胶州饮用水桶生产厂家:2011高考实用英语语法笔记（四）

Chapter 19. 定语从句

一、概念：

    在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句,称为定语从句,也叫形容词性从句。定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。

二、相关知识点精讲：

1、关系代词引导的定语从句

　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1)who, whom, that：这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：

　  Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)

　  He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)

2) whose用来指人或物,(只用作定语, 若指物,它还可以同of which互换)。例如：

　  They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.　那人车坏了,大家都跑过去帮忙。

　  Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.　请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3)which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：

　　A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(作宾语)

　　The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语)

2、关系副词引导的定语从句

　 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

1)关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如：

　  There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

　  Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。

　  Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗?

2)that代替关系副词,可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和"介词+ which"引导的定语从句,在口语中that常被省略。例如：

　  His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

　  He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

 3、判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一：用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。

例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。

　        I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。

方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

　　关系词的选择：根据在从句中所做的成分,先行词在从句中作主、定、宾语时,选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词(where 地点状语,when时间状语,why原因状语) 。

4、限制性和非限制性定语从句

1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：

　　This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)

　　The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮,是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)

2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：

　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理•史密斯去年退休了,他曾经是我的老师。

　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人,我已经读了三遍。

3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。例如：

　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。

　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。

注：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。

5、介词+关系词

1)介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2)that前不能有介词。

3)某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：

　 This is the house in which I lived two years ago.＝This is the house where I lived two years ago.

　 Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?＝Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

6、as, which非限制性定语从句

　  由as, which 引导的非限制性定语从句,as和which可代整个主句,相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. /The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 

注：as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：

①as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而which不可。

7、先行词和关系词二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever可以用anyone who或no matter who代替)

2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)

8、what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever 

1)what = the thing which；whatever = anything,如：What you want has been sent here. /Whatever you want makes no difference to me.

2)who= the person that；whoever= anyone who,如：Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法,与庶民同罪。

3)that和what

当that引导定语从句时,通常用作关系代词,而引导名词性从句时,是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句,用作连接代词,作从句的具体成分,且不能省略。

例如：I think(that)you will like the stamps. 我想你会喜欢这些邮票的。

　　      What we need is more practice. 我们需要的是更多的实践。

9、关系代词that 的用法

1)不用that的情况：

①引导非限定性定语从句时。例如：The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

②介词后不能用。例如：

　　　　 We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。

　　　　 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.

2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

①在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。

②在不定代词,如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。

③先行词有the only, the very修饰时,只用that。　

④先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时,只用that。.

⑤先行词既有人,又有物时。

例如：All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

　  　    Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

Chapter 20. 状语从句

一、概念：

    状语从句修饰主句中的动词,形容词,副词等,在复合句中作状语.引导状语从句的关联词是从属连词。状语从句用陈述句语序,一般位于复合句的句首或句末.当从句在句首时,从句后常用逗号和主句相隔。状语从句根据其在句中的不同作用分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步、行为方式等。

二、相关知识点精讲：

1、地点状语从句：地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。例如：Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.

2、方式状语从句：方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1)as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后,但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首,这时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思是"正如…","就像",多用于正式文体。例如：

　  Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你,你就要怎样待人。

　　As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气,犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

正如打扫房屋一样,我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2)as if, as though

　  两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作"仿佛……似的","好像……似的"。例如：

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实,就仿佛它不存在似的。

He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。(与事实相反,谓语用虚拟语气。)

　  It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。(实现的可能性较大,谓语用陈述语气。)

注：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语。例如：

　  He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我,就像第一次看见我似的。

　  He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子,像要说什么似的。

　The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石,好像很愤怒。

3、原因状语从句：

注：比较because, since, as和for

①because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。例如：

　  I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因为我怕。

　  Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天气那么糟,旅行推迟了。

②由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。例如：

　  He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席,因为他病了。

　  He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了,所以今天缺席。

4、目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导。例如：

　  You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必须大点声,别人就能听见了。

　  He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. 他写下了这个名字以免以后忘记。

　  Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿点衣服,以防天发冷。

5、结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so…that 或 such…that引导。so…that与such…that之间可以转换。例如：

