毛巾b类是什么意思:增译法

A．根据意义上或修辞上的需要for purpose of rhetoric or coherence

1.1增加动词根据意义上的需要，可以在名词前增加动词。如果把下面例1中的after the banquets，the concerts and table tennis exhibition译为“在宴会、音乐会、乒乓球表演之后”，意思似乎不够明确。如果在词之前增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的动词，译为“在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后”，形成三个动宾词组，那就意思明确，读起来也较通顺自然，符合汉语习惯。

1）In the evening ，after the banquets，the concerts and table tennis exhibitions，he would work on the drafting of the final communiqué.晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。

   2）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats，no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and banquets of flowers。没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。

   3）Rostow was about to become，for lack of anyone or anything better，a very influential intellectual—the very wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong idea。因为找不到比他更合适的人，也没有更好的办法，于是，罗斯托就要成为一个很有影响的知识分子，这真是在错误的地方任用错误的人去实行他的错误主张。

  4）They had been through it al at his side—the bruising battles，the humiliations of the defeat|…through empty mid-1960s—until at last，in 1968，they were able to savor the sweet taste of triumph。他们始终站在他的一边，经历过残酷的厮杀，忍受过辛酸的失败，熬过了一事无成的六十年代中期，毫不容易挨到了一九六八年，他们才尝到了胜利的甜头。

2. 增加形容词

  1）With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism。中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！

  2）The plane twisted under me，trailing flame and smoke。（敌人的）飞机在下面螺旋下降，拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。

  3）O, Tom Canty，born in rags and dirt and misery，what sight is this！（Mark Twain）啊，汤姆·康第，生在破烂、肮脏和苦难中，现在这番景象却是多么煊赫啊！根据原著，汤姆·康第本是个贫儿，穿上王子服装以后，被人认为真是王子，就显得特别煊赫。原文虽无“煊赫”的字眼，但含有此意，所以翻译时应增加上去。以上三例表明，为了意义上或修辞上的需要，有些英语句子中的名词，译成汉语时，可以增加一些适当的形容词。

3. 增加副词根据原文的上下文，有些动词在一定场合可增加适当的副词，才能确切表达愿意。

    1）The crowds melted away。人群渐渐散开了。

    2）As she sat down and began talking，words poured out。他一坐下来就开始了，滔滔不决地讲个不完。

    3）Tremaine sank down with his face in his hands屈里曼两手蒙着脸，一屁股做了下去。

 4）In the films of those days，all too often it was the same one：boy tractor driver meets girls tractor driver；they fall in love and drive tractor together。在那时的电影里，总是老一套；南拖拉机手和女拖拉机手始而相遇，继而相爱，终而并肩开拖拉机了。

 5）He was fascinated by the political processes—the wheeling and dealing of presidential politics，the manipulating，releasing and leaking of news，the public and private talks。一幕幕政治花招使他看入迷了：总统竞选活动中的勾心斗角，尔虞我诈；对新闻消息的幕后操作、公开发表和有意透漏，以及公开和秘密的谈话。

4. 增加名词4.1 在不及物动词后面增加名词

     英语中有些动词有时用作及物动词，有时用作不及物动词；当它作为不及物动词时，宾语实际隐含在动词后面，译成汉语时往往需要把它表达出来。例如To wash before meal是“饭前洗手”，如果不译出隐含的宾语“手”，译文“饭前洗一洗”的意思就不明确。同样，“To wash after getting up和To wash before going to bed ”也应该分别译为“起床后洗脸”和“睡前洗脚”了。

  1）Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia。玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，靠洗衣维持生活。

  2）Day after day he came to his work—sweeping，scrubbing，cleaning。他每天来干活——扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。

  3）First you borrow，then you beg。头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。

  4）The lieutenant Grub launched into the old recruiting routine，“See，save and serve！Hannigan， free tour to all the ports in the world。A fine ship for a home。Three meals a day without charge…You must not let such a golden opportunity slip by。”于是，格拉布上尉开始说起招兵的老一套了：“见见世面，攒点钱，为国家出点力！汉尼根，免费周游世界上所有的港口。一艘上好的船为家，一天三餐不要钱。……你千万不要错过这样的大好机会呀！”

4.2在形容词前增加名词

  1）This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine。这部打字机真是价廉物美。

  2）A new kind of aircraft—small，cheap，pilotless—is attracting increasing attention。一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意——这种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。

