所以返回给指针dma_handle 的是所分配内存的起始地址(物理地址)。__ioremap 函数的调用也可以参考下面的说明,该函数也返回所分配内存的起始地址(虚拟地址),不过是经过I/O 内存映射的,把物理地址转换为了虚拟地址。    这样一来就很清楚了,返回的framebuffer 的物理地址给了指针dma_handle,也就是fbi->map_dma,到fbi->screen_dma,再到fbi->fb.fix.smem_start,最后到了指针VideoPhysicalTemp,这样写入到LCDADDR1,LCDADDR2 寄存器中的framebuffer 的地址其实都是物理地址。
    而返回的framebuffer 的虚拟地址给了指针ret,也就是fbi->map_cpu,到fbi->screen_cpu,最后到了display->screen_base(见/kernel/drivers/video/s3c2410fb.c 文件中的s3c2410fb_set_var 函数)。
------------------------------------------------------------------------
在/kernel/drivers/video/fbmem.c 文件中:
/**
 * register_framebuffer - registers a frame buffer device
 * @fb_info: frame buffer info structure
 *
 * Registers a frame buffer device @fb_info.
 *
 * Returns negative errno on error, or zero for success.
 *
 */int
register_framebuffer(struct fb_info *fb_info)/**
 * unregister_framebuffer - releases a frame buffer device
 * @fb_info: frame buffer info structure
 *
 * Unregisters a frame buffer device @fb_info.
 *
 * Returns negative errno on error, or zero for success.
 *
 */int
unregister_framebuffer(struct fb_info *fb_info)static int
fb_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)static int
fb_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *file)static ssize_t
fb_read(struct file *file, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)static ssize_t
fb_write(struct file *file, const char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)static int
fb_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *file, unsigned int cmd,
  unsigned long arg)static int
fb_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct * vma)    在该文件中包含了所有驱动LCD 的函数。在fb_read 和fb_write 这两个函数中,都对framebuffer 进行了操作。
fb_read 函数中:
char *base_addr;
base_addr = info->disp->screen_base;
count -= copy_to_user(buf, base_addr+p, count);fb_write 函数中:
char *base_addr;
base_addr = info->disp->screen_base;
count -= copy_from_user(base_addr+p, buf, count);
所读写的framebuffer 的基地址就是disp->screen_base,也就是fbi->screen_cpu 所指的framebuffer 的虚拟地址。从而得到:      framebuffer(虚拟地址)
 |---------------|
 |      ... |
 -------|---------------| <-- fbi->map_cpu
 |      16K |
 分配了 |---------------| <-- fbi->screen_cpu = display->screen_base
  176K |  | 
 共11个 |  |  160K = 10个PAGE
 PAGE   |      160K |  可以容下所需的150K 视频缓冲区大小
 (16K) |  |
 |  |
 -------|---------------|-------
 |      ... |
 |---------------|其中display->screen_base 结构在/kernel/include/video/fbcon.h 文件中定义。    得出结论,在分配framebuffer 时一共返回两个指针,虽然是同一块内存空间,但一个返回的是实际的物理地址,另一个返回的是经过地址转换的虚拟地址。在设置LCD 控制器中framebuffer 起始地址寄存器时,用的是所分配内存的物理地址;而当要对framebuffer 进行读写操作时,用的是同一块内存的物理地址所转换后的虚拟地址。由此可以知道,内核在对每个I/O 地址进行读写操作时用的都是经过转换的虚拟地址。
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
在/kernel/include/asm-arm/arch-s3c2410/memory.h 文件中:
/*
 * Page offset: 3GB
 */
#define PAGE_OFFSET (0xc0000000UL)#define PHYS_OFFSET (0x30000000UL)
/*
 * We take advantage of the fact that physical and virtual address can be the
 * saem. Thu NUMA code is handling the large holes that might exist between
 * all memory banks.
 */
#define __virt_to_phys__is_a_macro
#define __phys_to_virt__is_a_macro
#define __virt_to_phys(x) ((x) - PAGE_OFFSET + PHYS_OFFSET)
#define __phys_to_virt(x) ((x) - PHYS_OFFSET + PAGE_OFFSET)
    由此可见:                 起始点地址     PHYS_OFFSET      PAGE_OFFSET
            |    |
    |--0x30000000--|------间隔------|
PHYS_OFFSET(物理地址起始点): |--------------|...........................
          |
     |-----------0xc0000000----------|
PAGE_OFFSET(虚拟地址起始点): |-------------------------------|..........