　　The boy is so young that he can't go to school. /He is such a young boy that he can't go to school

6、条件状语从句：连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。其中unless = if not.例如：

7、让步状语从句：

1)though, although引导的让步状语从句,后面的从句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。例如：

Although it's raining, they are still working in the field.　虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活。

　　He is very old, but he still works very hard. 虽然他很老了,但仍然努力地工作。

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了。(谚语)

2) as, though 引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前(形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前)。例如：

　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. 虽然是个小孩,该做什么不做什么,他全知道。

3) ever if, even though　即使。例如：We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好,我们也要去远足。

4) whether…or…　不管……都。例如：Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你,这确实是真的。

5) "no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever" 。例如：

No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管发生什么,他不在意。

替换：no matter what = whatever；no matter who = whoever；no matter when = whenever；no matter where = wherever；no matter which = whichever；no matter how = however。

注：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句,引导主语从句和宾语从句时用whatever等。例如：

No matter what you say is of no use now. (×)Whatever you say is of no use now.(√)

Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given.(×)Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.(√)

8、比较while, when, as：

1)as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。例如：Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.

2)当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前,只能用when 引导这个从句,不可用as 或 while。例如：

　　When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 赶完活后,你可以休息一下。

3)从句表示"随时间推移"连词能用as,不用when 或while。例如：As the day went on, the weather got worse.

9、比较until和till：

此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某时",动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是"直至某时才做某事",动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。                           

肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。

　　        Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。(在肯定句中可用before代替。例如 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.)

　  否定句：I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后,我才会做。

区别：①until可用于句首,而till通常不用于句首。例如：Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.

　　  ②until when疑问句中,until要放在句首。例如：Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候?　

注：否定句的两种句式

①Not until…在句首,主句用倒装。例如：Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

②It is not until… that…例如：It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.

10、表示"一…就…"的结构：hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than　和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如：

I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.＝ I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

＝As soon as I got home, it began to rain.

注：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首,句子必须用倒装结构。例如：

　  Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.＝No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

Chapter 21. 句子的种类概述

1、按使用目的,句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。

1)陈述句(Declarative Sentences)：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：Light travels faster than sound./The film is rather boring.　

2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentences)：提出问题。有以下四种：

①一般疑问句(General Questions)： Can you finish the work in time?你能按时完成工作吗?

　②特殊疑问句(Wh-Questions)：Where do you live?　你住那儿?

　③选择疑问句(Alternative Questions)：Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡?

　④反意疑问句(Tag-Questions)：He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她,对不对?

3)祈使句(Imperative Sentences)：提出请求,建议或发出命令。例如：Don't be nervous!别紧张！

4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences)：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如：What good news it is!多好的消息啊！

2、句子按其结构可以分为以下三类：

1)简单句(Simple Sentences)：只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如：She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。

2)并列句(Compound Sentences)：包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如：The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。

3)复合句(Complex Sentences)：包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导。例如：

　  The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。

3、基本句型：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的。

基本句型

简写

例句

主 + 动

SV

I work.　

主 + 动 + 表

SVP

John is busy.

主 + 动 + 宾

SVO

She studies English.　

主 + 动 + 宾 + 补

SVOC

Time would prove me right.

主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾

SVOiOd

My mother made me a new dress.　

Chapter 22. 简单句和并列句

一、概念：

1、简单句：由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)所构成的句子叫简单句,其结构是主语+谓语。

2、并列句：由并列连词把两个或两个以上的互相关连而又互相独立的独句(即简单句)连在一起而构成的句子叫并列句。其结构是：简单句+并列连词+简单句

常用的连词有and,but,or not only...but also,neither...nor,either...or

二、相关知识点精讲：

(一)简单句

1、主语、谓语在人称与数上的一致性：and连接两个并列主语时为复数,谓语动词也相应地使用复数形式,但：

    ①如果and连接的两个名词是不可数名词且前面都没有冠词,若两个词表示一个事物或一个概念,谓语动词要用单数；如果两个词表示的是两个事物或两个概念,谓语动词则要用复数。