  3）He is complicated man—moody，mercurial，with a melancholy streak。他是一个性格复杂的人——喜怒无常，反复多变，有些忧郁寡欢。

4.3在抽象名词后增加名词  某些有动词后形容词派生出来的抽象名词，翻译是可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文更合乎规范。如：

    to persuade     说服                      persuasion          说服工作

    to prepare      准备                      preparation          准备工作

    backward      落后                      backwardness        落后状态

    tense          紧张                      tension             紧张状况

    arrogant       自满                      arrogance           自满情绪

    mad          疯狂                      madness            疯狂行为

    antagonistic    敌对                      antagonism          敌对态度

   1）After all preparations were made ，the planes were flown across he U.S to San Francisco. 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。

   2) In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China.一九流九年夏天，政府公开缓和与中国的紧张关系。

   3) Profanity was tacitly given up.亵渎神灵的粗话全都心照不宣地不用了。

4.4 在具体名词后增加名词

 1）He felt the patriot rise within his breast。他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。

 2）He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge，and declared his own son guilty。他让法官的确职责战胜父子的确私情，而判决他儿子有罪。

 3）Kissinger felt that Rogers was quibbling ，but the lawyer in Nixon supported the quibble of a fellow lawyer基辛格感到罗杰斯在挑刺儿。但是，律师事务所出身的尼克松支持他的同行的挑刺儿。

5.增加表示名词复数的词

    汉语名词的复数没有词形变化，很多情况下不必表达出来。但要表达指多数人的名词时，可在该名词的后面加“们”字，如“the teachers”“教师们”，或在该名词前家上“诸位”、“各（位）”，如“ladies and gentlemen”诸位（各位）女士和先生“。此外，英语名词复数，汉译时还可以根据情况，增加重叠词、数词或其它一些词来表达。这样做还可以提高修辞效果。

  5.1 增加重叠词表示复数

    1）Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。

    2) Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。

    3) There were rows of houses which he had never seen before.一排排的房子都是他从来没有见过的。

  5.2 增加数词或其它词表示复数

    1) The lion is the king of animals.狮是百兽之王。

    2）The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men.连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。

    3) The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山已在山谷里开始蔚蓝色的长影。

    4) Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial, expansion under the Tsars.大部分是在历代沙皇统治下，通过殖民扩张而并入俄罗斯帝国的。

6. 增加表示时态的词

   英语动词的时态靠动词词形变化（如write，wrote）或加助动词（如will write，have written）来表达的。汉语动词没有词形变化，表示时态要靠增加汉语特有的时态助词或一般表示时间的词。因此，翻译完成时往往用“曾”、“已经”、“过”、“了”；翻译进行时往往用“在”、“正在”、“着”；翻译将来时往往用“将”、“就”、“要”、“会”、“便”等等。除此之外，为了强调时间概念或强调时间上的对比，往往须加一些其他的词。

  6.1 对某种时间概念作强调时，往往要加一些词。

    1）I had known two great social systems. 那时以前，我就经历过过大社会制度。

    2) The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him.原来老头儿已教会了孩子捕鱼，所以孩子很爱他。 

    3) I had never thought I would be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.以往我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为我无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确实如此。

    4) Whereas Kissinger had once needed Nixon as a channel to power, Nixon now needed Kissinger to help him remain in power 当年，基辛格需要尼克松的援引而获得权势；如今，尼克松需要基辛格帮他继续掌权。

6.2 强调时间上的对比时，往往需要加一些词

  1 )The old man said，“They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are老头儿说：“从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许和我们一样穷。“

  2 )I was and remain，grateful for the part he played in my release。我的获释是他成全的，对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。

  3）The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird。该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。

7. 增加语气助词。

   汉语中有许多语气助词，如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“吗”、“啦”、“了”、“罢了”、“而已”等等。不同的语气助词可以发生不同的作用，英译汉时细心体会原文，增加一些汉语所特有的语气词，可以更好地表达愿作的意义和修辞色彩。

 1）Don’ t take it seriously. I’m just making fun of you.不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。

 2) As for me, I didn’t agree from the very beginning. 我呢，从一开始就不赞成。

 3) They (the eyes) were the same color as the sea, cheerful and undefeated.那双眼啊，像海水一样的颜色，愉快，毫不沮丧。

