换7颗牙齿要多少钱:初中英语“句型转换”题归类与指导

初中英语“句型转换”题归类与指导

    每年的中考试卷中，“句型转换”题所占分值较大，是为了全面考查学生在初中阶段所学的词汇（同义或反义）、短语、句型和语法等方面的知识及其它的之间的灵活运用能力。

Ⅰ.题型介绍

    所谓“句型转换”就是先给一个完整的句子A，再根据括号内的要求（有时没有明确，须自己观察），在第二个句子B的空白处填上适当的词来完成的句型转换。

Ⅱ.题型分类

从形式上看，有如下几种形式：

①     某一词或词组的转换；

②     ②词组与句子的转换；

③     ③同义句型的转换；

④     ④为纠正常犯语言错误而设计的题目。

从内容上看，此题型涉及的面较广，主要有：

①     句子功能方面的转换。包括陈述句（肯定与否定）、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种题的转换；

②     句子结构方面的转换。即简单句、复合句、并列句之间的转换；

③     ③语态的转换。即主动语态与被动语态之间的转换；④常用句型与词汇手段的转换。

Ⅲ.具体分类如下

一、陈述句与疑问句、祈使句、感叹句间的转换

1、陈述句中肯定句变为否定句，大部分是用not来改变谓语结构，但也有借用否定意义的词，如nothing, nobody, none, neither, little, few, never, hardly等，例如：

    Tom does well in maths.---------Tom doesn’t do in maths.

    He has much to do. ---------------He has nothing to do.

    All of my classmates like art.----None of my classmates likes art.

2、改为疑问句。根据上下句的结构和词的减少，来判断变为哪一种形式的疑问句。例如：

    My brother often has breakfast at school.-------Does your brother often have breakfast at school?

    Tom’s already weak in English.----------------Tom’s already weak in English, isn’t he ?

    The red light changes every two minutes.-------How often does the red light change?

3、改为感叹句。根据所给的句子结构和单词的词性，来确定使用哪一种感叹句的形式，例如：

    This is an interesting book.---What an interesting book this is! 或 How interesting this book is!

二、同义句转换

    根据上句，写出一个意思相同（或相近）的下句，此类形式繁多，内容复杂，涉及面广，归类如下：

1、同义词或词组之间的转换。（通常上下句时态保持一致）。

常见的同义词或词组有：

(1)四个“花费”（spend—take—cost—take）；

(2)三个“到达”（get to—reach—arrive in/at）；

(3)四个“收到…来信”（hear from—get a letter from—receive a letter from—have a letter from）；

(4)两个“擅长于…”（be good at —do well in）；

(5)两个“有空”（be free—have time）；

(6)三个“入睡”（go to sleep—get to sleep—fall asleep）；

(7)两个“玩得开心”（enjoy oneself—have a good time）；

(8)“给…打电话”（call sb—telephone sb—ring sb. a call—make a telephone to sb.）

(9)“飞往…”（fly to…—go to…by air/plane）

(10)“自学”（teach oneself—learn…by oneself）

(11)在…方面帮助help…with…—help… (to)do…

(12)在…差be weak in…—do badly in…

(13)能/会…can—be able to

(14)更喜欢…like…better than…—prefer…to…

(15)充满了…be full of…—be filled with…

(16)放弃干…give up doing…—stop doing…

(17)不再… no longer—not …any longer

(18)照顾/保管 take care of…—look after

(19)展览 on show—on display

(20)阻止…干…stop…from doing—keep/prevent…from doing…

(21)由于 thanks to—because of…

(22)举手hands up—put up one’s hands

(23)最后，终于at last—in the end

(24)与…不同 be different from…—be not the same as…

(25)从…借入… borrow…from…—lend…to…

(26)乘公汽/火车/的士 go to…by bus/train/taxi—take a bus /train/taxi to…

(27)乘自行车去… go to…by bike—ride a bike to…

(28)为…感到自豪 be proud of…—be the pride of…

(29)步行去… walk to…—go to…on foot

(30)独自地by oneself —alone等。

(31)多于，超过over = more than

例如：

    A：The children had a good time in the park.

