层层恐惧dlc琴:独立主格结构

独立主格结构

一、概念 在绝大多数情况下，现在分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，但分词也可以有意义上的逻辑主语，通常由名词或代词主格充当，置于分词之前，这种结构称为独立主格结构。

独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上一个分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等，构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。名词或代词起着逻辑主语的作用。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。

独立主格结构本身不是句子，因为没有实际的主语和谓语，但在语义上相当于一个句子。在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随等。它有以下三个特点：

1).独立主格结构的逻辑与句子的逻辑主语不同，它独立存在。

2).名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、分词、不定式等存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。

3).独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。

二、独立主格结构基本形式: 名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
三、几种常见的独立主格结构形式

1.名词/主格代词+现在分词 (表主动或正在进行)

1).名词/代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。如：

Spring coming on, the trees turned green. 

Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.

The moon appearing, they decided to go on with their journey.

Time permitting, we can have a walk around the playground after supper.

如果时间允许,晚饭后我们可以到操场上散散步。

Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．

黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。

The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest.

向导领着路，我们毫不费劲地走出了森林。

Weather permitting = if the weather permits, we will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.

如果天气允许的话，我们将在明天组织一次海滨旅游。

Whether permitting = if the weather permits, we are playing golf this afternoon.

Whether permitting = if the weather permits, meals will be served outside.

2).当的动作发生在谓语动作之前时，要用分词的完成式。如：

The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible.

The guests having left, they continued to dance.

3).It + being+ 表示“时间、距离、天气”等概念的词。如：

It being too cold, people got up quite late in the morning.

It being holiday= As it was a holiday, all the shops were shut. (原因)

It being Sunday (= As it was Sunday), they had no classes. 由于是星期天，他们不上课。

The day being fine = As the day was fine, we decided to go swimming.

The meeting being over, we all left the room and drove home. 

2.名词(代词)+过去分词  (表被动或已完成)  名词/代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系。

The test finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。 

  He sat silently, eyes closed.他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。(表伴随状况)

Good-bye said, he went home.               All the work done, they went for lunch.

All things considered, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.

若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有意义。(表条件)

The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved. 

由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。

He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.  

他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。

He walked in to the classroom, his head lowered. 低着头，他走进教室。

All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs.

The question settled, we went home.
    His homework done (= After his home work was done), Mary decided to go shopping.
    The cup broken (= Because the cup was broken), the girl cried.

 He lay on his back, his face up and his hands crossed under his head.他脸朝天，头枕着手躺着。

 The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons___ for the day.

A. finishing      B. finished     C. had finished    D. were finished

一天的课程结束后，孩子们从语法学校回家了。

    The man was busy preparing lunch in the kitchen, his wife seated comfortable in the sofa watching TV.  ( to seat / seating/ was seated ) 

3.名词(代词)+不定式 (表将要发生的动作)

在此结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。不定式多表示将来的动作。

Much work to do, they had to work for extra hours.

So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.

The teacher to help us, we will succeed. 有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。

He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets.

The last guest to arrive, our party was started. 最后一位客人到了,我们的晚会就开始了。

The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 

我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。

Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.  种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。

Some of the money to be paid by the thief, the police went.
4.名词(代词)+形容词  (形容词用来说明名词或代词的性质特征及所处的状态)

Everything (being) ready, they started out.

The boy looked at the beautiful picture, eyes wide open. (表伴随状况)

The children were making a snowman, hands red with cold.手都冻红了。(表伴随状况)

The weather (being) hot, we all went swimming.
    His mother being ill, he had to stay home to look after her.
   Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress. 

Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse．

特洛伊人睡着了，于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。

Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小，我们却能广泛地利用它们。

He entered the room, his nose red with cold.

5.名词(代词)+副词 

He was lying in bed, light on.

The meeting over, the students were dismissed.

The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.

散会了，校长很快就离开了会议室。

The meeting (being) over, we left the room.
The meeting being over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room.

The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了，我们不能继续工作了。

6.名词(代词)+名词

His first play a success, he wrote another.他第一个剧本成功后，又写了另一个剧本。

His first shot failure，he fired again．他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。

Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.

两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。

7.名词(代词) +介词短语  介词短语常用来说明名词/代词的特征或所处的状态。

He walked in, cane in hand.

The old farmer came back, large basket in his shoulder. (表伴随状况)

The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand= a gun in his hand= with a gun in his hand.

(a gun in hand/ gun in his hand×)

He left the office, tears in eyes.   He climbed in, sword in hand.
Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.

There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。

Our English teacher came into the classroom, papers in hand.

我们的英语老师走进了教室,手里拿着试卷。
He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm．

他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。

Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house，a vast load of firewood on her back．每天下午，一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。

8. There being+名词/代词          (参考there be句型)

在独立主格结构中，There be的形式为There being ….。

There being no buses (= because there were no buses), they had to walk home.

There being no bus, they had no choice but to take a taxi.

There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。

There being no one else to turn to, I had to come to see you.

