无奇不有是什么生肖:考点大作战之重点词汇辨析(三)

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考点大作战之重点词汇辨析(三)

 21. damage, damages

  damage 不可数名词,损害,损失; damages 复数形式,赔偿金 $900 damages

  1、——Com.: 按以往的概念,单数的damage 和复数的damages 的区别应当较大,前者为损害,后者指损害赔偿(金),即对一个人所受损害的补偿。但逐渐地,damages也经常在英文词典或著述中被用作当“损失”或“灭失”,即可望得到损害赔偿金补偿的损失或灭失,其等同losses for which damages are recoverable,尽管“Black‘s Law Dictionary”仍对damages 作有较严格界定,说其是“compensation in money for a loss or damage”,但就在该词典内,仍有诸如“diminution of damages”和“mitigation of damages”等词组,其中的damages均为“损失”或“损害”。

  2、——Com.: damages 的种类很多,但最常见的有compensatory damages, punitive damages, nominal damages,以及 aggravated damages四种,其中compensatory damages,punitive damages 和 nominal damages均为金钱补偿(pecuniary damages),即均属于赔偿金范畴,只有 aggravated damages为非金钱补偿(non-pecuniary damages),即不属于赔偿金。 compensatory damages为补偿性赔偿金,指根据实际损失的多少予以的赔偿;punitive damages 为惩罚性赔偿金,指因过错人所犯过失恶劣等故而处的超出实际损失数量之赔偿,一般用于侵权而非违约之诉;nominal damages为象征性赔偿金,指证明被告有过错但却无法证明实际损失时所处的数额很少的一种赔偿金;而aggravated damages 则为加重的损害赔偿,指如受害人受伤害太深等无法用金钱补偿时所处的除金钱之外的补偿,其中包括如赔礼道歉、合同的实际履行等等。

  Damages是damage的复数形式,但是意义发生了重大改变。Damage具有法律术语和日常用语双重用途,是指loss or harm due to injury to persons, property, or reputation, 即对人身,财产,名誉等造成的损害;而damages是专用法律术语,指compensation in money imposed by law for loss or injury, 即损害赔偿金,常用的短语有bring a suit for damages。

  值得注意的是,damage可以是对他人人身,财产,名誉的损害,也可以是对本人的人身,财产损害。Damages是金钱赔偿,不包括更换,修理,恢复原状等救济方式。

  另外,damage 也作动词,指对…造成损失,常用被动或过去时态

22. cook, cooker

  cook 厨师,cooker 厨具 He is a good cook.

  cook用作名词,意思是做饭的人(炊事员);

  cooker(在英国英语中)指做饭用的器具。

  一般来说词尾加er表示人,但cook这个词例外,需要特别记忆。例:

  My husband is a very good cook. 我丈夫很会做饭。

  I prefer gas cookers to electric ones. 电气炊具和煤气炊具比起来,我更喜欢煤气炊具。

  在美国英语中,相当于cooker的词是stove和range。

23. police, policeman

  police 警察的总称,后接复数谓语动词,policeman 指某个具体的警察 The police are questioning

  police是集体名词,是“警察”的总称,即指警察队伍或多个警察。指警察队伍时往往前面有定冠词the,指“多个警察”时,前面有时有数字,有时没有。可以说a few police,six or seven police。

  The police stopped the car. 警察把这辆汽车拦住了。

  Several hundred police were on duty in the street.

  几百名警察在街上执行任务。

  policeman是可数名词。复数形式是policemen,说“一个警察”通常用a policeman。

  If you want to know the way,ask a policeman。

  如果你要打听路怎么走,可以去问警察。

  当police作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。

  The police are looking for the little boy. 警察正在寻找那个小男孩。

  请将下列几个句子译成英语。

  1.       警察正在寻找那个男子。

  2.       有个警察问了我好几个问题。

  3.       数百名警察在值勤。

  4.       你可以问问那边那个警察。

  答 案:

  1.       The police are looking for the man.

  2.       A policeman asked me several questions.

  3.       Several hundred police are on duty.

  4.       You can ask the policeman over there.


24. problem, question

  problem 常和困难连系,前面的动词常为 think about, solve, raise,question 常和疑问连系,

  多和ask, answer 连用。

  problem和question都意为“问题”,但其用法是不同的。

  problem通常指客观上存在的等待解决的问题,尤其指比较棘手的难题。

  Can you work out the maths problem? 你能解出这道数学难题吗?

