excel宏拆分保留公式:欧洲文化史

欧洲文化史---古希腊文化（1）

由于对语言感兴趣的原因，对世界文化史也很感兴趣。N年前考研的需要，学习了《欧洲文化史》，现在拿出来重温，是别有一番风味，也从中发现了新的东西。

现在就想整理一下，也为需要考研的同学提供一点帮助。

很遗憾没能上研，希望今年能考一下，虽然要去读是不现实的事情，但是总想证明一下自己的实力...

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欧洲文化简史 European Culture

First, we talk about the Two Major Elements in European Culture. 欧洲文化虽然由很多元素构成，但都在漫长的岁月中发生了巨大的变化，但是有2个元素却没有，也就是the two elements which are considered to be more enduring，他们是：The Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element

即 希腊-罗马元素和犹太教-基督教元素。

下面来介绍一下希腊的文化

希腊 Greece,是一个历史悠久的国度，现代奥林匹克运动的发源地（说到奥运会，昨天的开幕式真的很棒！！）。

In the remote period of Greek history, probably around 1200 B.C.,a war was fought between Greece and Troy, a city on the Asiatic side of the Aegean, ending in the destruction of Troy.
在希腊漫长的历史中，大约在公元前1200年左右，希腊和特洛伊之间发生了一场战争，特洛伊位于爱情海的小亚细亚北部，战争以特洛伊城的毁灭告终。后来这场战争在荷马的史诗中有所提及。

Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.,marked by the successful repulse of the Persian invasion.
希腊文化在公元前5世纪的时候发展到了很高的水平，以成功击退波斯人的侵略为标志。

In the second half of the 4th century B.C.，all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, King of Macedon. His armies went out to conquer large areas of Europe, Asia and Africa, spreading Greek culture wherever they found themselves.
在公元前4世纪的下半叶，亚历山大，马其顿王国的君王，统治了整个希腊。亚历山大的军队出征了欧洲，亚洲和非洲的大部，将希腊文化带到了所到之处。

In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece
在公元6世纪，罗马征服了希腊。



古希腊的有一个关键词-Democracy, Democracy means'exercise of power by the whole people', but by "the whole people" the Greek means only the adult male citizens, and citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. Woman, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded.
希腊的雅典实行民主主义，民主的意思为“权力的执行权属于所有人民”，但是希腊人所谓的“所有人民”仅仅指成年男性公民，并且“公民”这一身份是男人从自己父亲那里继承而来，妇女，儿童，外国人和奴隶不享有该权力。

古希腊的经济建立在对奴隶的剥削上，古希腊人热爱运动，Once every four years, they had a big festival on Olympus Mount which included contests of sports. This began the Olympic Games.

欧洲文化史---古希腊文化（2）

Homer  荷马

Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. He probably lived around 700B.C. Two such epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, have survived. They are  not about events of Homer's own time, but about great men and wars of a remoter age, probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.

在对 Homer 这一term作出50字左右的解释时，可以参考下列的解释：

Homer, the great author of epics in ancient Greece, is a legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode tranditionally credited with authorship of the major Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey. His epics show us the  whole society and custom of the ancient Greece and are high valued in history,geography and archeology.

此外，在荷马这一伟大的史诗作家之外，古希腊在其他艺术方面也有很高的成就。

Lyric Poetry: Representatives: Sappho and Pindar

接下来是古希腊最著名的三大戏剧家：Aeschylus(埃斯库罗斯)，Sophocles(索福克勒斯) 和 Euripides(欧里庇德斯)
(残念的是，在07年的川大试题上出现了这一题，让介绍这3大戏剧家，愚蠢的我居然没有答完整，哎。)

Aeschylus: He wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.In these plays there are only two actors and a chorus. Yet they manange to stir and move the audience deeply by showing heros and heroines in complicated human situations, out of which there is on escape but death. Aeschylus is noted for his vivd character and majestic poetry.

Sophocles: Author of plays like Oedipus the King, Electra, and Antigone. Contributed greatly to tragic art. He added a third actor and decreased the size of the chorus. Sophcoles has had a strong impact on European literature. The psychical term 'the Oedipus complex' was derived from his play.

Euripides: He worte mainly about women in such his plays as Andromache, Medea, and Trojan Women. He was more of a realist than the previous mentioned dramatists, concerned with confilicts. His characters are less heronic, more like ordinary people. He may be called the first writer of  'Problem plays'.

