七毛是我作者简介:怎样成为更加成功的语言学习者(三)

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 (11)已有知识助你学习

    每个人在学习外语时都有很丰富的知识。根据“从已知到未知”的学习规律,这些知识如果能够很好地发挥作用,将使我们的外语学习变得更为有效。因为我们可以将新的语言信息与原有知识联系起来。而原有的知识包括文化知识、语言学知识、背景知识、文本知识、世界知识等。文化知识可以帮助学习者更好地解释和理解所遇到的语言,如针对“巴塞罗那当前享有奥运会东道主的盛誉,奥运会从7月25日至8月9日举行”这一句子,学习者所拥有的文化知识可以帮助理解如下一些问题:(1)巴塞罗那在哪儿?(2)奥运会是什么?(3)这段时间天气情况如何?(4)举办奥运会包括什么?要回答第一个问题,涉及到地理知识;第二个问题的答案涉及到历史知识;回答第三个问题可以帮助缩小体育运动的种类;第四个问题的答案涉及到程序知识或礼仪知识。在学习外语时,现有的各方面的知识对语言学习都会起到一定的作用。人是社会的一份子,要了解人们通常如何交谈和如何解释他们所讲的内容,均涉及到社会语言学知识;平时讲话的得体性和适当性,也依赖于讲话人现有的社会地位和社会语言学知识。在表达感谢、问候、拒绝等社会意图时,两种语言的表达方式既相似又有所不同。
  语言学知识包括语义、语音和语法知识等。在语义知识方面,许多语言由于历史的关联,尽管发音不同,但具有相似性,如英语和法语就有一半的词汇写法是相同的。另外,语言词汇之间的相互借用也是一种普遍现象。但是值得注意的是,相似性既有有助于学习的一面,又有不利于学习的一面。语言之间的不同也是明显的。如在英语中,表达人的高大用tall,而表示建筑物高大用tall或high都可以,但在汉语中仅使用一个字“高”来表示。语音规则、语言规则和词序等在很大程度上影响着人们的学习。不同语言之间的差异是语言学习者在学习时应该关注的事情。
  背景知识主要指的是自然背景、手势、面部表情、行动和交互反应。为了理解故事、会话或者是段落,这些背景知识总是能够帮助寻找主题、语气或背景,并且能够帮助你猜测其他的重要信息。如果说会话是在商店里进行的,很可能谈的是买卖的事情;若是在饭店,会话可能是在谈论订餐的事;若谈话是在医生和病人之间发生,很可能谈论的是关于健康和医药的话题等等。
  另外,文本知识和世界知识也对促进外语学习起到重要的作用。文本知识指的是在阅读和听力训练时来自于文本自身的信息。这些信息可以帮助读者或听众理解所听到或所看到的语言材料。通过考虑所讲的内容的背景、时间、人物和事件,可以缩小事情的范围,从而得以更好地理解相关信息。世界知识指的是普通逻辑知识和文本框架方面的普通常识。这些知识可以帮助学习者理解语言,提高学习速度和效率。如在西欧文化中,神话故事中通常有一个英雄、一个恶人、故事冲突、冲突的解决、道义原则的说明。又如,为了表达逻辑关系,英语中通常使用一些逻辑标示,如however, if…等等。读者或听众所具备的逻辑知识可以帮助自己的理解和学习。
(12)对你的学习负责

