中财网禄口机场飞香港:世界上十个最大的可再生能源项目（图）
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世界上十个最大的可再生能源项目（图）
2009-10-10 09:26:37| 分类： 环境科学 | 标签：胡德良 可再生能源 风电场 潮汐能 三峡大坝 |字号大中小 订阅
从风能、波能、到太阳能和垃圾能，关注一下现有的发电厂是如何大规模利用可再生能源来发电的……
世界上十个最大的可再生能源项目
By Christopher Mims 胡德良 译
Today, renewable energy sources generate 12 percent of electricity in the U.S. But wind, wave, sunshine and others represent more than 93 percent of the energy the country could be producing, according to the Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy.
当今，可再生能源发电量占美国发电总量的12%。但是，根据美国能源部能源信息署提供的数据，风能、波能、太阳能和其他可再生能源却占美国可利用能源的93%以上。
If renewable energy is going to be a bigger player and have a significant impact in cutting the greenhouse gas emissions from power plants that are driving climate change, it's going to have to grow quickly. According to Princeton University scientists Stephen Pacala and Robert Socolow's "wedge" strategy of climate change mitigation—which quantifies as a wedge on a time series graph various sets of efforts to maintain flat global carbon emissions between now and 2055—at least two million megawatts of new renewable energy will have to be built in the next 40 years, effectively replacing completely all existing coal-fired power plants as well as accounting for increases in energy use between now and mid-century.
要想让可再生能源起到更大的作用，要想使造成气候变化的电厂温室气体排放大大减少，那么就要快速发展可再生能源。普林斯顿大学的科学家斯蒂芬·帕卡拉和罗伯特·索科洛提出了缓解气候变化的“楔形”策略，在该策略中，他们量化了从目前到2055年期间为了保持平稳的碳排放所需要做的各种努力，量化后的每一种努力在时间序列表上都显示为一个楔形图。根据楔形策略，在未来的40年里，必须再建造产量为二百万兆瓦的可再生能源发电站，才能有效地完全替代现有的煤电厂，同时才可以解决从目前到本世纪中期能源消耗增加的问题。
"It's a goal that's beyond anything probably the world's ever undertaken," says Keely Wachs, senior director of corporate communications at BrightSource Energy, a company that hopes to build 2,600 megawatts-worth of power plants that use the sun's heat to generate electricity.
“该目标过于远大，世人从未承担过这样的项目，”亮源能源公司公关部资深主任基利·瓦克斯说。亮源能源公司希望建造装机容量为2,600兆瓦的系列电厂，这些电厂将利用太阳的热能来发电。
Here are 10 massive projects already producing energy.
下列是已经在发电的10个大型项目：
1. World's Biggest On-Shore Wind Farm—Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center in Taylor and Nolan Counties, Tex.
1.世界上最大的陆地风电场——德克萨斯州泰勒县和诺兰县的马谷风能中心
About 100 miles (160 kilometers) west of Dallas, 47,000 acres (19,000 hectares) of Texas cedar and scrub oak have been given over to the 421 wind turbines that comprise the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center. The 291 1.5-megawatt turbines built by GE and the 130 2.3-megawatt wind turbines built by Siemens together deliver 735 megawatts of peak power. The farm was completed in 2006 and is operated by NextEra Energy, a subsidiary of Florida Power & Light, which operates wind facilities that deliver over four gigawatts of power across the U.S.
达拉斯市以西大约100英里(160公里)处的47,000英亩(19,000公顷)雪松和矮橡树让位于马谷风能中心的421架涡轮机。发电能力为2911.5兆瓦的涡轮机由通用电气公司（GE）生产，发电能力为1302.3兆瓦的涡轮机由西门子公司生产，峰值发电量可达735兆瓦。这个风电场于2006年建成，由佛罗理达电力与照明公司的子公司——新纪元能源公司负责经营，该公司在全美经营的风电设备可发电40亿瓦。
Horse Hollow won't retain the crown for long, however: By the middle of 2009, E.ON Climate and Renewables will complete the fourth phase of the Roscoe Wind Farm in Texas, which will deliver 781.5 megawatts from 627 turbines.