B：The children enjoyed themselves in the park.

3、反义词之间的转换

常见的反义词或反义词组有：

（1）catch up with/fall behind

（2）the same as/different from

例如：

Tom borrowed a story book from the boy just now.

   The boy _____a story book _____Tom just now.  （Borrow…from…与lend…. To…之间的转换）

4、运用派生词或多义词改写：

如：

The snow was heavy last night.（改写同义句）=It snowed heavily last night.

The rain was heavy yesterday evening. =It ______ _______ yesterday evening.

5、同义句型之间的转化

常见的同义句型有：

①It seems that 从句→Somebody seems（to be）+adj/n 

②It’s kind of sb. to do…→Somebody is kind to do…

③What does…mean?→What do you mean by…? 或What’s the meaning of…?

④There is something wrong with…→Something is wrong with…

⑤not…until…与when/after/before引导的时间状语从句的转换

⑥What’s wrong with…?→What’s the matter with…? 

⑦How is…?→What’s…like…?

⑧How do you like…?→What do you think of?

⑧It’s time that…→It’s time for sb. to do…

⑨It’s said that…→People say that…

⑩Can I help you? →What can I do for you?

例如：

   I went to bed after I finished my homework.-----I didn’t go to bed until I finished my homework.

6、if引导的条件状语从句的转化

例如：

   If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, they’ll go to the park.-----Unless it rains tomorrow, they’ll go to the park.

   If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late.------Hurry up, or you’ll be late.

   Fish can’t live if there is no water.------Fish can’t live without water.

7、现在完成时态中的一句多译。在现在完成时态中，结束性动词不能与时间段连用，必须改成相应的延续性动词。常见的动词转换有：

buy—have,                  borrow—keep,          die—be dead,           open—be open,

join—be in+组织/be a +成员,   begin—be on,           leave—be away from,    close—be closed,

arrive in/ get to/ come/go to—be in/at,   finish—be over,   go to sleep—be asleep，  get up—be up.

例如：

The old man died five months ago.-----The old man has been dead since five months ago.

-----The old man has been dead for five months.

-----It’s five months since the old man died.

-----Five months has passed since the old man died.

8、简单句与复合句之间的转换

①     含宾语从句的复合句与简单句的转换

例如：

    I saw they were playing football on the playground. ------I saw them playing football on the playground.

    The teacher found that she was very clever.--------The teacher found her very clever.

    He found that it was hard to learn English well.----------He found it hard to learn English well.

    We are sure that we will win to first match.---------We are sure to win to first match.

由疑问代词/副词引导的宾语从句可转化为“疑问句+不定式”结构

例如：

    A：Could you tell me how I can get to the railway station?

    B：Could you tell me how to get to the railway station?

    A：We don’t know what we should do next.

    B：We don’t know what to do next.

②  由when/after/before/while/since/until引导的时间状语从句可转化为when/after/before/while/sine/until + doing…

例如：

    A：They went home after they finished their work.

    B：The went home after finishing their work.

    A：Mr Smith has taught English since he came to China.

    B：Mr Smith has taught English since coming to China.

    When sb. +be+数词+years old→at the age of+岁数

例如

    A：When he was twelve years old, Edison started writing his own newspaper.

    B：At the age of twelve, Edison started writing his own newspaper.

③ 由so…that…引导的结果状语从句可转化为too…to do或…enough to do……

例如：

    A：The box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.

    B：The box is too heavy for me to carry.  或：The box isn’t light enough for me to carry.

    A：The child is so old that he can go to school.

    B：The child is old enough to go to school.

④由so that 引导的目的状语从句可转化为in order to do

例如：

    A：My father got up early this morning so that he could catch the early bus.

    B：My father got up early this morning in order to catch the early bus.

⑤ 由because 引导的原因状语从句可转化为because of…

例如：

   We didn’t go to the park because it rained.-------We didn’t go to the park because of the rain.

⑥ 定语从句可以转化为介词短语或分词短语

例如：

    The man who is on the bike is Jim.-------The man on the bike is Jim.