欧洲文化史---古希腊文化（3）

除了在戏剧上的杰出作家之外，古希腊的也诞生了伟大的历史学家，哲学家和科学家

Historian
历史学家

Herodotus---希罗多德

He is often called "Father of History", wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable but not accurate.
希罗多德被称为“历史之父”，描写希腊人和波斯人之间的战争。他的历史充满逸闻趣事，以生动的对白见称，但不准确。

Thucydides---修昔底德

He is more accurate as an historian than Herodotus. He told about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse(锡扎库德). He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. He was never dull, but wrote with imagination and power. He was called "the greatest historian that ever lived." by Macaulay who himself is an eminent historian.

修昔底德比起希罗多德更像历史学家。他描写了希腊人和斯巴达人，希腊人与锡扎库德人之间的战争。他追根溯源，还原真实的历史。但是他所写的历史并不呆板而是充满想象和力量。他被麦考利，一个著名的历史学家，称为“有史以来最伟大的历史学家”。

Philosopher
哲学家

The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. They were closely linked. Socrates taught Plato, who taught Aristotle. But Plato and Aristotle had different views on many things, each with his own school of disciples.
苏格拉底，柏拉图和亚里斯多德是欧洲哲学史上最伟大的名字。这三个人联系很紧密，苏格拉底是柏拉图的老师，而柏拉图又是亚里斯多德的老师。 但是在很多方面柏拉图和亚里斯多德存在分歧，他们都有各自学派的门徒。


明天在来详细说这3个人，很可能考到大题。

欧洲文化史---古希腊文化（4）

古希腊三大哲学家

Socrates, Plato and Aristotle

Socrates--苏格拉底

We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues. Socrates liked to talk with people in the marketplace and in the steets, asking and answering questions. He was ready to discuss anything in heaven and earth, specializing in exposing fallacies. When words like justice, religiousness, virtue, wisdom, etc. were used by others, he would ask the speaker to explain them and then dissect the answers to show how they wrong or illogical. This method of argument, by questions and answers, has come to be known as the dialectical method.

我们主要通过柏拉图所记述的《对话录》来了解苏格拉底。苏格拉底喜欢在集市上或大街上与人交谈，提出问题和回答问题。他时刻都在准备着与人讨论任何天上和人间的事情，特别擅长揭露对方的谬论。当别人的言论涉及到诸如公正，笃信，美德，智慧等字眼时，他会要求对方就这些字眼作出解释，并细细剖析这些解释来显示对方言论的错误或不符合逻辑。这种通过问答的形式来进行的辩论，在后来演变成了辨证法。

Plato--柏拉图

Plato was Socrates's pupil. His Dialogues which talked about Socrates are important not only as philosophical writing but alsoas imaginative literature. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. It dealt with, among other things, the problem of how, in the complex, ever-changeing world, men were to attain knowledge. The reply he gave was: men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general "ideas", like beauty, truth, goodness. Only these "ideas" are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato's philosophy is called Idealism. Many of Plato's ideas were later absorbed into Christian thought.

柏拉图是苏格拉底的学生。他所记述的描写苏格拉底的《对话录》的重要性不仅在于它是哲学著作，同时也是一部充满想象的文学著作。柏拉图建立起了全面的哲学体系。他的哲学是解答人在这个复杂、不停变化的世界中如何获取知识这一问题。他所给出的答案是：人之所以能获得知识是因为某些普遍“观念”的存在，诸如美丽、真理、仁慈等。只有当这些“观念”完全真实，这个自然世界才会相对真实。因此，柏拉图的哲学被称为理想主义（或者唯心论）。他的很多观点后来被基督教的思潮所吸收。

Aristotle---亚里斯多德

Aristotle was Plato's pupil. In Aristotle the great humanist and the great man of science meet. Though he was tought Plato, yet he differed from his teacher in many ways. For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plto's reliance on subjective thinking. Also, he thought that "form"(=idea) and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world.

亚里士多德是柏拉图的学生，他既是一个伟大的人文主义者，也是一个伟大的科学家。尽管师出柏拉图，但是在很多方面他与他的老师存在分歧。首先，亚里士多德强调对自然的直接观察，坚持理论来自事实，而这正和依赖主观臆想的柏拉图背道而驰；其次，亚里士多德认为“形式”（=观念）和事实一起构建成有形的个体，在这里再一次与的柏拉图持有的思想的真实性高于现实世界这一观点大相径庭。


在这里仅对他们3人，特别是亚里士多德的哲学观念作出介绍，亚里士多德同时是伟大的科学家，在很多科学领域有着辉煌的成就。