    ②如果and连接的是两个可数单数名词,前一个有冠词,后一个没有冠词,意味着一个人或事物,谓语动词要用单数。

    ③当and连接的两个名词前都有each,every,many a,no等单数概念的限定词修饰时(第二个名词前的修饰词有时可以省略),谓语动词要用单数。 

2、陈述句与疑问句的转换。

3、选择疑问句。

4、反意疑问句：①陈述句+省略问句；②祈使句+附加疑问句；③反意疑问句的回答。

(二)并列句

    并列句分为：联合并列句,转折并列句,选择并列句和因果并列句。

1、联合并列句：常由并列词and, not only…but also…..等连接。例如：Use your hand and you’ll find a way.

2、转折并列句：常由并列连词but, while, yet, whereas, nevertheless等连接。例如：

I would love to have gone to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

3、选择疑问句：常由并列连词or, otherwise, either…or…,等连接。例如：Either you leave this house or I’ll call the police.

4、因果并列句：由并列连词so, for, therefore等连接。例如：It was late, so we went home.

注：①在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or。可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and 或or 去掉。例如： Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time.= If we hurry up, we’ll be there in time.

②because和so; although, though和but 不能连用。

Chapter 23. 祈使句

一、概念：

   祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。

二、.相关知识点精讲：

1、祈使句有两种类型,一种是以动词原形开头,在动词原形之前加do(但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。例如： Do be careful.

　否定结构：Donnot …。

2、以let开头的祈使句的反意疑问句：

1)Let's ,包括说话者。例如：Let's have another try, shall we / shan't we? = Shall we have another try? 

2) Let us,不包括说话者。例如：Let us have another try,will you / won't you? = Will you please let us have another try? 

　否定结构：Let's not … /Let us not …  

Chapter 24. 感叹句

  感叹句通常有what, how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词,how 修饰形容词,副词或动词,感叹句结构主要有以下几种：

①How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如：How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！

②How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如：How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱！

③What +名词+陈述语序。例如：What noise they are making! 他们真吵！

④What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如：What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子！

⑤What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如：What wonderful ideas (we have)! 我们的主意真棒！

⑥What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如：What cold weather it is! 多冷的天！

注：What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序中的陈述句语序可以省略。

例如：What terrible weather we've been having these days!＝How terrible the weather we've been having these days!

Chapter 25. 否定句

一、概念：否定句指否定陈述句的句子。

二、相关知识点精讲：

1、否定句的几种形式：

①用not构成的否定句：主语+助动词/ be+not+… ,例如：

I didn’t use to like opera, but now I’m getting interested./I usedn’t to like opera, but now I’m getting interested.

②祈使句的否定句：Don’t+动词原形…。

③非谓语动词(不定式,分词,动名词)的否定式：把not放在to do; doing; 的前面。例如：

He said he deeply regretted not being able to help.

Not knowing what to do, Shelly asked advice of her friend.

He reproached me for not having told it to him.

④not与除谓语以外的其他句子成分连用,例如：I believe he will succeed, though not without some difficulty.

注：not用在I hope; I believe; I’m afraid; I guess; I suppose; I expect之后,构成省略句。

⑤用no构成否定句：no+名词(单,复数,不可数)相当于not+ a +名词/ not + any +名词。例如：

No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated.

The nations of Europe and America have found that no country can produce all its needs without trading.

Take that towel, I have no other.

⑥某些否定副词或代词：seldom; never; hardly; rarely; little; few; none; nowhere; neither等在句中构成否定句,例如：

I can seldom find time for reading./Mirror tells only the facts, never the poetry./The rumor came from nowhere.

2、否定转移：当think、believe、suppose、imagine等动词引导否定意义的宾语从句时,把从句中的not提到主句这些动词前面,是主句变成否定句。例如：I don’t think she’s at home, but I’ll go and see.

3、否定式疑问句：助动词+not+陈述句语序?例如：Haven’t you booked your holiday yet ?

注：需区分句子的部分否定和全部否定。

4、用否定形式表示肯定的意义,如：cannot…too.. 越…就越好/ cannot… more再…不过了。

例如：You cannot be too careful./A man can never have too many friends.

