失我焉支山:HIV病毒检测相关资料

HIV病毒检测相关资料

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). The virus gets its name because it infects and damages part of the immune system — the body's natural defense system.

       HIV（人体免疫缺损病毒）是艾滋病（获得性免疫缺陷综合征）的致病病毒。人体的免疫系统是人身体所固有的天然屏障，而这种病毒正是因其感染并破坏部分免疫系统而得名。

Often the only way to know if someone is infected with HIV is through testing. That's because people who are HIV positive may not know that they have the virus. Most of the signs that someone has HIV don't show up until that person has developed full-blown AIDS. By that point, the person is sicker and the disease can be harder to treat, and they may have spread it to others without knowing.

       想要确定某人是否感染了艾滋病病毒（HIV），唯一的方式就是检测。因为通常，感染了的人并不知道自己是HIV病毒携带者。大多数病征要在艾滋真正发病的时候才会显露出来。但等到了那个时候，感染者的情况会变得非常严重，不仅很难治疗，而且在他们不知情的情况下，可能已经传染了许多人了。

Here are the facts on what's involved in getting tested — and who should get tested for HIV and why.

        这篇文章将会对检测所涉及的问题，如谁应该接受检测以及为什么等进行介绍。

Who Is at Risk?

谁在面临被感染的风险？

The only known way for HIV to be transmitted from one person to another is when it is spread through the fluids from an infected person's body. Thousands of U.S. teens become infected with HIV each year. When teens in the United States become infected with HIV, it usually happens in one of two ways:

    就我们目前所知，艾滋病病毒是通过感染者的体液传播。美国每年就有几千青少年被感染，大多是通过以下两种方式：

1. By sharing needles used to inject drugs or other substances (including needles used for injecting steroids, tattooing, piercing, and body art). If the person who has used the needle is infected with HIV, his or her blood on the needle can infect anyone else who uses the same needle.

2 .Through unprotected sex including anal, vaginal, and oral sex. This can happen when body fluids such as semen (cum), vaginal fluids, or blood from an infected person get into the body of someone who is not infected. Everyone who has unprotected sex with an infected person is at risk of contracting HIV, but people who already have another sexually transmitted disease (STD) are even more at risk.

1. 共用针头

    包括注射毒品、类固醇，纹身，穿孔，人体艺术等。如果HIV感染者使用了某个针头，上面会残留他或她的血液，其他任何人只要是使用了这个针头就很有可能被感染。

2. 不安全性行为

    包括肛交、阴交和口交，HIV病毒可能通过感染者的精液、阴道液以及血液，传染给性交中的另一方。如果在不采取安全措施的情况下，和HIV病毒携带着发生性行为，任何人都有被感染的风险，而如果还患有性传播疾病，那么感染HIV的几率更大。

Children can be infected with HIV if an infected pregnant woman passes the virus to her unborn child. Treating the mother and child around the time the baby is delivered, delivering by cesarean section, and avoiding breastfeeding can reduce the baby's risk of infection.

    儿童也有可能感染HIV，这往往是由于其母亲在怀孕时或之前成为了感染者。避免母婴传播的最佳时机是在分娩的时候。采用破腹产，并在孩子出生后，避免母乳喂养，都能有效降低婴儿的感染风险。

Reasons to Get Tested for HIV

为什么要进行HIV病毒检测？

If you have had unprotected sex (sex without a condom) or have shared needles with someone else, you should be tested for HIV. If you’ve had sex with a condom, you also should be tested since condoms are effective when used correctly, but are not perfect.

    如果你曾有过不安全性行为（未使用安全套），或者曾与别人共用过针头，那么你就应该进行HIV检测。而且，即便在发生性行为的时候使用了安全套，你也还是有必要接受检测。因为安全套必须要被正确地使用，才会起到保护的作用。

Early detection is key in fighting HIV and AIDS because:

1. There is no cure for HIV, so early detection allows a person to get medical treatment that can slow the advancement and effects of the disease.