1. 找到自己的路子。除非你对自己的学习负责任,否则很可能不会成功地掌握这门新语言。学习者对自己最为了解,因此,应该用自身的知识去知道自己的学习。人们学习的方式不同,如有的人是分析型的,干什么都需要规则,而有的人是直觉型的,更喜欢收集例子并模仿。在课堂上,教师不可能按照每个学生的实际情况设计教学方法。因此,要掌握一门外语,就需要个人的参与。在某种意义上说,语言必须成为学习者的一部分,而不是一个外部的机械系统。
2. 计划。很好的计划包括以下4个方面:设定明确的目标、建立规范的日程表、计划每天学些新东西、评估每个学习任务的难度。明确目标可以很好地帮助我们确定奋斗的方向,衡量学习表现。任何人的学习都是一点一滴地积累起来的,正如英语中的谚语所说“罗马不是一天建成的”。要建立规范的日程表,并能够坚持每天学习,甚至在周末学习。做作业如果沉不下去是做不好的。学习也有最佳的时间。如果你满脑子的其他事情,或者是你已经筋疲力尽,这时你不要学习。在学习时,大脑必须要能够接受所学的内容。除了课堂作业以外,坚持每天学些新的词汇是一个很好的办法。如第一天记表示颜色的词,第二天记表示蔬菜的词,第三天记表示职业的词等等。另外,为了估计需要付出多大的努力来完成每天的作业,你还必须通览一下确定其难易程度,以便调整学习时间。研究表明,人们通常会低估记忆单词所花的时间。因此,如果你想记忆某些东西,就要多留出一些时间。
3. 监控和评价。学习过程中进行信息处理时,要关注自己的成功尤其是要关注是怎样做才获得成功的。如学习词汇,就要关注是大声朗读还是默读单词记忆效果更好写。对于效果较好的方法在学习时要多加利用。关注他人学习成功的经验也有助于自己的学习,包括了解别人学习时所使用的学习策略:如何组织日记、如何总结规则、如何进行课前准备等。对自己的学习风格也应该心中有数,哪些学习策略奏效而哪些策略无效也应该给予关注。要想发展语言技能,就必须进行尝试。如果你想尝试一个新的惯用法,你就可以注意对方的反应。如果对方让你澄清或看上去困惑不解,你就很可能没有用对。

(13)5 always   4 usually   3 occasionally   2 rarely   1 never

QUESTIONNAIRE 2    STRATEGIES
GRAMMAR
1. When you study grammar, do you look for a pattern or rule and refer to what you already know about this particular structure? 5 4 3 2 1
2. When you complete grammar drills, do you always strive for 100% mastery? 5 4 3 2 1
3. In studying grammar, do you use your knowledge of your own and other foreign languages to try to make sense of the new language? 5 4 3 2 1
4. Do you try to use the sentence patterns of the language you are studying? 5 4 3 2 1
5. When you don’t know or can’t recall a structure you need, do you use one you know or a combination of simpler structures instead? 5 4 3 2 1
A high score on this section (20-25) indicates that you have effective grammar learning strategies. A low score (less than 10) indicates that you should consider modifying your approach to learning grammar.

VOCABULARY
1. Do you try to remember words by using them in context, i.e., in a conversation or in writing? 5 4 3 2 1
2. Do you try to organize the words that you have to learn into meaningful groups? 5 4 3 2 1
3. Do you check yourself after you finished studying a list or group of words? 5 4 3 2 1
4. Do you associate new words with those you already know? 5 4 3 2 1
5. Do you periodically review vocabulary you studied earlier? 5 4 3 2 1
A high score on this section (10-25) indicates that you have effective vocabulary-learning strategies. A low score (less than 10) indicates that you should consider modifying your approach to learning new wods.

 


SPEAKING
1. If you have a dialogue to memorize for acting out in class, do you rehearse the situation in your head to make sure you can do it? 5 4 3 2 1
2. If you have a dialogue to memorize for acting out in class, do you rehearse it with another student in your class to make sure that you can do it? 5 4 3 2 1
3. When you are in a store or restaurant in your country, do you try to imagine what you would say in the foreign language under these circumstances? 5 4 3 2 1
4. When you don’t know how to say something in a foreign language, do you try to say it another way? 5 4 3 2 1
5. When you don’t know how to say something in a foreign language, do you say something else instead? 5 4 3 2 1
6. When you don’t know how to say something in a foreign language, do you ask your conversation partner for help? 5 4 3 2 1
7. Do you take every opportunity to practice speaking with native speakers of the language? 5 4 3 2 1
A high score on this section (25-35) indicates that you use effective strategies for practicing speaking. A low score (less than 20) indicates that you should expand your range of speaking strategies.

