中财网buzz桌面中文版怎么弄:英语重音研究二
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多音节单词的发音有一定的规律,若不掌握,听力很难提高。非英语专业学生通过熟悉字根迅速扩充词汇量的阶段,一般没有时间把准确发音的问题一并解决。通过构词的变化导致音节的变化,单词的重音、次重音和非重音常常变化。
比如,‘famous经过否定之后, ‘infamous,重音位置从倒数第二变为倒数第三音节. 类似的例子很多,如finite,
现在我把发音规律大致总结一下。这只是初步总结,希望好朋友在此基础上进一步修正和丰富。
1.最常见的情形是,重音在倒数第三音节,试读以下单词,
thesis, antithesis, synthesis; democracy; epiphany; potentiality; exorcise; pilgrimage; antinomy; anonymous; fabulous; parameter; academy; emeritus; subtitle; participate; demonstrate;
2.有几种情形重音在倒数第四音节,
(1)以-ory,-ary结尾的单词,由于这类词尾中的元音经常被弱读,甚至不发音,因此实际上仍然属于第1种情形. 例如,secretary; elementary; commentary; laboratory;
(2) 有少数使用频率很高、很常见,不习惯重音位置移动的单词,如capital→capitalism;(原因之一是capitalism经常与socialism并列,后者重音在倒数第三,前者就不便变化了.) 另外,naturalism; positivism;testimony;
3. 以下几种情况重音在倒数第二音节,很有规律,少有例外.
(1)以-ic,-ics结尾,如specific; terrific; beatific; scientific; erratic; metaphysics; hermeneutics; linguistics; academic; 有一个例外,一定要记住:rhetoric,其重音在倒数第三,符合一般规则.
(2)以-ious,-uous,-eous结尾,当然如果把这类词尾拆开看作2个音节的话,就属于一般规则了。如 delicious; mysterious; perspicuous; surreptitious; spontaneous; promiscuous; efficacious; notorious; infamous;
(3)以-tion, -cion, -sion结尾的单词,罕有例外. 如navigation; organization; interrogation; investigation; supposition; presupposition; modernization;
(4)以-al, -ial结尾的单词, 如 tutorial; memorial; horizontal; fundamental; transcendental; existential; primeval; medieval; controversial; detrimental;
(5)以-tarian结尾, 还有类似情形(待补充). 例如egalitarian; utilitarian; Presbyterian; Trinitarian; Unitarian;
(6) 以-sis结尾的单词部分重音在倒数第二音节,尤其是来源于古典时期希腊和罗马的词,如: Exegesis; allegoresis; mimesis,
类似的还有以-ia结尾的,如nostalgia,
(7)以-ence, -ent结尾的单词, 部分情况下。好朋友,请查询、验证、补充例子。
做做作业吧。
4. 关于次重音和非重音. 非重音容易理解, 次重音要注意。举例, supposition有四个音节, 因此重音在第二个s上, 次重音在第一个s上. 加上前缀-pre, 变成5个音节的单词presupposition, 重音和次重音位置不变, 首音节是非重音。在重音、次重音和非重音上, 同一个元音往往发音不同: 一是从高到低变化; 二是张口的大小从大到小变化。记住, 试读以下单词, apotheosis; representation; deconstruction; manifestation; hallucination; esotericism; apophaticism; surreptitious;
5.
练习: 读以下各组单词-
1. idea; detail; research; erudite; finite;
2.thesis; antithesis; synthesis;
3.interrogate; interrogative; interrogation; provocate; provocation; provocative;
4.industry; economy; monopoly;
5.spontaneity; ambiguity; spirituality; potentiality;
6.transcendence; immanence; intelligence; diligence; impotence; impudent; confidence; emergence;
7. benevolence; malevolence;
8. calligraphy; biography; autography; bibliography;
9. phenomenon; phenomenality; phenomenology; phenomenological;
10
有关重音，自己之前总结了一点，但是现在看来也难免以偏概全了。比如次重音的位置，随便举出几个例子就能推翻所谓规则：比如pronunciation、counterfoil、intelligentce等等。大家凑合看看吧，呵呵。
l Double-syllabic Words
n Generally the first syllable is stressed. letter, sorry
n Stress falls on the second syllable in words with prefixes like a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans-, etc. a`bout, be`lieve, ad`dress, de`cide, re`port, con`demn, res`pect, com`pare, in`form, dis`cuss, im`press, mis`take, en`force, pre`pare, em`ploy, per`mit, es`cape, pro`duce, ex`claim,trans`late.
n Stress is determined by meaning and part of speech with words like de-, in-, re-, con-, pre-, etc, First syllable stressed for nouns and second syllable stressed for verbs. `record, re`cord; `insult, in`sult; `conduct, con`duct; `present, pre`sent; `content, con`tent.
n Double stress happens to compound adj. and compound words with prefixes like re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, etc. `old-`fashioned, `out`side, `re`tell, `well-`known, `un`real, `fif`teen, `Chi`nese, `pre-`war, `post-`war.
n For compound nouns, the stress is on the first part. `blackbird, `greenhouse
n For compound verbs, the stress is on the second part. under`stand, over`flow
l Multiple-syllabic Words
n Generally, stress falls on ante-penultimate syllable. `difficult, `communist, `family, e`conomy, `possible, oppor`tunity,de`mocracy.
n Stress remains the same with some double-syllabic words that transform into multi-syllabic by prefixion or suffixation. `carefully, in`definite, `comfortable, con`ductor, ac`cording, dis`turbance, `complicated, es`tablishment.
n Stress falls on the penultimate syllable with words with suffixes like -eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive, -tion, etc. cour`teous, cal`ligraphy, edi`torial, his`torian, peri`odic, mathe`matics, ex`perience,suf`ficient, i`dentify, trans`lation, re`ligious, curi`osity, pro`tective, edu`cation.
n A secondary stress happens two syllables before the primary stress.?enter`tain, ?emplo`yee, ?mountai`neer, ?Japa`nese, ?ciga`rette.(?here represents a secondary stress)