 4 )  He described it (Latvia)---its forests, its little villages ,its people ,their fierce nationalism---with an eloquence that could arise only out of deep love one’s motherland.他描绘它（拉脱维亚）的风土人情——森林啦、小村庄啦、人民啦、人民的强烈民族主义啦等等，只有深深热爱祖国的人才能说得如此娓娓动听，滔滔不绝。   

5) It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this.完全有可能眼下正在想办法使我获释，只不过需要时间而已。

8. 增加量词

  8.1 英语中的数词（包括不定冠词a）与可数名词往往直接连用，他们之间没有量词，而汉语往往借助量词。因此翻译时应根据汉语表达习惯恰当地增加表示其形状、特征或材料上的名词量。如：

  a bike       一辆自行车                            a typewriter   一架打字机

  a tractor     一台拖拉机                            a mouth      一张嘴

  a full moon  一轮满月                              a bad dream   一场恶梦

  1）A red sun rose slowly from the calm lake。 一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。

  2）Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon。一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。

  3）A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river。 一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。

4）November26 ：“…Started trying to read a Russian story。Constant use of dictionary and many questions。” 十一月二十六日：“……开始试读一篇俄国短篇小说。词典不离手，问题一大堆。”

8.2 英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语动词时常需增加一些表示行为、动作量的动量词。如have a rest 休息一下；make a stop 停一下，等等。

  1）Once, they have a quarrel。有一次，他们争吵了一番。

  2）Herb gave her a sly look。赫伯狡猾地看了他一眼。

  3）I was extremely worried about her，but this was neither place nor the time for a lecture or an argument。我真替她万分担忧，但此时此地，既不宜教训她一番，也不宜与她争论一通。

9. 增加根据上下文需要及反映背景情况的词

  1）In April，there was the “ping”heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”。四月里，全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去；到了七月美国“乓”的一声把球打了回来。

这句如只译为“全四月里世界听到乒的一声；七月里，这乓声却乓了一下”，读者就不只所云。

  2）Nixon learned that Ceausescu would welcome a presidential visit。尼可松了解到，齐奥赛斯库欢迎美国总统访罗。

本句上文曾提到美国总统访问罗马尼亚。

  3）Bundy was not considered to have signed on，and it was known that the President was wavering ，that Ball was making his stand。一般认为，邦迪并没有同意轰炸，总统还在犹豫不决，而鲍尔已明确反对轰炸。

本句上文中提到的是“轰炸”问题，翻译时根据上下文，补充了“轰炸”和“反对轰炸”，意思就比较清楚。

10．增加概括词

英语和汉语都有概括词。英语中的in short, and so on, etc.等等，翻译时可以分别译为“总之”、“等等”……。当有时候英语句子中并没有概括词，而翻译时却往往可增加“两人”、“双方”、“等等”、“凡此种种”等等概括词，同时省略掉英语中的连接词。如：

You and I 你我俩人

The Soviet Union, the United States, England and France苏、美、英、法四国

militarily, politically and economically军事、政治、经济等各方面

1) The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。

2）It is remarkably clear. It shows streets and factories and a winding river and docks and submarine pens.它十分清晰，从中可以看出街道、工厂、一条蜿蜒的河流以及码头、潜艇修藏坞等。

3）The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets.论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。

B、根据句法上的需要(for purpose of syntax)

1. 增补原文回答句中的省略部分

1)        Is this your book? Yes, it is.这是你的书吗？是我的。

（Yes, it is = Yes, it is mine.）

2)        Rebecca：“What! Don’t you love him (Amelia’s brother)?”Amelia：“Yes, of course, I do.”利蓓加：“怎么？你不爱他（爱米丽的哥哥）？”爱米丽：“我当然爱他。”（Yes, of course, I do = Yes, of  course I love him.）

2.       增补原文句子中所省略的动词

3)        Reading makes a full man; conference (…) a ready man; writing (…) an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。

4)  An Eagle and a Fox had long lived together as good neighbors; the Eagle (…) at the summit of a high tree, the Fox (…) in a hole at the foot of it. 一只鹰和一只狐狸长期友好地住在一起，鹰住在一棵高高的树顶上，狐狸住在树下一个洞里。

5)  We don’t retreat, we never have (…) and never will (…).我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。

6)        “No!” Jesse jumped up. “No, I believed that too. But I don’t (…) now. ”“不！”杰西跳起来了。“不，过去我也是相信的。可是现在，我不相信了。”

7) He remembered the incident, as had his wife (…). 他记得这件事，他的妻子早就记起了。

8)Everything was on a larger scale for him, the highs were higher, the lows (…) lower.他总是喜欢夸大事实，高的说得更高，低的说得更低。

3. 增补原文比较句中的省略部分

1)      The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress.仆人们愿意服侍她，就象他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。原文全句应是The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were ready to serve their own mistress.