然而，马谷风电中心的霸主地位不会长久：因为到2009年中期，意昂再生能源公司在德克萨斯州所建的罗斯科风电场第四阶段将要竣工，该风电场利用627架涡轮机，发电能力将达到781.5兆瓦。
Other giant wind farms that have been announced include the Shepherd's Flat Wind Farm in Oregon (800 megawatts, 303 wind turbines) and a wind farm in Markbygden, Sweden, (four gigawatts, 1,101 wind turbines).
其他已经宣布将要建设的大型风电场还有：美国俄勒冈州的牧羊人平原风电场，装有303架涡轮机，发电能力800兆瓦；瑞典马克比格顿的一家风电场，装有1101架涡轮机，发电能力可达40亿瓦。
2. World's Biggest Offshore Wind Farm—Lynn and Inner Dowsing Wind Farm Near Skegness, Lincolnshire, England
2.世界上最大的海上风电场——英国林肯郡斯凯格内斯附近的林恩及内道星风电场
Visible from the beach of Skegness, England, the 54 3.6-megawatt turbines of the Lynn and Inner Dowsing offshore wind farm collectively can produce up to 194 megawatts of electricity at peak. Each turbine is 353 feet (107 meters) in diameter and turns on a hub that is 265 feet (80 meters) above sea level. Every turbine sits on a pylon that was driven into the shallow seabed by the Resolution, a vessel purposely built for the installation of offshore wind farms. (It extends six legs into the seabed to stabilize itself before installation of the pylon on which each turbine sits.) The total cost of the project was nearly $500 million.
从英国的斯凯格内斯海滩可以看到林恩及内道星海上风电场，该风电场总装机容量为543.6兆瓦，峰值发电量可达194兆瓦。每架涡轮机直径有353英尺(107米)，在海拔265英尺高的轮轴上转动。每架涡轮机都坐落在一根支柱上，“决心号”安装船将支柱插入并固定在浅海的海床中。“决心号” 安装船是专门为进行海上风电场的安装而制造的船只。在安装每架涡轮机的支柱前，这艘安装船先将六条腿伸入海床中，以便稳定船只本身。该项目总耗资将近5亿美元。
By the end of 2009, Lynn and Inner Dowsing will have been superseded by the 209-megawatt Horns Rev 2 wind farm sited in the North Sea between 19 and 25 miles (30 and 40 kilometers) west of the westernmost tip of Denmark, which will cost about $670 million. And the 1,000-megawatt London Array in the outer Thames Estuary is projected to be completed in 2012.
到2009年年底，林恩及内道星海上风电场的地位将会被209兆瓦的合恩斯莱夫2号风电场所代替，该风电场位于丹麦最西端以西19至25英里(30至40公里)之间的北海海域，投资将达到约6.7亿美元。另外，泰晤士河口外面1000兆瓦的伦敦阵列风电场计划于2012竣工。
3. World's Largest Tidal Power Barrage—Rance Tidal Barrage in Bretagne, France
3.世界上最大的潮汐能拦河坝——法国布列塔尼的兰斯潮汐能拦河坝
Many of the world's largest renewable projects have been around for quite some time: Completed in 1967 at a cost of approximately $134 million, the Rance tidal barrage (dam) is the world's first, and remains the world's largest, power plant that produces electricity from tides. The Rance barrage works by blocking the entrance to the estuary of the Rance River, where average difference between low and high tides is 26 feet (eight meters). The 24 10-megawatt bulb turbines that sit in the barrage beneath the surface can be turned by the water as it flows both into and out of the estuary, allowing the dam to produce electricity almost continuously.