The man who is driving the red car is my boss.-----------The man driving the red car is my boss.

    The girl who is called Mary is my sister.-----------The girl called Mary is my sister.

9、用并列连词neither…nor；either…or…；both…and…；not only…but also…连句

例如：

    A：I haven’t seen a TV play for long, and Lily hasn’t either.

    B：Neither I nor Lily has seen a TV play for long.

    A：Tom is good at maths, and he is good at French, too.

B：Tom is good at both maths and French.

A:.He hasn’t been to France..  I haven’t been to France, either.(合成一句，意思不变)

B:____ he _____I ______ been to France.  (答案为：Neither, nor, have. )

注意：neither…nor…, either…or…和not only…but also…连接两个主语时，谓语动词依靠近它的主语而定，即“就近原则”，但是both…and用来连接两个主语时，谓语复数。

10、形容词、副词二级之间的转化

not．．．so/as．．．=  less+原级+than;

比较级+than any other+单数名词

例如：

    He isn’t as/so tall as I . = He is less tall than I . = He isn’t taller than I .

Chinese is the most important subject of all.---------Chinese is more important than any other subject.

This exercise is easier than the other two.--------------This exercise is the easiest of the three.

John is the tallest student in his class. -------John is ______than ____ _____ _____in his class.

11、it 做形式主语的转换

 初中英语“句型转换”题归类与指导（二）

三、主动语态与被动语态的互变

主动”变“被动”实行“三变二不变”原则。“三变”即是主语，谓语和宾语的变化，“二不变”即时态不变，句式不变。例如：

They make watches in the town.-------Watches are made by them in the town.

I can finish the work before eight.----------The work can be finished（by me）before eight.

Do they grow rice in South China?-------------Is rice grown in South China?

1、主动句变被动句第一步：要看时态，时态必须保持一致。第二步：把主动句的宾语改为被动句的主语，谓语动词由主动形式改为被动形式，主动句的主语成为介词by的宾语，放在句尾。

For example:

People keep sheep for producing wool.

Sheep ______ _______for producing wool ______people.

2、主动句改为被动句，要注意谓语动词由主动形式变为被动形式时的各种变化，具体有以下几种变化：

一般现在时的被动语态：am/is/are + 过去分词

一般过去时的被动语态：was/were + 过去分词

现在完成时的被动语态：have/has +been + 过去分词

情态动词的被动语态  ：can/may/must/．．．+be + 过去分词

一般将来时的被动语态：will/shall +be + 过去分词

现在进行时的被动语态：am/is/are +being + 过去分词

过去进行时的被动语态：was/were +being+ 过去分词

过去完成时的被动语态：had + been+ 过去分词

For example：

（1）Li Lei mended the bike。（改为被动语态）------------The bike ___ ____ by Li Lei.

（2）We should plant trees in spring．（2005年四川考题）---------Trees should ____ ______in spring．

3、含有双宾语的主动句改为被动句时，一般把间接宾语改为被动句的主语，或者把直接宾语改为被动句的主语，在be done 后需加to或for。

注意：

（1）把直接宾语改为被动句的主语，间接宾语前加介词to的动词有：

send ，pass ，write ，give ，show ，bring ，lend ，sell ，hand ，tell等。

（2）间接宾语前加介词for的动词有：

Buy ，cook ，make ，order ，choose ，get ，draw等。

For example：

My mother bought me a beautiful skirt yesterday．

  I ____ ______ a beautiful skirt by my mother yesterday．

  A beautiful skirt ____bought ______ me by my mother yesterday．

4、在被动句中，感官动词（see，hear，watch, feel , look at , listen to等），使役动词（let，make，have等）后作宾语补足语的不定式前不加to，但在被动句中做主语补足语的不定式前必须加上to。

For example：

Jim heard his friend sing a song an hour ago。--------His friend ____ ____ _____sing a song by Jim。

I saw him take your umbrella.----------------He was seen to take your umbrella.