我没有其他人可以求助的人，只能来找你。

There being no more things to be discussed, the meeting came to an end.

四、独立主格结构的句法功能 

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示谓语动词发生的时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等，还可以作定语。

1. 作时间状语  相当于一个时间状语从句。

Meeting over, everyone tried to do something for the project.

The meeting being over, they went home. 会议一结束，他们就回家了。

Winter having come, it’s getting colder and colder.

Spring coming, the flowers are coming out.

The problem settled, everyone was filled with joy.

   My shoes removed，I entered a low-ceilinged room，treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting．

我脱掉鞋子后，走进一间屋顶很低的房间，小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。

    The governor pondering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path．

总督思考问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。

The work done = after the work had been done, we went home.

2. 作条件状语  相当于一个条件状语从句。

Weather permitting, we’ll have a picnic this Sunday.

Time permitting, I shall stay here for another two days.

Enough time given, we’ll do the job better.

   Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．

如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。

   Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him．

如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。

More time given, we should have done it much better.

The test finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。

3. 作原因状语    相当于一个原因状语从句。

John (being) away, Tom had to do the work on his own.

It being dark, they had to walk with the torches on.

There being no bus, they had no choice but to take a taxi.

There being no bus then, they had to walk home.

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.

由那个男孩带路，我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。

  There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.

没有别的事可讨论，我们都回家了。

4. 作伴随状语（方式状语）或补充说明：相当于一个并列句。

He was watching TV, his mouth half open.

He fell to the ground, blood coming down his nose.

The policeman entered the dark room, gun in hand.

The old man sat down, his face pale with pain.

She lay against the wall, the sun shining upon her face.

她靠墙躺着，太阳照在她的脸上。(伴随)

    Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.

十个学生报名参加了这次竞赛，年纪最小的是个12岁的男孩。

He guiding the blind girl, they walked slowly across the street.

他领着那个失明的女孩，两人慢慢地横穿街道。(方式)

5. 作定语，独立主格结构作定语其功能相当于一个定语从句。

    He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.

他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。

He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides. 

他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。

    Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.

靠近岸时，我看见几个深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。

五、with/ without 复合结构与独立主格结构
它们都可以在句中作原因状语,伴随状况状语,条件状语,时间状语或结果状语用,一般也可以相互转换.虽然它们的语法功能和意义相同,但其结构形式和名称却不相同.
with复合结构的模式是: with +名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
即：with/ without +宾语（名词/代词）+宾语补足语，宾语通常由名词或代词充当，但代词一定要用宾格。上文的独立主格结构的几种情况都适用于此结构。with复合结构可以作后置定语修饰其前面的名词,而独立主格结构则不可作后置定语修饰名词。如：

Do you know the woman with a baby in her arms?
Soon she arrived at a park with grass green and flowers in blossom.
= Soon she arrived at a park whose grass was green and whose flowers were in blossom.

Soon they found themselves walking in a valley with high mountains around it.

He lives in a village with a railway behind it.

Harry Potter is a boy with a scar on his forehead.

独立主格结构的模式是: 主格名词/代词+分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
一. 作时间状语
  1.With winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.
  =Winter coming on, the trees turn yellow and some birds fly south.

二. 作原因状语
 1.With the weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.
  = The weather terribly cold, we entered the room to warm ourselves.
 2. With the key having been lost, she could not enter the room.
  = The key having been lost, she could not enter the room.

三. 作条件状语
1.With time permitting, we'll visit the Summer Palace.
 = Time permitting, we'll visit the Summer Palace.
2. With the car going wrong, we'll have to stop at the foot of the mountain.
 = The car going wrong, we'll have to stop at the foot of the mountain.

四. 作伴随状语
1. The mother was cleaning the house with her baby playing on the bed.
  =The mother was cleaning the house, her baby playing on the bed.
2. Last night I followed him, with a sword in my hand.
  = Last night I followed him, sword in hand.
3. He lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky.

1. without +名词/代词+动词的-ing形式

He left the bathroom, with the water running.

With the old man leading, we had no difficulty finding the old Red Army man’s house.

The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was. 

小女孩把盒子藏了起来，没有人知道它在哪里。

2. without+名词/代词+动词的-ed形式

The classroom is very bright with all the lights turned on.

Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. 

她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。

With homework done, the children began to play.

3. with+名词/代词+动词不定式

I can’t go out, with a lot of homework to do.

The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. 

有这么多的名胜可参观，小孩很激动。

 4. with+名词/代词+副词

The room is very bright with all the light on. 

The boy was walking, with his father ahead.   父亲在前，小孩在后走着。

 5. with+名词/代词+介词短语

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。

或He stood at the door, computer in hand.

  Don’t talk with your mouth full. 表示行为方式

He rushed out with a knife in his hand. = He rushed out, a knife in his hand.或 He rushed out, knife in hand.

6. with+名词/代词+形容词

With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. 

由于儿子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快乐。

You should not speak to others with your mouth full of food.