界上许多大型的可再生能源工程已经存在了很久。兰斯潮汐能拦河坝于1967年建成，投资将近1.34亿美元，是世界上第一个、而且仍然是世界上最大的一个利用潮汐能来发电的电厂。兰斯拦河坝阻拦在兰斯河的河口，此处高潮与低潮之间的平均落差为26英尺（8米）。2410兆瓦的球形涡轮机位于水面以下的大坝内，通过河口的水使涡轮机转动起来，几乎使大坝能够不停顿地发电。
In the future, the U.K. has proposed a tidal power barrage across the Severn Estuary that separates England and Wales. Whereas a number of different barrages have been proposed, the largest would be a 7.4-mile- (12-kilometer-) long dam that could produce 8.6 gigawatts of energy, or 5 percent of the electricity currently used in the U.K.
英国提出了一项潮汐能拦河坝工程，该拦河坝将横截在作为英格兰和威尔士分界线的塞汶河河口。然而，英国还提出了几个不同的拦河坝工程，最大的是一道7.4英里（12公里）长的拦河坝，该大坝的发电能力可望达到86亿瓦，相当于英国目前用电量的5%。
4. World's Largest Tidal Power Turbine—SeaGen Turbine in Strangford Lough, Ireland
4.世界上最大的潮汐能涡轮机——爱尔兰斯特兰福特湾的海上发电涡轮机
Like wind turbines, but powered by the flow of water instead of the flow of air, tidal power turbines transform tides or deep ocean currents into electricity. The 1.2-megawatt SeaGen tidal power turbine, which consists of a matched pair of turbines, each up to 66 feet (20 meters) in diameter, is currently the on
就象风能涡轮机靠气流来驱动一样，潮汐能涡轮机是靠水流来驱动的，将潮流或深海洋流转化为电能。产量为1.2兆瓦的潮汐能海上发电涡轮机由两个对称的小涡轮机组成，每个小涡轮机的直径达66英尺（20米），目前是世界上唯一商业规模的潮汐能涡轮机。该涡轮机的制造商称，这个系统每兆瓦装机容量投资为大约500万美元，比海上风能发电系统耗资多出大约30%。涡轮机的叶片可以转动180度，以便在进入和流出的潮流中均可旋转。象图中所描绘的那样，这种涡轮机可以升高，维护起来很方便，插图中显示了涡轮机正常运行时的状态。
By 2015, the SeaGen turbine will be surpassed by a massive tidal power turbine project in the Wando Hoenggan Waterway off the coast of South Korea, to be built jointly by Lunar Energy and Korean Midland Power Company for $820 million. Generating 300 megawatts of capacity, the 300 on
到2015年，海上发电涡轮机将会被在韩国海岸附近望多霍恩根水道的一个大型的潮汐能涡轮机工程所超越。该工程将由月球能源公司和韩国中原能源公司联合建造，投资8.2亿美元，300个发电量为一兆瓦、高60英尺（18米）的涡轮机将凭着自身的重量固定在海床上。
5. World's Largest Solar Thermal Plant—Solar Energy Generating Systems in Southern California
5. 世界上最大的太阳能热电厂——美国加州南部的太阳能发电系统（SEGS）
Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) has been the world record holder for largest solar thermal project since its completion in 1990. SEGS consists of nine separate solar thermal power plants spread across the Mojave Desert, which collectively can produce 354 megawatts of power. They were designed, built and operated by Luz International, which subsequently went bankrupt when the tax breaks that made the plant profitable evaporated. The chairman of Luz is back, however, heading up Brightsource, a new solar thermal energy company that has just signed the two largest contracts for solar thermal electricity in the world. These contracts will be serviced by 14 solar thermal plants with a total output of 2,600 megawatts, to be built between now and 2017. These facilities differ substantially from SEGS, which uses long troughs to collect the sun's heat; they will consist of thousands of mirrors that will reflect the sun's energy on
自从1990年建成之后，加州南部的太阳能发电系统就一直是最大的太阳能热电工程。SEGS由九个独立的太阳能热电厂组成，遍布莫哈韦沙漠地区，总发电量可以达到354兆瓦。这些发电厂是由鲁兹国际公司设计、建造和经营的，后来，在致使电厂获利的税收优惠政策消失之后，该公司破产了。然而，鲁兹国际公司的董事长又杀回来，领导亮源能源公司。亮源能源公司是一家新成立的太阳能热电公司，刚刚签署了两份世界上最大的太阳能热电合同，这两份合同将由14个太阳能热电厂来承担，这些热电厂的总产量为2,600兆瓦，将分别于目前到2017年期间建成。这些电厂的设备跟SEGS大不相同：SEGS利用长长的抛物槽形镜面来收集太阳的热量，而这些设备将由成千上万块镜片组成，众多镜片把太阳的能量反射到一个中央的吸热塔上。
"The overarching theme of why we moved from trough to tower is that it's much more efficient," says Keely Wachs, director of communications at BrightSource, who notes that the cost of the tower design is also significantly lower, making it cost-competitive with other sources of energy.