  It’s a problem how to finish the work on time.

  如何按时完成这项工作,还是个问题。

  question通常指人主观上产生的需要得到解答或解释的问题或疑问。

  If you have any question,you can ask me. 如果你有疑问,可以问我。

  He asked a lot of question in class. 他在课堂上问了许多问题。

  请将下列句子译成英语。

  1.       你还没有回答我的问题。

  2.       问题是怎样移动这台沉重的机器。

  3.       这道数学题不难,我很容易就算出来了。

  4.       我们应考虑怎样来解决这个问题。

  5.       当你有问题时,最好举手。

  答 案:

  1.       You haven’t answered my question.

  2.       The problem was how to move the heavy machine.

  3.       The maths problem is not difficult. I can work it out easily.

  4.       We should think it over how to solve the problem.

  5.       You’d better raise your hand when you have any questions.


25. man, a man

  man 泛指人类,a man 一个男人 Man will conquer nature.

26. chick, chicken

  二者均可指小鸡,chicken 还可以当鸡肉 The chicken is delicious.

  chicken   小鸡, 小鸟, 鸡肉 胆怯者

  chick  即将孵出或刚孵出的小鸟, (尤指)小鸡 小孩

  chicken除了指“小鸡”,还可以可以指“鸡肉”。

  而chick只能指活的小鸡 ,而且强调是刚孵出来那种小鸡。

27. telegram, telegraph

  当电报解时,telegram 指具体的,telegraph 指抽象的 a telegram, by telegraph

  当电报解时,

  telegram指具体的

  I sent a telegram to my mother saying that I had arrived safely.

  我给母亲发电报说我已安全抵达。

  telegraph指抽象的  by telegraph

  The news was sent by telegraph.

  这条新闻是用电报发送的。

  【辨析】telegram意思是“电报、电文”。还可以表示(电报的)“装置,设备”。

  Telegraph意思是“传送”,既可以作名词,也可以作动词。

  【例】He received a telegram.他收到电报。

  HE often sends telegrams to his father.他常常打电报给他的父亲。

  The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph.孩子的父亲非常感激,于是就教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报传达讯息。

  Einstein received several baskets, full of cards, letters and telegrams of congratulation.爱因斯坦收了满满的几篮子贺卡、贺信和贺电。

28. trip, journey, travel, voyage

  travel 是最常用的,trip 指短期的旅途,journey 指稍长的旅途,voyage 指海上航行 a three-day trip

  journey、voyage、trip、tour、travel的用法区别

  这一组词都有“旅行”的意思,但各词的含义有所不同。

  1. journey指从一地到另一地,通常指陆地上的远距离“旅行”,有时也可以表示经常走的或长或短的“路程”。只作名词。例如:

  I took a journey from Beijing to Shanghai last year.

  -- How long is your journey to school? --Only about 10 minutes.

  2. voyage主要指远距离的水上旅行,也可以指空中旅行意思为“航海、航空、航行”等。只作名词。例如:

  She usually gets seasick during the voyage.

  They made a voyage across the Pacific by air.

  3. trip 一般指时间短、距离近的“旅行、远足”,也可以指长途旅行。在非正式用语中可代替journey。只作名词。例如:

  We made a boat trip to the island last week and had a good time.

  I will be on a trip to / journey to the south next summer holiday.

  4. tour 着重指旅行线路比较曲折,常表示“(周游各地的)参观、访问、(巡回)旅游、视察、购物、演出”等意思。可作动词和名词。例如:

  I will tour the world in the future.

  My father has gone down-town on a shopping tour.

  5. travel作“旅行、游历”解,一般表示从一地到另一地旅行这一总的概念。常指长时间、远距离的“旅行”。尤指出国旅行。可作动词和名词。其复数形式意思为“旅游笔记”、“游记”。例如:

  At present, many people are fond of travel in their spare time.

  I am reading a book about the travel to North Pole.

  They came home after years of foreign travel.

  Light travels faster than sound.

  练习:用journey、voyage、trip、tour、travel填空

  1.The ________ from America to France used to take two months.

  2.How did you enjoy your ________ in Europe?

  3.I go to work by train, and the ______ takes half an hour.

  4.He made a five-month _______ of India and the Far East.

  5.He took us on a _____ of his new house.

  6.The ______ across the sea was smooth.

  7.She had been away on a long _______ .