2. Someone who learns he or she is infected can take the proper steps and precautions to prevent spreading the disease.

3. Couples who want to get pregnant can take action to try to prevent their baby from being born with HIV.

Another reason to get tested is peace of mind: A negative test result can be a big relief for someone who is worried that he or she might be infected.

早期探测是对抗艾滋的关键：

1. 艾滋病在目前还无法治愈，所以越早发现越好。感染者可以更早的服用药物治疗，这样能够减缓病情的恶化。

2. 感染者知道了自己的病情，就能采取有效的措施来防止将病毒传播给别人。

3. 夫妇能够采取措施保护他们的孩子不受HIV病毒感染。

    并且，检测还可能平抚人的情绪。如果检测结果呈阴性，那无疑就是给那些担心自己可能感染的人们一颗定心丸。

What the Tests Do

检测什么？

Most HIV tests don't actually look for the virus itself; they look for the antibodies that indicate HIV is present in the body.

       大多HIV病毒检测实际上并不是探查病毒本身，而是寻找可以证明HIV病毒在体内存在的特殊抗体。

When someone has HIV, the body's immune system makes antibodies to fight the virus. Unlike the antibodies our immune systems make that successfully fight off other infections, the antibodies to HIV cannot stop the virus. But their presence in great numbers is what appears in test results. The antibodies can take anywhere from 2 weeks to 6 months to appear in detectable quantities. So when someone has an HIV test, it may not show an infection that could have occurred in the last 6 months.

       当人体被HIV病毒感染，免疫系统就会制造出与之相适应的抗体来对抗它。与其它抗体能够成功制服其相对应的感染不同，HIV的抗体并不能顺利阻止HIV病毒的入侵，但是其巨大的数量将被呈现在检测结果中。并且，这种抗体的数量能在两周至六个月的时间里保持在可检测的水平。

Types of HIV Tests

HIV病毒检测的类型

1. EIA or ELISA Tests. These are the most common type of HIV test. It generally takes a few days to 2 weeks to get the results. This screening tests the blood sample for HIV antibodies. If the screening results come back positive, showing the presence of HIV antibodies, a Western blot is done.

1. EIA（抗HCV酶免疫测定法）和ELISA（酶标记免疫吸附测定法）

    这两种检测法是最常见的HIV病毒检测方法，一般几天到两周就能得到结果。其原理是检测血液样本中的HIV病毒抗体。如果检测的结果成阳性，表明HIV病毒抗体在血液中存在，一个蛋白质印迹也就完成了。

2. Western Blot. If the EIA or ELISA test is positive, the results are confirmed by another test called a Western blot. If both of these tests are positive, the person is almost certainly infected with the HIV virus. In rare cases, the EIA test can produce false positives when antibodies other than the HIV antibodies respond to the tests. In these cases, the Western blot will be negative.

2. 蛋白质印迹法（也称免疫印迹法，或西方墨点法）

       如果EIA测试或ELISA测试结果呈阳性，那么接着就需要用蛋白质印迹法进行验证。如果结果还是阳性，那么基本就可以确定该测试者已经感染了HIV病毒。只有极少数的特例，EIA测试会得出错误的结果。当除HIV病毒抗体以外的抗体对测试产生反应，EIA测试的结果会呈阳性，但是随后的蛋白质印迹测试的结果表明是阴性。

3. Rapid Tests. Rapid tests are the speedy alternative to the EIA and ELISA tests — and they're just as accurate. While a standard blood test can take 1-2 weeks to return results, a rapid test is ready in about 20 minutes. Rapid tests are not available in a lot of places. Just like with the EIA and ELISA tests, the rapid tests need to be confirmed with the Western blot test as well.