    物理地址与虚拟地址的间隔为:PAGE_OFFSET - PHYS_OFFSET。这样一来,以上对物理地址和虚拟地址之间转换的宏定义就很好理解了。
虚拟地址转为物理地址宏:__virt_to_phys(x)
 = (x) - (PAGE_OFFSET - PHYS_OFFSET) = (x) - PAGE_OFFSET + PHYS_OFFSET
物理地址转为虚拟地址宏:__phys_to_virt(x)
 = (x) + (PAGE_OFFSET - PHYS_OFFSET) = (x) + PAGE_OFFSET - PHYS_OFFSET    内核虚拟地址和实际物理地址仅仅是相差一个偏移量(PAGE_OFFSET),可以很方便的将其转化为物理内存地址,同时内核也提供了virt_to_phys() 函数将内核虚拟空间中的物理影射区地址转化为物理地址。
/*
 * Virtual view <-> DMA view memory address translations
 * virt_to_bus: Used to translate the virtual address to an
 *              address suitable to be passed to set_dma_addr
 * bus_to_virt: Used to convert an address for DMA operations
 *              to an address that the kernel can use.
 */
#define __virt_to_bus__is_a_macro
#define __bus_to_virt__is_a_macro
#define __virt_to_bus(x) __virt_to_phys(x)
#define __bus_to_virt(x) __phys_to_virt(x)
    这里注意:__virt_to_bus(x) 就等于__virt_to_phys(x)------------------------------------------------------------------------
在/kernel/include/asm-arm/memory.h 文件中:
/*
 * These are *only* valid on the kernel direct mapped RAM memory.
 */
static inline unsigned long virt_to_phys(volatile void *x)
{
 return __virt_to_phys((unsigned long)(x));
}
/*
 * Virtual <-> DMA view memory address translations
 * Again, these are *only* valid on the kernel direct mapped RAM
 * memory.
 */
#define virt_to_bus(x)  (__virt_to_bus((unsigned long)(x)))
    由上面的分析可知:virt_to_bus(x) 和virt_to_phys(volatile void *x) 这两个函数调用的都是__virt_to_phys(x) 即((x) - PAGE_OFFSET + PHYS_OFFSET)。所以这两个调用都是将虚拟地址转换为了物理地址。
------------------------------------------------------------------------
在/kernel/arch/arm/mm/ioremap.c 文件中:
/*
 * Remap an arbitrary physical address space into the kernel virtual
 * address space. Needed when the kernel wants to access high addresses
 * directly.
 *
 * NOTE! We need to allow non-page-aligned mappings too: we will obviously
 * have to convert them into an offset in a page-aligned mapping, but the
 * caller shouldn't need to know that small detail.
 *
 * 'flags' are the extra L_PTE_ flags that you want to specify for this
 * mapping.  See include/asm-arm/proc-armv/pgtable.h for more information.
 */
void * __ioremap(unsigned long phys_addr, size_t size, unsigned long flags)    ioremap 函数的作用是将physical address以及bus address映射为kernel的
virtual adrress。
    ioremap 的作用是把I/O 内存地址(物理地址)映射到虚拟地址空间,使用之前需要分配I/O 内存区域。但是,ioremap 函数的内部实现并不是简单的((IO的物理地址)-0x10000000 +0xE4000000)。所以,得到的虚拟地址可能是不同的。
    因为linux 用的是页面映射机制,CPU 不能按物理地址来访问存储空间,而必须使用虚拟地址,所以必须反向的从物理地址出发找到一片虚存空间并建立起映射。
//*******************************************************
//* 2007.6.22
//*******************************************************
在/kernel/drivers/video/fbmem.c 文件中:
static struct file_operations fb_fops = {
 owner:  THIS_MODULE,
 read:  fb_read,
 write:  fb_write,
 ioctl:  fb_ioctl,
 mmap:  fb_mmap,
 open:  fb_open,
 release: fb_release,
#ifdef HAVE_ARCH_FB_UNMAPPED_AREA
 get_unmapped_area: get_fb_unmapped_area,
#endif
};这个结构中定义了对LCD 所分配的framebuffer 进行读写操作,以及一些内存映射之类的函数,这些源函数都在该文件中。
/**
 * register_framebuffer - registers a frame buffer device
 * @fb_info: frame buffer info structure
 *
 * Registers a frame buffer device @fb_info.