“我们从抛物槽式系统转为塔式系统的主要原因是，塔式系统的效率要高得多，”亮源能源公司公关部主任基利·瓦克斯说。瓦克斯还注意到，塔式系统的设计费也要低得多，使其在成本上能够与其他能源进行竞争。
6. World's Largest Photovoltaic Power Plant—Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park
6.世界上最大的光伏发电厂——西班牙奥米迪勒光电厂
The Olmedilla Photovoltaic (PV) Park uses 162,000 flat solar photovoltaic panels to deliver 60 megawatts of electricity on a sunny day. The entire plant was completed in 15 months at a cost of about $530 million at current exchange rates. Olmedilla was built with conventional solar panels, which are made with silicon and tend to be heavy and expensive. So-called "thin-film" solar panels, although less efficient per square meter, tend to be much cheaper to produce, and they are the technology being tapped to realize the world's largest proposed PV plant, the Rancho Cielo Solar Farm in Belen, N. Mex., which is expected to cost $840 million, cover an area of 700 acres (285 hectares), and produce 600 megawatts of power.
奥米迪勒光电厂利用162,000块平面的太阳能光伏板，在阳光照射的日子里可发电60兆瓦。整个发电厂在15个月内建成，按现在的汇率花费约为5.3亿美元。奥米迪勒光电厂是利用传统的太阳能板建造的，这种太阳能板是利用硅制造的，往往沉重而昂贵。尽管所谓的“薄膜”太阳能板每平方米上的发电效率较低，但是其生产成本也往往低得多。因此，薄膜太阳能板技术正在被用来建造世界上最大的光伏发电厂——新墨西哥州贝伦镇的西罗牧场太阳能发电，该电厂预期投资8.4亿美元，占地700英亩（285公顷），产量可达600兆瓦。
7. World's Most Productive Geothermal Field—The Geysers in Sonoma and Lake Counties, Calif.
7.世界上最大的地热田——加州索诺马县和湖县的间歇泉
Despite having declined from a peak production of 2,000 megawatts in the mid-1980's to the present value of about 1,000 megawatts, The Geysers remains the most productive geothermal field in the world, providing nearly 60 percent of the electricity used in California's North Coast region, which stretches from the Golden Gate Bridge to the Oregon border. (The decline is due to depletion of the aquifer from which the plants draw their steam; newer plant designs re-inject the water in order to eliminate this problem.)