3. 快速检测

       快速检测是一种相对于EIA检测和ELISA检测来说更快捷的检测方式，它们准确性是相同的。标准的血检需要一至两周才能得出结果，而快速检测仅需二十分钟。并且就如EIA检测和ELISA检测一样，快速检测同样需要蛋白质印记法对其检测结果进行确认。不过，许多地方还无法进行快速检测。

4. At-Home Tests. Many at-home testing kits are available over the counter or online, but only one of them, the Home Access kit, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Home Access test is available at most local drugstores and works in much the same way a home diabetes test works. The user pricks his or her finger and puts the blood on a specially prepared card. The card is then sent into a laboratory, where it is analyzed and the results are available (by phone with an anonymous identification number) in about 7 days. There is also a Home Access Express kit, which can provide anonymous results by the next business day. The Express kit is slightly more expensive than the 7-day kit. The Home Access test has been found to be more than 99.9% accurate.

4. 在家测试

       有许多用于在家测试的成套工具，可以在线下直接交易，或是通过网络购买。但是其中只有Home Access kit一种得到了美国食物和药品管理局的认证。Home Access 在大多数本地药房就能买到。其检测方法和糖尿病的血糖监测类似。使用者戳破手指，使血液滴在特定的检测卡上，然后把该检测卡送到相关实验室进行分析测验，通常一周时间出结果。结果会通过电话以匿名的号码识别方式告知被检测者。还有一种Home Access Express套装，可以在第二个营业日就以匿名方式拿到结果。这套工具比七天出结果的那套稍微贵一点。Home Access检测的准确率超过99%。

5. Other tests that allow a person to read the results at home without sending in a sample are considered to be inaccurate and should not be used.

5. 其它允许在家自检的测试就不需要把血样送到检测处，但是这样检测的结果不准确，所以并不采用。

Where to Get Tested

在哪里检测？

People can get tested for HIV at a variety of different places, such as doctors' offices, health departments, hospitals, and sites that specialize in HIV testing. Some places, like certain clinics or hospitals, offer tests at little or no cost.

       人们可以在各种各样不同的地方得到HIV病毒检测，比如医务室、卫生部门、医院和HIV检测特定点。有些医院或诊所提供免费检测或只收取少量费用。

1. Anonymous Test Sites. An anonymous test site will never ask for a person's name or other identifying details. Instead, anyone being tested goes by a number and he or she is the only one who knows the results of the test. Although people go by numbers at anonymous sites, they aren't treated like just another number. Many anonymous sites have counselors available to talk with the person being tested, both before and after testing. No written record of the test result is kept at anonymous test sites.

1. 匿名检测点
       在匿名检测点做测试，都不需要被检测者提供姓名和其它任何身份信息，但他们会得到一个检测号，用以区分，检测的结果只有他们自己知道。虽然检测者在匿名检测点只是凭号码识别，但他们并不仅仅只是号码。许多检测点都有咨询师，他们负责与检测者在检测前及检测后进行交谈沟通。匿名检测点不会保留任何书面记录。

2. Confidential Test Sites. Confidential testing means that at a certain point in the process the person being tested will need to identify themselves. The results may appear as a written report in his or her medical file.

2. 保密检测点
       保密检测的意思是在进行测试的过程中被检测者需要提供他们的身份认证，检测的结果将会以报告的形式在他们的医疗档案中存档。

Every state has different laws pertaining to HIV testing, so it's always a good idea to check to see what is available in a particular area.

       每一个州与HIV病毒检测相关的法律都不尽相同，所以事先考虑在特定的地方哪些是适用可行的比较好。

If Test Results Are Positive

如果检测结果呈阳性

Someone who tests positive for HIV should:

        当检测结果呈阳性，被检测者应该及时做以下事情：

1. Contact a doctor immediately to discuss ways to slow the progress of the infection. Often a doctor will do more tests to evaluate the status of the virus. A person with a positive test may want to talk to a doctor who is an HIV specialist.

1. 立即联系医生，讨论治疗方案以减缓发病过程。通常，医生会进行更多的测试来检验感染病毒的阶段。得知自己已经感染的人们应该会愿意和一位艾滋病治疗专家谈谈。

2. Stop any activity that has an adverse affect on the body's immune system. These include excessive drinking, drug use, unhealthy eating, and smoking.