 *
 * Returns negative errno on error, or zero for success.
 *
 */int
register_framebuffer(struct fb_info *fb_info)这个是对LCD 的framebuffer 设备进行注册时调用到的注册函数,该函数在/kernel/drivers/video/s3c2410fb.c 文件的s3c2410fb_init 函数里的最后部分被调用。fb_info->devfs_handle =
     devfs_register (devfs_handle, name_buf, DEVFS_FL_DEFAULT,
       FB_MAJOR, i, S_IFCHR | S_IRUGO | S_IWUGO,
       &fb_fops, NULL);在注册函数的最后部分,将前面的fb_fops 结构里的各个驱动函数的入口点传入到devfs_register()设备注册函数中。
//*******************************************************
//* 2007.6.26
//*******************************************************
    上面这个devfs_register 函数(原型在/kernel/fs/devfs/base.c 文件中)执行前,在fbmem_init 函数中调用了函数:devfs_handle = devfs_mk_dir (NULL, "fb", NULL);
在/kernel/fs/devfs/base.c 文件中:
/**
 * devfs_mk_dir - Create a directory in the devfs namespace.
 * @dir: The handle to the parent devfs directory entry. If this is %NULL the
 *  new name is relative to the root of the devfs.
 * @name: The name of the entry.
 * @info: An arbitrary pointer which will be associated with the entry.
 *
 * Use of this function is optional. The devfs_register() function
 * will automatically create intermediate directories as needed. This function
 * is provided for efficiency reasons, as it provides a handle to a directory.
 * Returns a handle which may later be used in a call to devfs_unregister().
 * On failure %NULL is returned.
 */devfs_handle_t devfs_mk_dir (devfs_handle_t dir, const char *name, void *info)
    这个devfs_mk_dir 函数会在设备文件系统中创建一个名为fb 的目录,并返回一个带有devfs 设备文件系统目录结构的数据结构变量devfs_handle。然后把这个数据结构作为下一步调用devfs_register 函数时的参数,该参数在调用设备文件系统注册清除函数devfs_unregister 时也要作为参数传入。
/**
 * devfs_register - Register a device entry.
 * @dir: The handle to the parent devfs directory entry. If this is %NULL the
 *  new name is relative to the root of the devfs.
 * @name: The name of the entry.
 * @flags: A set of bitwise-ORed flags (DEVFS_FL_*).
 * @major: The major number. Not needed for regular files.
 * @minor: The minor number. Not needed for regular files.
 * @mode: The default file mode.
 * @ops: The &file_operations or &block_device_operations structure.
 *  This must not be externally deallocated.
 * @info: An arbitrary pointer which will be written to the @private_data
 *  field of the &file structure passed to the device driver. You can set
 *  this to whatever you like, and change it once the file is opened (the next
 *  file opened will not see this change).
 *
 * Returns a handle which may later be used in a call to devfs_unregister().
 * On failure %NULL is returned.
 */devfs_handle_t devfs_register (devfs_handle_t dir, const char *name,
          unsigned int flags,
          unsigned int major, unsigned int minor,
          umode_t mode, void *ops, void *info)    函数devfs_register 是设备文件系统的主册函数,会在刚才创建的目录下再创建一个名为name 的设备文件节点。返回的devfs_handle_t 数据结构变量会在调用设备文件系统注册清除函数devfs_unregister 时作为参数传入。
fb_info->devfs_handle =
     devfs_register (devfs_handle, name_buf, DEVFS_FL_DEFAULT,
       FB_MAJOR, i, S_IFCHR | S_IRUGO | S_IWUGO,
       &fb_fops, NULL);
    调用该函数后,会在刚才创建的fb 目录下再创建一个名为0 (name_buf)的设备文件节点,并赋予相应的权限,以及主次设备号和file_operations 结构的函数入口。
    这样一来,Linux 设备文件的创建,删除和目录层次等都由各设备驱动程序管理,再也不用手工创建设备文件节点了,再也不需要mknod 时查找对应的主设备号了,也不用依靠复杂的脚本来管理设备文件了。