raid1坏一块硬盘:The History of English Silver: an introduction

The History of English Silver: an introduction
In the days of Queen Elizabeth I,as the history books relate,England stood alone,bravely defending herself from the might of the great Spanish Armada with her gallant little fleet.There were many reasons for the Spaniards'desire to defeat the English and sink their ships,and one of them was revenge,The Spanish galleons running the gauntlet up the English Channel to the Spanish Netherland were full of gold and silver bullion,and England had none.England's famous brave sea-captains were pirates to a man,and their chief aim was to capture as many Spanish treasure ships as possible,where they might be found.
  It was no mean feat for Sir Francis Darke to sail round the word in his ship the Pelican,which was scarcely larger than an off-shore trawler.He took five ship and 164men,and his voyage,which took him round the ferocious Cape of Good Hope,lasted three years.But his mission was not,truth to tell,to drive the Spaniards from the seven seas,but to find their source of bullion and seize as much treasure as he could find,to replenish the empty coffers of his queen.This he accomplished apparently without too much difficulty.Sailing up the coast of Chile,the ship's log records that 'we went to a certain port called Tarapaca;where,being landed,we found by the sea side a Spaniard lyingasleep,who had lying by him 13 bar of silver,which weighed 4000ducats Spanish.We took the silver and left the man.'
  During his long voyage in that year of grace 1577,he also plundered one Spanish ship of 25,000 pesos of pure fine gold and from another took 27 wedges of silver,each one weighing about 20Ib.He also captured the Cacafuego and took from her holds 13 chests full of plate,fourscore pound weight of gold and 20 tons of silver.And it is to those early English buccaneers that we owe the name 'plate' by which all silver and gold is known in England today.Plata is the Spanish for silver-the River Plate was named after it,long before Argentina was given its name.As for the word 'sterling'by which all assayed plate is known,it probably owes its origins to the main source of silver in Europe before the days of the Spanish treasure ships-Saxony,the Hartz mountains,Bohemia and Transylvania,from which came the word esterlins.But until the Spanish began to bring tons of silver bullion into Europe,gold was more common as a precious metal,brought in from the more accessible African Gold Coast,and mined in small quantities all over Europe.Even the British Isles had gold mines in Cornwall,Wales,Scotland and Ireland.The craft of the goldsmith is more ancient than that of the silversmith,and when the Goldsmiths Company admitted silversmiths into their guild,the silversmiths too officially assumed the title of 'goldsmith',which even today remains their proper title. 英银的历史：介绍
在女王伊丽莎白一世的日子，因为历史书涉及，英国独自站在，勇敢地捍卫自己伟大的西班牙无敌舰队与她献殷勤的小fleet.There可能为Spaniards'desire击败英国和下沉的原因是多方面的他们的船只，而其中一人被报复，运行了英吉利海峡到西班牙荷兰笞刑的西班牙大帆船，充满了黄金和银锭，英国none.England著名的勇敢的海船长海盗一名男子，并他们的主要目的是为了获取尽可能多的西班牙宝船，他们可能会发现。
  这意味着没有弗朗西斯达克爵士壮举启航一轮的字在他的船的鹈鹕，这是几乎比离岸trawler.He了五个船舶和164men，和他的远航，历时他一轮凶猛的角好望角，历时三年years.But，他的使命是，真理告诉，开车从七海的西班牙人，但找到他们的黄金来源，并珍惜抓住他能找到，以补充他的空库房queen.This他显然没有太多difficulty.Sailing智利海岸完成，船上的日志记录，“我们去了一个特定的端口称为塔拉帕卡;，正在降落，我们的海边发现了一个西班牙人lyingasleep，谁他躺在13银，重4000ducats Spanish.We了银牌和离开该名男子的吧。“
  在他在这一年的宽限期1577的长航期间，他还掠夺纯纯金25000比索的西班牙船，从另一个27楔银，每一个重约20Ib.He还抓获Cacafuego，并从她拥有13胸前满的板，fourscore磅重的黄金和20吨silver.And是那些早期的英国海盗，我们欠所有的金，银在英格兰today.Plata名称为“板”是西班牙银河床被命名后，很久以前，阿根廷是给予其name.As字“sterling'by，这是已知的所有检测板，它可能欠欧洲银的主要来源，它的起源前的日子里西班牙宝藏船萨克森州的哈尔茨山脉，波希米亚和特兰西瓦尼亚，从里面传来字esterlins.But直到西班牙人开始把欧洲吨银锭，黄金是较为常见的一种贵金属，更容易带来非洲的黄金海岸，和英伦三岛各地Europe.Even少量开采金矿在康沃尔郡，威尔士，苏格兰和Ireland.The金匠工艺是较银匠古代，当石玉器金银首饰业公司承认银器到他们的公会，银器太正式上任的“金匠”，即使在今天仍然是他们适当的标题的称号。