2. 停止一切可能对身体免疫功能造成伤害的活动，包括过量饮酒、吸毒、不健康的饮食以及抽烟。

3. Have additional tests to look for the presence of other STDs and diseases. When HIV was passed on, other STDs may have been passed on as well. Because HIV weakens the immune system, an HIV-positive person's body may need more help fighting off other diseases.

3. 做进一步检测以确定是否感染性传播疾病或其它疾病。因为HIV病毒会破坏人体的免疫系统，如果感染了HIV病毒，就很有可能感染性传播疾病。并且感染者需要更多的帮助来抵抗其它疾病。

4. Let past, current, and future sexual partners know about the infection. People who may have been exposed should be tested so that they can be treated as well. Condoms should always be used for future sexual encounters in order to help avoid infecting others.

4. 告知过去的、现在的性伴侣，以及将来可能成为性伴侣的人，自己已经感染的事实。过去及现在的性伴也应该进行检测，因为如果确定感染就可以尽早得到治疗。并且在未来进行性交时，应使用安全套来避免使对方感染。

People who discover they are HIV positive may feel frightened, isolated, afraid to talk to friends and family, or worried that they will be discriminated against or misunderstood. Talking to a counselor or other mental health professional can help them deal with these and other feelings.

       感染者可能会感到震惊害怕，感到被孤立，会很怕和家人朋友谈论这件事，或是担心他们歧视、误解自己。咨询相关人员或是心理医生能帮助他们处理这些疑虑和情绪。

Some health clinics that specialize in HIV and AIDS offer counseling services or know of support groups for those living with HIV. These safe environments offer a chance to discuss any fears and get answers to questions from people who care and understand what someone with HIV is going through.

       某些健康中心主治艾滋，并提供咨询服务，还设有专门为HIV病毒携带者提供支持的互助小组。这样的环境，让感染者感到安全，并且为他们提供了倾诉内心恐惧和焦虑的机会，还让那些理解且关心感染者的人们有地方解答疑惑。

There is no cure for HIV, but having the virus is not the death sentence it once was. Governments and scientists are putting a lot of money and research into treating — and, hopefully, eventually curing or immunizing people against — HIV. With treatments improving rapidly, people who find out they have the disease today can look forward to living a normal life for many years to come.

       目前虽然还没有可以完全治愈艾滋病的方法，但是感染了HIV病毒已经不再像从前一样就等于被判了死刑。政府投入了大量的资金在其治疗方法的研究上，科学家们也付出了巨大的努力，希望最终能够找到帮助感染者战胜艾滋的方法。随着治疗方法的迅速改善，感染者们甚至可以展望在未来的许多年里都能过着正常人的生活。

The Truth About HIV

艾滋病相关知识

1. You can't catch HIV from just being around a person or having casual contact with someone who is infected.

1. 和HIV携带者呆在一起，或是与他们进行一些日常接触，并不会感染艾滋。

2. HIV infection is not carried in sweat or tears. It also can't be transmitted through water fountains, phones, toilet seats, or clothes.

2. 汗水和眼泪里不会存在HIV病毒。并且，它同样不会通过饮水器、电话、马桶或衣服传播。

3. A person can't catch HIV from a mosquito or any other bug bites or stings.

3. 被蚊虫叮咬不会感染HIV病毒。

4. Giving blood does not increase a person's risk of contracting HIV.

4. 鲜血不会增加感染HIV病毒的风险。

5. HIV can't spread through a closed-mouth kiss and there's only a small chance it may be spread from an open-mouth kiss.

5. 闭着嘴唇亲吻（如礼节性亲吻）不会传播HIV病毒。并且，通过张开嘴唇亲吻（如湿吻、舌吻）而感染HIV病毒的几率也非常小。

6. It's not just homosexual people who need to be tested. Everyone can get HIV.

6. 并不是只有同性恋者才需要进行HIV病毒检测，每一个人都有感染的可能。

7. People who have HIV don't always loot sick, most HIV-positive people look perfectly healthy. 

7. 并不是每一个感染HIV病毒的人看起来都是病入膏肓的模样，正相反，大多数感染者看起来都非常健康。