四、直接引语变间接引语

在做直接引语变间接引语时必须掌握它的一些规律，下面来归纳一下：

1、变化人称的一般规律：

（1）直接引语中的第一人称变间接引语时，其人称与主句的主语一致。

（2）直接引语中的第二人称变间接引语时，其人称与主句的宾语一致。

（3）直接引语中的第三人称变间接引语时，其人称不变。

For example：

An English teacher asked his students，“Are you interested in my lessons？”

An English teacher asked his students if they were interested in his lessons。

2、注意时态的变化。一般规律是间接引语的时态相应向前推一个时态。

直  接  引  语            间  接  引  语

一般现在时                一般过去时

一般过去时                过去完成时

现在进行时                过去进行时

一般将来时                过去将来时

现在完成时                过去完成时

过去完成时                过去完成时

For example：

The teacher said angrily，“Where have you been all these days？”

The teacher asked me angrily where I had been all those days。

3、指示代词的变化。

直接引语中的this变为间接引语时应改为that,复数these改为those.  

For example:

  Tim said to me,“This is the School Computer Center.．”

  Tim said to me ____ ______ was the School Computer Center.

分析：句中出现了两个that.第一个that是连接词,第二个that是指示代词。由直接引语中的this而变的。故正确答案为：that; that.

4、.时间状语的变化

直  接  引  语                                间  接  引  语

now 现在                                     then 那时

today 今天                                    that day 那天

this evening 今晚                               that evening 那天晚上

yesterday 昨天                                 the day before 前一天

yesterday morning 昨天上午                      the morning before 前一天上午

last night 昨天晚上                             the night before 前一天晚上

two days ago 两天前                            two days before 两天前

next week 下周                                 the next week/the following week 第二周

tomorrow 明天                                 the next day/the following day 第二天

the day before yesterday 前天                     two days before  两天前

the day after tomorrow 后天                       in two days` time/two days after 两天后

For example:

Jane asked me,“Have you got anything on this evening?”（变间接引语）

Jane asked me _if/whether_ I _had got_ anything on _that evening_．

5、直接引语变间接引语的引导词与由简单句变为宾语从句一样。有三种情况：

that引导陈述句；一般疑问句或反意疑问句用if或whether;特殊疑问句用特殊疑问词来引导。这三种句型的语序都是用陈述语序。

6、直接引语是祈使句，改为间接引语时成为不定式短语，而且谓语动词通常用：

ask/order等“祈求，命令”的动词。

For example:

   Her mother said to her,“Finish your homework before watching TV.”

   Her mother asked her  to  finish  her  homework before watching TV.

注意：：直接引语在下列三种情况时，即使主句是过去时，变间接引语时时态仍不变。

a. 表示客观真理的一般现在时，如:

The physics teacher said,“Light travels much faster than sound.”

The physics teacher said ____ light ___ much faster than sound.

解析：直接引语表示的是客观真理，变间接引语时时态不变，仍然用一般现在时，因此第二空填travels;第一空要用that来引导。故填：that.

b. 表示客观事实或经常发生的，习惯性的动作时时态不变，如：

Mike said,“My aunt is a worker．”

Mike said that ____ aunt ____ a worker.

解析：第一空根据语境，把my改为his；第二空填is不变。

c. 直接引语是过去完成时，过去进行时，变间接引语时时态不变，如：

She said,“I had finished working before supper.”

She said that she ____ ______working before supper.

解析：根据直接引语中的时态是过去完成时，变间接引语时不变，所以仍填had ;finished.

五、单数句子变复数句子

1．单数句子变复数句子就是把句在中的名词或代词变成复数形式。如果主语变成了复数，相应地谓语动词也要注意其变化。如：

   This is an English book.（变复数句子）

    ___ ___ ___ English _____．

解析：主语this应变为these。因此谓语动词由单数is变为复数are; an变为some用在肯定句中。名词book由单数变为books复数形式。

2. 在单数句子中，有表示性别的名词修饰名词时，变复数句子时两个名词同时变复数，不是表示性别的名词修饰时只变后面的名词为复数形式。如：

There is a woman teacher in the office.