20世纪80年代中期，加州索诺马县和湖县的间歇泉的峰值发电量为2,000兆瓦。尽管此后产量一直在下降，但是这里的间歇泉仍然是世界上发电量最大的地热田，为加州北部沿海地区提供了将近60%的用电量，供电区域从金门大桥一直延伸到俄勒冈州边界。产量的下降是由蓄水层的水损耗引起的，电厂需要从蓄水层吸收蒸汽。电厂在较为新型的设计中，通过重新向蓄水层注水来解决这个问题。
The first commercial geothermal power plant in the U.S. was built at The Geysers in 1960; it produced 11 megawatts of power. Individual plants at this location now average about 50 megawatts, but are dwarfed by the largest geothermal power plant currently proposed, which would be built in Sarulla, North Sumatra, Indonesia, by geothermal technology company Ormat and its partners, producing 330 megawatts of electricity at peak.
在美国，第一个进行商业运作的地热发电厂是于1960年在这个间歇泉地区建造的，它当时的发电量只有11兆瓦。现在该地区单个发电厂的平均产量约为50兆瓦，但仍比不上目前提议建造的最大的地热发电厂，该发电厂将建在印度尼西亚北苏门答腊地区的萨鲁拉，由地热技术公司奥曼特（Ormat）及其合作公司承建，最大发电量为330兆瓦。
8. World's Largest Dry Biomass-Fired Power Plant—Oy Alholmens Kraft in Pietarsaari, Finland
8. 世界上最大的脱水生物燃料发电厂——芬兰皮埃塔萨里的阿尔霍尔门斯发电站
Like most biomass-fired power plants, the Oy Alholmens Kraft power plant relies on locally sourced bark, branches and peat to fuel its enormous boiler—the largest of its kind in the world at 550 megawatts of heat. Burning all that generates a peak output of 240 megawatts of electricity. (The plant also generates 160 megawatts of steam, which is used directly by nearby industry and for district heating.) Both the peat and the wood by-products burned by this plant are harvested sustainably. In the case of the wood, trees equal in amount to those felled are planted every year and are later harvested at maturity. Peat is also continuously generated by decaying plants in wetlands, and although it is produced slowly, it can be harvested sustainably as long as it's carefully managed.
跟多数生物燃料发电站一样，阿尔霍尔门斯发电站依靠来自当地的树皮、树枝和泥炭，为其巨大的锅炉提供燃料。该锅炉是世界上同类锅炉中最大的，可以产生550兆瓦的热能，充分燃烧时的最高发电量为240兆瓦。（该电厂还生产160兆瓦的蒸汽，直接被附近的工业所利用或被附近区域取暖所利用。）该工厂可以持续地得到所燃烧的泥炭和木材副产品。就木材来说，每年种植的树木跟砍伐的树木在数量上等同，长成后再收获。由于沼泽地里的植物不断地腐烂，泥炭也会不断地产生。尽管泥炭生成的速度慢，但只要认真管理，也可以不断地收获。
"We need more than 120 trucks [of biomass] per day," says Stig Nickul, managing director of the plant. "On
“我们每天需要120多车生物燃料，”经营厂长斯蒂格·尼库尔说，“每车燃料仅够烧上六到七分钟。”
By 2010, Wales will be able to claim a 350-megawatt biomass-fired power plant, but its waste wood feedstock will have to be imp
到2010年，威尔士将会建造一个350兆瓦的生物燃料发电厂，但该厂的废木料将不得不从加拿大进口，因此这个工程是否具有可再生价值，值得怀疑。
9. World's Largest Wave Power Plant—Agu?adoura Wave Farm near Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal
9. 世界上最大的波能发电厂——葡萄牙波瓦-迪瓦尔津附近的阿古撒多拉波能发电厂
The world's first and on
阿古撒多拉波能发电厂是世界上第一个、也是唯一一个商业运行的波能发电厂，长500英尺（150米），宽11英尺（3.5米），就象一条处于半淹没状态的巨蛇，漂浮在海面上。每一单元机组都被固定起来，方向与海滩垂直，拥有四个部分，通过铰链互相连接成一条直线，每部分内部都装有独立的液压动力设备。当每一部分随着浪头上下震荡的时候，其中的液压动力设备就会将一种可生物降解的液压液抽到涡轮机中，这样每个单元机组发电可达到0.75兆瓦。三个单元机组投资1,300万美元，建造在葡萄牙海岸附近的海面上，目前总发电量最高达2.25兆瓦，但是已经出台了计划，最终要将其扩建成装机容量为21兆瓦的波能发电厂。