在with /without的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。

无论with复合结构还是独立主格结构,都不可有动词的谓语形式充当其中的逻辑谓语.如下例中的was就必须去掉:
He sat at the desk reading with a pen was in his right hand.
五、独立主格结构注意事项

 1. 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在，名词或代词与后面的分词等逻辑上是主谓关系，独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

    The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.

总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

2. 动词不定式表示动作没有发生或即将发生，动词-ed形式表示动作已经结束，动词-ing形式往往表示动作正在进行。

The manager looks worried，many things to settle.

经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。

(事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式to settle，表示将来的时间)

The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.许多事情已经处理好了,经理看上去很松。（事情已经处理好了，用过去分词settled表示动作已经结束）

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。

（两个动作同时进行）

3. 独立主格结构介词使用的问题 

①当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词)，也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。

     A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)

劫匪手里拿着刀闯进房间。　　　　　

②当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。

     He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。

4. 独立主格结构与独立成分的异同

   1). 有些分词短语的形式是固定的，不受上下文影响，可以独立存在，因此被称为独立成分。它并不表示句子主语的动作，而是表示说话人的态度，它在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用法或固定短语，用来修饰整个句子。

这些短语有：Generally speaking (总的说来)，Frankly/properly speaking (坦率/恰当地说)，Judging from/by (从……判断)，Supposing (假设)，taking… into consideration(考虑到)等等。

①Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。

Generally speaking, the novel is not very interesting.

②Generally speaking, girls are more careful than boys.

③Talking of travel, have you ever been to Beijing?

④Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.

由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。

⑤Judging from her face, she must be ill. 从她的脸色看，她一定生病了。

⑥Judging by her last letter, they are having a wonderful time.从她上封信看,他们过的非常快。

⑦Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考虑各种因素，你最好离开。

⑧____, he seems to be very nervous.

A. Judge from appearance          B. Judges from appearance

  C. Judged from appearance         D. Judging from appearance

2).当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主谓一致的问题。

considering/ given(that)…考虑到…    supposing/provided/providing(that) 假设/使…

Supposing you are wrong, what will you do then? ( supposing为连词，也可用suppose)

Supposing it should rain, we would still go. (虚拟)

Supposing he doesn’t come, what shall we do? Supposing you lose, what will you do?

Frankly speaking, I don’t like the book. 坦率地说，我不喜欢这本书。

I’ll go fishing provided (that) it is fine tomorrow.

Given their inexperience, they’ve done a good job.

考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做的很不错了。（given为介词，“考虑到”）

The car burns more fuel, but taking all things into consideration, it is still a good car.

Considering that Frank did not have the potential to do the important work well, the boss fired him.鉴于弗兰克没有潜力把那件重要的工作做好，老板解雇了他。

3).有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。

这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure (确实)， to be true (真的),

to tell (you) the truth (说实话)， to cut a long story short （长话短说），to be frank (with you) （坦率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），to begin with(首先),

to be exact(确切地说),  to do him justice (公平对待，尽量利用) 等等。

①To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。

②To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment to me. 我对这个剧非常失望。

③To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.

情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。

The car burns more fuel, but ___ all things into consideration, it’s still a good car.

A. taken     B. having taken     C. taking     D. to take (独立成分作状语)

这辆汽车耗油量较大，但是综合整体情况来看，它仍不失为一部好车。

5．独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句。但是独立主格结构转换为状语从句后，它有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致(例①)；而分词短语转换为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语一致(例②)。

①If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 转换为：

Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.

如果时间允许,我们最好周末去度假。

②When we see from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful. 转换为：

Seeing from the hilltop, we can find the city more beautiful.

从山顶上看，我们发现这个城市更美了。

还必须注意，分词结构的逻辑主语并不总是和主句的主语一致，也可以是主句的其他成分语法上称作"依着法则"(例1)。

   1). Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time.

在城市里搜查小偷，花费了警察很长一段时间。

（Searching短语的逻辑主语是主句中的policemen）

而如果一个分词结构在句子中找不到它的逻辑主语,语法上称作"悬垂分词"(例2)。

2). When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the roots.

(人们)种这些花时必须小心,不要损坏了花根。

练习：

1. When the mother returned from outside three years later, her son, (主谓关系) looking at her, his eyes (动宾关系) filled with tears, finally cried out the words (动宾关系) hidden in his heart for long.

2. The man was busy preparing lunch in the kitchen, his wife ____ comfortable in the sofa watching TV.

A. seated     B. seating   C. was seated    D. to seat  

3. The weather ____ from very hot to quite cold at the top of the mountain, we decided to bring some warm clothes in case.     

A. Varied    B. varies    C. to vary    D. varying

独立主格结构

独立结构要认清：名、代之后副或形。

或是分词或“介短”，with结构不可轻，

名代二词是其“主”，句子结构必分明。

独立结构好掌握，句中作用只一个：

千变万化皆做“状”，其中意义也不多。
“时间”“条件”和“原因”，“方式”“伴随”没别的。
“状从”和其前三个，可以互变不难学。