Chapter 26. 反意疑问句

  反意疑问句是附加在陈述句之后,对陈述句所表示的事实或观点提出疑问的句子。附加疑问实际上是一种简略的一般疑问句。

反意疑问句的结构：陈述句(主语+谓语……) +助动词/情态动词/be动词+主语(代词形式)?

注：陈述句部分如果是肯定句,则反意疑问句的疑问句部分的助动词/情态动词/be动词+not(否定提问)；如果陈述句部分是否定句,反意疑问句的疑问句部分用肯定式提问。

1、陈述部分的主语是I,谓语是am,疑问部分要用 aren't I。例如：I'm as tall as your sister, aren't I?

2、陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。例如：I wish to have a word with you, may I?

3、陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时,疑问部分用肯定含义。例如：

Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?

4、含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。例如：

He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?

5、陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.),疑问部分常用don't +主语(didn't +主语)。例如：

We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?

6、陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。例如：

He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?

7、陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you? 例如：You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?

8、陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。例如：

He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?

9、陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。例如：You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?

10、陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。一般有两种情况：1)must表示“必须”时反意疑问句部分为mustn’t…? / needn’t…?；2) Must表示推测：“一定,肯定” 反意疑问句部分与must后面的动词呼应。

例如：You must go home now, needn’t you? / mustn’t you?

We mustn’t be late, must we ?

You must be joking, aren’t you?

注：用must对过去的动作推测时,反意疑问句部分的助动词用did或have, 而对过去的状态推测,反意疑问句部分的be动词用was。例如：She must have finished her work, hasn’t she ? / didn’t she ?

He must have been a policeman, wasn’t he ?

11、感叹句中,疑问部分用be +主语。例如：What colors, aren't they?

12、陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。例如：

      Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 你不是工程师,我也不是,对吗?

13、陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。例如：Nothing is serious, isn’t it?

14、陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句,疑问部分有三种情况：

①并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。例如：

Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?

②带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定。例如：He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?

③陈述部分主句为第一人称,谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。例如：We believe she can do it better, can't she?

15、陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等,疑问部分常用复数they,有时也用单数he。例如：Everybody knows the answer, don’t they ?

16、带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。例如：He dare not say so, dare he?

当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。例如：She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?

17、祈使句的反意疑问句：表示肯定意义的祈使句,即表示“请求,提示”它的反意疑问句用will you,有时也可以用won’t you 。以Don’t开始的祈使句：表示“不要……”,用will you 提问。例如：

Close the window, please, will you ?/ Don’t forget to pay your income tax, will you ?

注：Let’s引导的祈使句表示“建议”,反意疑问句部分是：shall we ? Let me 或 Let us引导的祈使句表示“请求”,反意疑问句部分为will you。

18、陈述部分是"there be"结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。例如：There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?

注：①否定前缀不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。例如：He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?

②陈述句中有否定副词,反意疑问句部分用肯定提问。否定副词：hardly; never; seldom; little; few; nowhere; nothing等。例如：Frank hardly goes to parties, does he ?/He has few friends, has he ?

    ③大多数复合句的反意疑问句都对主句提问,例如：He was punished because he violated the regulation, wasn’t he?

Chapter 27. 倒装句

   英语句子通常有两种语序：一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序。倒装句分为：

一、完全倒装：句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用于一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：

①当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子,为了起到强调的作用,可构成倒装句,只把副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置调换,不加助动词。这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时,主语和谓语语序不变。例如：Then came the chairman/ Here he comes.

注：在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。there放在句首时,要用倒装句式。例如：There came shouts for help from the river.

②how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首,可构成倒装句,只把副词放在句首,主语和谓语位置调换,不加助动词。例如：Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.

二、部分倒装：只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装 。如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did,并将其置于主语之前。

1、句首为否定或半否定的词语要倒装,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, , rarely,at no time, in no way, not until…, not only,Not only…but also,Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than等。例如：

Never have I seen such a performance./ Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

注：①Not until引出主从复合句,主句倒装,从句不倒装。如否定词不在句首不倒装,例如：

The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep./ I have never seen such a performance.

    ②not only… but also 如连接两个成分时,不用倒装；连接句子时, not后的句子要用倒装。

Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.

Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.

Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.

    The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.

    No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚出门,就有个学生来访。

2、表地点状语的介词短语放在句首,要用倒装句式,以示强调。这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置,不加助动词did, does或do.例如：Under a big tree sat a fat man, half asleep.

3、so, neither, nor作部分倒装：用这些词表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒装,且上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致,否则要用so it is with…。例如：His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.

注：①当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时,不可用倒装结构。意为"的确如此"。例如：Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.

   ②so… that的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示,也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。例如：

Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.

4、only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时, 倒装。如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。例如：

Only when he told me the news did I know what had happened.

Only in this way can you make progress in your English.

Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.

5、done做形容词在句中做表语时,常把表语放在句首,要用倒装句式。例如：

Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.

6、as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前),但需注意：①句首名词不能带任何冠词。②句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。例如：

 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 他工作很努力,但总不能让人满意。

注：让步状语从句中,有though,although时,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可连用。

7、虚拟语气中的倒装句：在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词,可将if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。例如：

If I were you, I would take the job. = Were I you, I would take the job.

8、在某些表示祝愿的句型中使用倒装,例如：May you all be happy.

Chapter 28. 省略句

   英语中,为了避免重复,常常省略句子中的一个或几个成分,这样的句子叫省略句。

1、简单句中的省略：

在对话中,交谈双方都知道谈论的对象,则可以省略句子的主语,省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现的很多。

2、并列句中的省略：在并列句中,相同的成分如主语,谓语,宾语等都可以省略。例如：

They learn French and we English./John won the first race and Jimmy the second./Coral is not a plant but a variety of animal life.

3、复合句中的省略：

复合句

例句

注意

定语从句中

That’s the reason he is late for the conference.

①如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓语部分或上文的谓语部分相同,可将从句部分的谓语省略。

②在动词不定式结构中,为了避免重复,常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形,只保留to。

③在used to, ought to, have to, would like/love to, wish to, be going to等结构中,常常省略to后面的动词原形。

④Tell , warn , order , advise , ask等动词的宾语后面接动词不定式做宾语补足语时,可以省略to后面的动词原形。

状语从句中

If heated, water will boil./ We’ll go to help you if necessary.

Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming across the river.

宾语从句中

We will do what we can(do)to help you.

动词不定式的省略

Don’t tell me the name of the sailor if you don’t want to.

其他

They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to.

He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to.

The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to.

Chapter 29.强调句型

一、常用的强调句结构是it 引导的句子,结构为It is(was)+ 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子的其余部分。此结构强调的成分限于主语,宾语和状语。例如：

　   It is from the sun that we get light and heat. 我们是从太阳那儿获取光和热。

　   It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs. 知道读了你的信,我才知道实际情形。

　强调句的连词只有两个,that和who。当强调的部分是人,且为句子的主语时,才用 "who",其余用that。以句子My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.为例,强调各句子成分：

　  ①强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.

　  ②强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.

　  ③强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)

　  ④强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.

注：去掉It be… that(who)的强调句还应是一个完整的句子。例如：It is ten years since Miss Green returned to Canada.并不是强调句。

二、用助动词进行强调

句子的强调句还可以用助动词do(did,does)强调谓语。例如：She does like this horse./Please do take care of yourself.

Chapter 30. 独立主格结构

1、独立主格结构的构成：名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+形容词；名词(代词)+副词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成。

2、独立主格结构的特点：①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。②名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词等是主谓关系。③独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。例如：

　　The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了,我们开始放假。

　　The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了,举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

　　Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　天气允许,我们明天去看你。

　　This done, we went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。

　　The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.　 会议结束后,每个人都想早点回家。

　　He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里,耳朵冻得红通通的。

　　He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆

3、with的复合结构作独立主格：表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构,即with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：

　　  He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。　

注：

①独立主格结构使用介词的问题：当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如：

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)劫匪冲进房间,手里拿着刀。

②当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词。例如：

He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙紧咬,双手握拳,两眼直望着上面。

典型例题：Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

　        A permitted　 B permitting　 C permits　 D for permitting

答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许',表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。

　  如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。   

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