LISTENING
1. Do you try to guess if you don’t fully understand what is being said? 5 4 3 2 1
2. Do you use your knowledge of the world in understanding a conversation, a movie, or a radio/TV broadcast? 5 4 3 2 1
3. If you don’t understand, do you try to keep listening because you may get a clue as to what was meant? 5 4 3 2 1
4. When you don’t understand, do you pinpoint for your conversation partner what exactly you did not understand? 5 4 3 2 1
5. When you don’t understand completely, do you summarize what you have understood and ask your conversation partner for verification? 5 4 3 2 1
If you score high on this section (20-25), you are using effective strategies to improve your listening comprehension. If your score is low (less than 15 ) you need to work on improving your listening-comprehension techniques.

 

READING
1. Do you use your knowledge of the logical sequence of events in the passage to figure out unclear portions of the text? 5 4 3 2 1
2. Do you use your knowledge of the subject matter to figure out unclear portions of the text? 5 4 3 2 1
3. Do you use your knowledge of grammar to figure out unclear sentences or parts of sentences? 5 4 3 2 1
4. Do you rely on words that look similar to words in your native or any other language you know to figure out the meaning of unfamiliar words in the text? 5 4 3 2 1
5. Do you rely on context to figure out the meaning of unfamiliar words in the text? 5 4 3 2 1
6. Do you consider the context when you look up unfamiliar words in a dictionary? 5 4 3 2 1
7. Do you read the whole text first to get the big picture? 5 4 3 2 1
8. Do you ask yourself questions in order to monitor your understanding of the text? 5 4 3 2 1
9. Do you use contextual clues (title, illustrations, layout, etc.) in order to figure out what the text is about? 5 4 3 2 1

If you score high on this section (35-45), you are using effective reading strategies. If your score is low (less than 25), you should work on improving your reading techniques.

WRITING
1. Do you try to pick a topic that will allow you to use what you know rather than one that will force you to use what you don’t know? 5 4 3 2 1
2. Do you develop an outline before you start writing? 5 4 3 2 1
3. Do you write a draft first and review it before turning in the final version? 5 4 3 2 1
4. Do you try to use the vocabulary and grammar you already know rather than look up most of the words in a dictionary? 5 4 3 2 1
5. Do you make sure that you have a correct model for the type of writing you are going to do, e.g., the appropriate form for an invitation or the correct form to address people? 5 4 3 2 1
If you score high on this section (20-25), you are using effective writing techniques. If your score is low (less than 15), you need to improve your writing strategies.

(13)词汇和语法

词汇和语法被认为是发展各种技能的基础,听、说、读、写技能的发展都离不开对词汇和语法的学习和知识扩展。
词汇学习策略包括直接法、运用记忆法和间接法。直接法包括:(1)努力掌握。(2)把单词和其定义写在单独的卡片上。(3)大声读单词或一遍一遍不停地写单词。(4)用所学的词汇编造句子。(5)将单词及其定义录音并不厌其烦地听。(6)用颜色标示单词等。运用记忆法包括:(1)运用压韵。(2)运用头韵。(3)将单词与自然界相联系。(4)将单词与其功能相联系。(5)运用词汇的自然联系,如反义词。(6)分类学习词汇。(7)学习相关词汇。(8)按照语法将词汇归类。(9)将词汇与其语境联系起来等。间接法包括:(1)针对一个相关话题阅读一系列的课文。(2)借助语境猜测词义。(3)将词汇切分成小的成分等。
   语法学习策略包括:(1)主动自找语法规则。(2)学习语法规则。(3)组织语法知识。(4)实验语法规则。(5)为掌握语法去做语法练习。(6)避免犯同样的错误。(7)关注附加练习是否影响你的语言表现。(8)有语法学习的耐心等。