寺庙求子被留下开光:世界摄影史：照相术鼻祖 尼舍弗朗·尼埃普斯

《摄影史》

    Introduction History of Photography (Encyclopaedia Britannica)

《摄影史介绍》（大英百科全书）

    A World History of Photography (by Naomi Rosenblum)

《世界摄影史》（纳奥弥·罗森布朗 著）

    The Story Behind the Pictures 1827-1991 (by Hans-Michael Koetzle)

《照片背后的故事 1827-1991》（汉斯-迈克尔·克茨勒，著）

    Photographers' Dictionary (based on "20th Century Photography - Museum Ludwig Cologne")

《摄影者字典》（采选于克隆鲁特维西博物馆20世纪摄影作品）

    Photographers' Dictionary

《摄影者字典》

    (based on "20th Century Photography-Museum Ludwig Cologne")

（采选于克隆鲁特维西博物馆20世纪摄影作品）

    Nicephore Niepce.

尼舍弗朗·尼埃普斯

    (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

（源自自由维基百科）

    Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (March 7, 1765 ? July 5, 1833) was a French inventor, most noted as the inventor of photography and a pioneer in the field. He is well-known for taking some of the earliest photographs, dating to the 1820s.

乔瑟夫·尼舍弗朗·尼埃普斯（1765年3月7日？——1833年7月5日）是法国的发明家，尤以摄影术发明者和该领域的先驱而著名。他因拍下最早的照片而享誉，其作品可以早到19世界20年代。

    Joseph Niépce was born on 7 March 1765 in Chalon-sur-Sa?ne, France. He created the first permanent photograph, of the exterior of his home, around 1826. The photograph was made using a camera obscura and a sheet of pewter coated with bitumen of Judea, an asphalt that when exposed to light, hardened permanently. This first photograph was captured during an eight hour exposure, taking so much time that the sun passed overhead and thus illuminating both sides of the courtyard.

乔瑟夫·尼舍弗朗·尼埃普斯于1765年3月7日出生于法国索恩河畔沙隆。他在1826年左右拍摄出第一张永久性照片——他家房屋外景。他采用照相暗盒和一块白蜡上涂上曝光后会永久硬化的沥青——朱迪亚沥青。第一张照片是曝光8个小时后得到的，由于曝光时间太长，太阳从这头照到那头，使得照片里的院子两边都同样明亮。

    Niépce did not have a steady enough hand to trace the inverted images created by the camera obscura, as was popular in his day, so he looked for a way to capture an image permanently. He experimented with lithography, which led him in his attempt to take a photograph using a camera obscura. Niépce also experimented with silver chloride, which hardens when exposed to light, but eventually looked to the bitumen, which he used in his first successful attempt at capturing nature photographically. He dissolved the bitumen in lavender oil, a solvent often used in varnishes, and coated the sheet of pewter with this light capturing mixture, he placed the sheet inside a camera obscura to capture the picture, and eight hours later removed it and washed it with lavender oil to remove the unexposed bitumen.

尼埃普斯无法用那个时代流行的方法，稳住手不动足够久来追踪小孔成像得到的倒转的图像，他开始尝试就靠暗盒来拍照。他试验过氯化银，遇光便会硬化，但最终还是看上了沥青，他成功的拍下了自然景色。他用常用在油漆中的薰衣草油把沥青溶解，把它涂在白蜡上，再将蜡板放在照相暗盒里捕捉图像，八个小时取出来，又用薰衣草油把没有曝光的沥青洗掉。

    He began experimenting to set optical images in 1793. Some of his early experiments made images, but they faded very fast. It was said that he made the first long lasting images in 1824. The earliest known example of a Niépce photograph (or any other photograph) was created in June or July of 1827 or 1826, according to some information. Niépce called his process heliography, which literally means "sun writing".

他在1793年就开始试验凝固光学图像。他早期一些试验也能获得图像，但很快就消失了。据说他在1824年得到第一张能持久的图片。据种种信息，他最早为人所知的样片是1826或1827年的六或七月拍到的。尼埃普斯把他的摄像过程成为“日光蚀刻法”。

    Starting in 1829 he began collaborating on improved photographic processes with Louis Daguerre, and together they developed the physautotype, a process that used lavender oil. The partnership lasted until Niépce's death in 1833. At this point Daguerre continued with experimentation, and in 1839 revealed to the public his new process for taking pictures, which he called the Daguerreotype, after himself, and for a good many years Niépce received no credit for what was essentially his invention. Niépce's son eventually fought for and won his father's right to be credited for this invention, but Niépce's name was never as well known as was Daguerre's.

在1829年，他就开始和路易·达盖尔合作改善照相术，他们一起开发出“物理碳印法”，这一过程要使用薰衣草油。他们的合作持续到1833年尼埃普斯去世。达盖尔在此基础上继续试验，在1839年向公众发布了他的新摄影术，自名为“ 达盖尔照相法（即银板照相法）”。多年来，尼埃普斯都没有因事实上是他的发明那里得到过荣誉。他的儿子为此奋斗，终于赢得了这项发明的拥有权，但尼埃普斯永远也不可能像达盖尔那样著名了。

    In 2002, an earlier remaining photograph which had been taken by Niépce was found in a French photograph collection. The photograph was found to been taken in 1825, and it was an image of an engraving of a young boy leading a horse into a stable. The photograph itself later sold for 450,000 euros at an auction.

2002年，在法国摄影收藏中发现了一张尼埃普斯拍摄的早期照片，图像完好。人们发现这张照片拍摄于1825年，雕版式的图像，内容是一个小男孩牵马进马厩。这张照片后来以45万欧元拍卖出。

    Homage to Niepce:

向尼埃普斯致敬！

    View from His Window at Le Gras, c. 1827. Heliograph. Gernsheim Collection.

《窗外的庭院》，1827年。盖恩斯海姆 收藏