  8.I don’t believe we’ll be able to afford any _____ .

  9.Will you please bring back some sugar on your next _____ to the kitchen?

  10. _______ were arranged for the foreign visitors to see the Great Wall.

  Key: 1.voyage 2.travels 3.trip/journey 4.tour 5.tour 6.voyage 7.trip/journey 8.travel 9.journey 10.Tour

  trip, journey, voyage 和 travel的区别

  (1) trip:是旅行和访问的总称,它是最常用的一个,经常用来代替 travel 。

  比如: How long does the trip last?这次旅行将历时多久?

  He makes frequent trips to London on business.他经常出差去伦敦。

  (2)journey:常指去访问某地并从访问过的地方回来的整个行驶过程,一般指陆地上的旅行,而且有预定的地点。

  比如:We had a terrible journey. 我们的这次旅行糟糕透了。

  (3)voyage:专指横跨海洋的水上远程旅行,常常到达一个遥远的国家,现在也可指空中旅行。

  比如: He is going on a voyage round the world. 他打算去环游世界。

  (4)travel:泛指旅行。比如:travel industry 旅游业 travel service/travel agency旅行社

  比如:We traveled for over fifteen hours. 我们旅行了15个小时以上了。

29. sport, game

  sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动,如打球,游泳,打猎,赛马等;game 指决定胜负的游戏,通常有一套

  规则 His favorite sport is swimming.

  两词均可指“游戏、娱乐、消遣、运动”,但game主要指具有比较复杂的竞技规则,由双方直接对阵,互争胜负的智力或体力比赛项目。球类运动一般称为game,但也可称为sport。

  sport一般指参加者以某种方式竭尽其身体之所能的体育运动,尤指室外运动。如:游泳、滑雪、滑冰、划船、赛马、爬山、骑马、射击、打猎、钓鱼以及各种田径运动,能给观众以娱乐、消遣的一些项目如赛马、斗牛、斗鸡亦可称为sport。

  总的来说,game包括的范围比sport更广。大体上所有的sport都可称作game,但不是所有的game都可以称作sport。两词的复数形式games和sports均可指“运动会”。

  如:school sports / games (学校运动会)。

  辨析sport, game, match, race表示比赛的词汇

  sport, game, match, race都是用来表示比赛的单词。

  1.sport通常指户外运动,以娱乐、消遣、锻炼为主,如足球、篮球、划船、游泳等。例如:

  Skating is one of the winter sports.滑冰是冬季运动项目之一。

  We all like outdoor sports.我们都喜欢户外运动。

  sports还可作“运动会”讲。例如:

  Are you going to run in the school sports?校运动会上你会参加赛跑吗?

  2.game意为“运动”、“比赛”,既可指户外的体育运动,也可指智力方面的运动,如做游戏、下棋等。例如:

  Football is quite a popular game all over the world.足球是全世界非常流行的一项体育运动。

  Most children love to play this game.大多数孩子爱玩这个游戏。

  game也可指“运动会”。例如:the Olympic Games奥林匹克运动会

  3.match意为“竞赛”、“比赛”,常用于指预先安排好的正式比赛。例如:

  The Chinese team won the football match.中国队赢得了这场足球比赛。

  4.race主要用于赛跑、赛车等速度比赛。例如:

  We'll have a race with the students in Class 3 this week.这个星期,我们将和三班的同学赛跑。

  We won the boating race.我们在划船比赛中获胜。

  练习:用sport, game, match, race填空。

  1.Doing ________ often is good for our health.

  2.They had a 1500-metre ________ yesterday.

  3.They are watching a baseball ________ .

  4.It's time for them to play ________ .

  5.Swimming in the river is a splendid(极好的)________ .

  Keys: 1.sports 2.race 3.match 4.games 5.sport

30. price, prize

  price 价格,prize 奖,奖品,奖金 win the first prize The price is high/low.

  英语词汇 单词相似意不同:price / prize

  price / prize

  price: noun - what you pay for something.

  price:名词——你为什么东西付的价钱。

  Examples:

  例句:

  The price was very cheap.

  What's the price of this book?

  这价钱很便宜。

  这本书多少钱?

  prize: noun - an award

  prize:名词——奖励

  Examples:

  例句:

  He won a prize as best actor.

  Have you ever won a prize in a competition?

  他拿了最佳男主角的奖。

  你在竞赛中拿过奖吗?