2)      Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好。原文全句应是It is better to be wise by the defeat of others than to be wise by the defeat of your own.

3)  I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than others.我可以对你说-------我这样说没有任何奉承之意-------中国的合作方式比别国的合作方式更有特色，更有成果。原文全句应是I can say to you, without any flattery, that the Chinese way of co-operations is more inventive and fruitful than the way of co-operations of others.

4.       增补原文含蓄条件句中的省略部分

1)      We didn’t admit it (escape) was impossible. To do so would have been to surrender one of our hopes.我们认为越狱不是不可能的。如果认为不可能，那就等于把我们仅存的一点希望也放弃了。

2)      In agreeing to what was already the status quo, Khrushchev would have had far more to gain than lose.假如赫鲁晓夫已同意维持现状，对他来说就会是得多失少。

3)      At the time of Kennedy’s assassination, Kissinger felt that a second term would have led either to greatness or to disaster.肯尼迪遇刺时，基辛格认为，如果肯尼再任一届总统的话，大概不是立大功，就是闯大祸。

4)      He could understand a passive opposition from Kennedy loyalists, but an open one would have dire consequences.他了解到忠于肯尼迪的那些人在消极反对他，但是如果他们公开反对，那就会产生可怕的后果。

5）  But without Adolf Hitler, almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich.然而，如果没有阿道夫"希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定不会有第三帝国。

补充例句：

Where there is water, there is life。

Now, years later, that evening’s loveliness---I so nearly missed---is one of my most cherished memories.如今多少年过去了，那个我差点失之交臂的迷人夜晚如今却成了我最珍贵的记忆。

When I turned around, John was grinning, expectant, studying my face intently to see if he had pleased me. He had.我转过身，只见约翰正咧着嘴笑，满脸期待的神情；他热切的目光想从我的脸上探明他是否博得了我的欢心。他确实博得了我的欢心。

Long-stemmed models ankled through the lobby. 身材修长的模特儿们袅袅婷婷的走过大厅

Fortune knocks at every man’s door once in a life, but in a good many cases, the man is in a neighboring saloon and does not hear her.每个人的一生中，幸运之神都只来敲一次门，可是许多情况下，那个受到眷顾的人竟在隔壁的酒馆里，听不见她敲门。

The public don’t like him. He’s too quiet for them, that’s the trouble. 大家都不喜欢他，他们觉得他太安静，问题就在这儿.

I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.我希望这次会议不要开得太久，太久了只会浪费时间。

A scientist constantly tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories and his conclusion.

科学家经常设法否定自己的假设、推翻自己的理论，并放弃自己的结论。

Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity.

不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过多、湿度过大的情况下使用这台电脑。

They could sense her (titanic) mass, her eerie quiet and the ruined splendor of a lost age.

他们能体会到它船体的巨大，感受到它周围的可怕沉寂，领略到因岁月的流逝而造成的凄凉景观。

大作收到，我十分高兴。I was very glad to have received your writing.

没有调查就没有发言权。He who makes no investigation has no right to speak.

三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.

The sky had turned a sullen gray. As he left the park, scattered raindrops felt like slivers of ice.

天空变成阴沉沉的灰色。他离开公园时，零零稀稀的雨点落在脸上，感觉像薄薄的冰片儿。

Since her earliest walking period she had been as the right hand of her mother. What scrubbing, baking, errand-running, and nursing there had been to do she did.

自从她会走路的时候起，她就是母亲的好帮手。擦地板，烤面包，跑差事，喂孩子，样样都是她做的事儿。

New buildings, massive in span and artful in design, have sprung up everywhere. A plethora of stores and shops have sprouted everywhere.一幢幢新建的高楼大厦在各处拔地而起，规模宏伟，设计精美。到处冒出了大大小小的数不胜数的商店。