There are some ______  ______ in the office.

解析：根据句意得知woman在此修饰名词teacher,是表示性别的名词，因此两个名词同时变复数形式。故填：women; teacher.

六、对划线部分提问

    该类型的题目主要是考查学生对疑问句的结构，语序以及某些特定疑问句类型的掌握情况。解答这类题目，正确选择疑问词是关键。在中考中常见的提问句式有以下几种情况：

1、对主语或表语的人提问时用who．．．  语序分两种情况：

（1）对主语提问时，语序为陈述语序。即：Who+谓语动词+．．．？

（2）对表语提问时，语序为一般疑问句语序。即：Who+系动词+主语+．．．？

For example:

Tim looks like _his father. --------------____ _____ Tim _____ like?（正确答案为：Who; does ;look）

2、对宾语人提问用whom，口语中可用who来代替。

For example:

We should learn from Comrade Leifeng.--------_____ _____ ____ Learn from? （Whom/who ; should ;you）

3、对物主代词或名词所有格提问，用特殊疑问词whose．  

 For example:

The teacher is my brother’s friend. --------_____ _____ is the teacher?  （正确答案为：Whose; friend）

解析：在本题中名词friend前是一个名词所有格，对此提问应用whose. 句式结构为：

Whose+名词+一般疑问句语序？

4、对地点提问用where.

 For example:

The little boys played football on the playground yesterday.（2005年济南考题）

_____ ______The little boys _______ football yesterday?  （正确答案为：Where ;did ;play）

5、对定语进行提用which。句型结构公式为：Which +名词+一般疑问句语序？

For example:

The girl who is reading English under the tree is my sister.

   _____ ______ is your sister?  （正确答案为：Which; girl.）

6、对时间提问when/what time。

When是对不具体时间提问；

what time是对具体时间（点钟）提问；有时对具体时间提问也可用when.    

For example:

(1) I arrived in Beijing last week.（对划线部分提问）

      _____ _______You arrive in Beijing?  （正确答案为：When; did.）

 (2) We usually get up at half past five in the morning.(对划线部分提问)

      ____ ____ _____You usually get up in the morning?  （正确答案为：What time ;do.）

7、对星期名称提问用what day。句型结构为：What day +一般疑问句语序？  

For example:

   It was Monday yesterday.(对划线部分提问)----------_____ _____Was it yesterday?  （答案为：What day）

9、对颜色提问用特殊疑问词what color，结构公式为：what color +一般疑问句语序？  

For example:

She likes red clothes.(对划线部分提问) ------____ _____ _____She ____clothes? （What , color, does, like.）

10、对数量提问有两个特殊疑问词：how many，how much; 

how many是对可数名词前的数量进行提问；

how much是对不可数名词前的数量进行提问。除此之外how much还对价钱进行提问。

结构公式：

（1）How many +可数名词复数 + 一般疑问句语序？

（2）How much +不可数名词 +一般疑问句语序？

（3）How much +一般疑问句语序？（对价钱提问）

For example:

1．There are forty workers in the factory.（对划线部分提问）

      ____ _____workers are there in the factory?

2. The computer is 4980  yuan.

 .  ____ _____ is the computer?

3.There is some water in the bottle.

    ______ ______ _______ Is there in the bottle?

11、对方式，程度，身体状况的词提问用特殊疑问词how 。

 结构公式为：How + 助动词 +主语 +谓语动词原形？

For example:   

They went to the Summer Palace by bus two days ago.

   ________ _______they ______ to the Summer Palace?

12、对时间段提问用how long.（多久）如：for +时间段 ；since +句子 ；since + 表示点的时间

For example:

I have taught in a Middle School since I came here.

______ ______ ______ I taught in a Middle School?

13、对将来的时间提问用how soon（过多久）如：in+时间段

   We will finish work in four days.    

   ______ _______will you finish work?

14、对频率副词或短语及单位时间内的次数提问用how often (多久一次)  

For example:

   Henry went to visit his grandma every six days.