10. World's Largest Hydroelectric Dam—China's Three Gorges Dam
10.世界上最大的水利大坝——中国的三峡大坝
On December 18, 2007, the electricity production capacity of China's Three Gorges Dam reached 14.1 gigawatts, surpassing for the first time the 14-gigawatt generating capacity of the Itaipu Dam on the border of Brazil and Paraguay, making it the largest and most productive dam in the world. By 2011, it will produce 18 gigawatts of electricity, or as much as 18 large nuclear power plants. Just on
2007年12月18日，中国三峡大坝的发电量达到141亿瓦，首次超过巴西与巴拉圭边界发电量为140亿瓦的伊泰普大坝，成为世界上最大、发电量最多的大坝。到2011年，三峡大坝将发电180亿瓦，相当于18个大型核电站的发电量。在该大坝中，仅仅一组主发电机就可发电700兆瓦。三峡工程投资额为260亿美元。
A still-larger dam, the Grand Inga Dam, has been proposed for completion between 2020 and 2025 in the Democratic Republic of Congo on the Congo River: Its output could reach 39 gigawatts of power.
刚果民主共和国提议在刚果河上建造一个更大的大坝——英戈大坝，计划在2020年至2025年期间完成，电力产量可达到390亿瓦。
11.Bonus: World's Largest Landfill Gas Recuperation Plant—Puente Hills in Whittier, Calif.
11.附加介绍：世界上最大的垃圾填埋气回收厂——加州惠提尔的朋地山发电厂
Producing power from the gas that seeps out of landfills is a better alternative than simply flaring it. (Though it's debatable whether or not landfill gas constitutes a renewable resource, because yields of combustible gas from landfills decline between 2 and 15 percent per year after a landfill is capped and no more garbage is being added, according to Jeff Pierce, vice president of power plant development company SCS energy). Landfill gas is about half methane and half carbon dioxide and also contains water vapor, which makes it more difficult to handle than conventional natural gas.
利用垃圾场渗出的气体来发电是一个更加妥善的垃圾处理法，比简单地将其一烧了之要强一些。然而，电厂开发公司——SCS能源公司的副总裁杰夫·皮尔斯称：垃圾填埋气能否算得上可再生能源是有争议的，因为在垃圾场被覆盖之后，并且在没有垃圾添加进去的情况下，垃圾场所释放的易燃气体量每年会减少2%至15%。垃圾填埋气大约一半是甲烷，一半是二氧化碳，并且也含有水汽，使其比传统的天然气更加难以处理。
The world's largest landfill gas plant sits atop the Puente Hills landfill—the largest in the U.S.—which accepts trash from Los Angeles County. Pierce says that because this active landfill is still growing, production at the 20 year old Puente Hills landfill gas plant has not yet peaked, and averages about 50 megawatts.
世界上最大的垃圾填埋气发电厂位于朋地山垃圾场之上，该垃圾场是美国最大的垃圾场，接受来自洛杉矶县的垃圾。皮尔斯说，由于活跃的朋地山垃圾场还在不断地扩大，这座具有20年历史的垃圾填埋气发电厂产量还没有达到顶峰，平均产量大约为50兆瓦。
Another 50-megawatt landfill gas plant sits atop another gigantic dump in Incheon, South Korea. Currently there are no plans for units larger than either the Puente Hills or Incheon facilities.
另外一家50兆瓦的垃圾填埋气发电厂坐落在韩国仁川的一个巨大的垃圾堆之上。目前没有计划安装比朋地山或仁川发电厂更大的机组设备。
译自：《科学美国人》网站（June 4, 2009）
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