   ______ _______did Henry go to visit his grandma?

15、对重量，距离，长，宽等提问用how.句型为：How + 形容词（heavy/far/long/wide….）

   For example:

 It’s about ten minutes’ walk from my home to school.

   ______ _______ is it from your home to school?  （答案为：How far）

16、对because引导的原因状语从句提问用why（为什么） 

For example:

   Mrs. Read didn’t sleep well last night because the wind made too much noise.

   _______ ________ Mrs. Read _______ well last night?

句型转换练习：

1. Are you tired today? My mother asked me.(变为间接引语）

My mother asked me _____ I  ______ tired ____ _____.

2. Are you going to watch the football match next Sunday?” Father asked me.（同1）

Father asked me ______ ______ _______ going to watch the football match the next Sunday.

3. Linda asked John, “Where did you buy this new bicycle?”（同1）

Linda asked John where ______ _____ ______that new bicycle.

4.You should speak to the old people politely.（变被动语态）

The old people should ______ _____ to politely.

5. Who ate my bread? （同4）            

 By whom ______ my bread _______?

6.Miss King saw Bill helping a blind man cross the street yesterday afternoon.（同4

Yesterday afternoon Bill ____ ____ ____ a blind man cross the street _____ _____ _____.

7.There is a woman dress on the bed in Kate’s bedroom.（改为复数句子）

 There ____ _____ _____ _____on the bed in Kate’s bedroom.

8.They are empty boxes.（改为单数句子）

  _____ ______ empty _______.  

9.Not only Jack but also Mike has been to that island.（改为同义句）

  _____Jack _______ Mike ______ been to that island.

10.My cousin didn’t draw as well as Mike.（同9）

  My cousin _____ ______than Mike.

11.It`s time for dinner.（同9）           

  It’s time _____ ______ dinner.

12.The river is 10 meters wide.（对划线部分提问）

   _____ ____ is the river?

13.Henry has stayed there for three years.（同12）     

   _____ ______ has Henry stayed there ?

14.Our school is one kilometer away from the market.（同12）

  _____ ______ is your school from the market?

15.My father often goes to work by bus.（同12）

  ______ _______ _______ your father ______ to work by bus?

答案评析：

1.if/whether; was; that day.本题考查直接引语是一般疑问句时变间接引语的引导词为        if/whether;时态做相应的变化，即一般过去时。时间状语today变为that day.

2.if/whether; I; was.本题考查的是一般疑问句的直接引语变间接引语，时态由一般将来时变为过去将来时；第二人称的you 要和主句中的宾语一致，为I。

3.he; had; bought.根据直接引语变间接引语时态的变化规律，得知：间接引语中应用过去完成时。

4.be ; spoken.根据含有情态动词的主动句变被动句的变化规则。答案为：be; spoken

5.was; eaten.根据变被动语态的时态结构公式，很明显答案为：was; eaten.

6.was;seen;helping;by;Miss;King.方法同5题。当主动句中的主语做被动句的宾语时，其前用介词by。

7.are;some;women;dresses.本题考查单数句子变复数句子时，谓语动词，名词，代词，及不定冠词都要做相应的变化。不定冠词a,/an通常变为some/any. some用在肯定句中，而any用在否定句中。带有性别的名词修饰名词时同时变复数形式。

8.It’s; an; box.在做由复数句子变单数句子特别要注意的是：some/any是变成a;还是an,关键看名词的第一个音素是辅音还是元音。a用在辅音音素前；而an用在元音音素前。

9.Both;and;have.根据句意我们知道本题表示的两者都．．．显然用both．．．and．．．。谓语动词用复数形式。

10.drew; worse. 根据题意“我的表弟不如迈克画的好”这意味着“他比迈克画的差”考查比较级的用法。

11.to; have.本题考查句型间的相互转换。It’s time for +名词（短语）=It’s time to +动词原形。

12.How; wide.本题考查对宽度提问。答案为：How; wide.

13.本题考查对“for +时间段”的提问。故答案为：How; long.

14.此题考查对距离的提问。其正确答案为：How; far.

15.考查对频度副词“often”的提问。答案为：How; often.