近年来，各种社会矛盾日益突出，“我爸是李刚”、“郭美美”等公共事件中表现出来的仇官、仇富心态，已影响到社会和谐甚至社会稳定，也折射出当下某些领域社会公正的缺失以及人们对公正的呼唤。

　　从古希腊的柏拉图、亚里士多德到当代的罗尔斯，都将公正作为思考的核心命题；中国传统社会也反对“富者益富，贫者益贫”的贫富差距悬殊，崇尚和追求社会的“公平”、“公道”、“正义”；公正问题也是古今中外统治者所不得不面对的。

　　当前我国社会中的公正问题主要表现为机会、权利、资源等初始条件分配不平等及其导致的结果不公正。今天我们试图从不同学科，以主观互际的角度来解读社会转型期的公正话题。

　　陈尧（上海交通大学副教授）

　　以适宜制度来矫正收入不公正

　　高帆（复旦大学经济学院副教授）

　　作为社会公正的重要组成部分，经济公正的实质是：促使经济主体自主参与经济活动以提高资源配置效率，同时对在机会平等基础上所形成的经济结果不公平进行适度“矫正”。因此，效率和公平均是经济公正的重要要素。以收入分配差距为表征的经济不公正逐步成为中国当下重要的社会问题。

　　改革开放以来，中国经济总量保持了持续快速的增长态势，但不同社会群体对增长成果的“分享”并不是相对均等的。从基尼系数等指标来看，我国的收入不均等程度是在波动中逐步走高的，且同时表现在城乡、地区、行业和劳资等多个层面。

　　农民收入受到市场和体制双重制约

　　导致收入分配悬殊的原因是什么？我认为，主要是城乡收入差距导致的。当前城乡收入差距对整体收入差距变动的贡献大约达到了70%。而解读城乡收入差距，必须解析农民收入构成——家庭经营性收入、工资性收入、财产性收入和转移性收入。2010年这四种收入在农民人均纯收入中的占比分别为48%、41%、3%和8%。农民的上述四种收入来源均遇到了市场和体制的双重制约。就家庭经营性收入而言，农民的农业经营能力差异当然会导致农民内部收入存在偏差，但就城乡差距而言，分散的小农在市场中的谈判能力是相对较低的，从去年大蒜价格的暴涨到今年大蒜价格的暴跌，从“蒜你狠”到“蒜你贱”，折射的正是农民的组织化程度较低，其对市场的把握和平滑功能不足，因此很容易出现谷贱伤农之类“丰收的烦恼”。就工资性收入而言，农民工因受教育程度普遍偏低而工资较低是可以理解的，但囿于户籍制度和社会保障制度的安排，许多农民工在工作岗位选择和劳资关系谈判中“天然”处于弱势地位，甚至要以“跳楼秀”的极端方式来讨回劳动报酬。就财产性收入而言，农村土地的“集体”所有制在法律上是清晰的，但在执行中“集体”的定位却相当模糊，由此，土地的配置和收益切分很容易忽视农民的利益诉求，有些地方甚至出现了农民的“被上楼”。

　　上述情形表明，在起点或权利公平的条件下，市场作为一种“奖优罚劣”的机制会发挥自发选择功能，但当我国的体制改革存在非均衡和渐进式等特征，即传统的经济制度与发展的经济实践之间存在着“相互磨合”的过程，由此就衍生出起点和权利的不公平，进而导致了结果的收入分配不公。就社会结果而言，不公正对经济发展的持续性和合意性均会提出挑战。因为体制约束而导致了要素流动不充分、选择空间不充沛，则我国市场经济仍存在着“效率”损失；同时，高收入群体有消费能力而消费意愿下降，低收入群体有消费意愿但消费能力不足，其结果必定是内需拓展异常艰难；此外经济不公正持续存在并不断加重将出现“贫者愈贫、富者愈富”，整个社会秩序的维持成本也很可能会渐趋提高。党和政府强调科学发展观、强调全面建设小康社会，显然是对经济公正问题的积极回应。

　　人人都是适宜制度的推动者和执行者

　　中国如何才能切实地提高经济公正的实现程度？通过对制度的适应性调整以形成适宜制度是实现经济公正的根本途径。就努力方向而言，产权制度、竞争机制、流动机制、社会发育、收入分配制度、社会保障制度都是可行的方法。比如，竞争机制上，通过结构性减税和融资环境改善来促进民企发展；社会发育上，在企业通过增强工会功能实现劳资协商机制，在农村通过农协发育提高农民的市场议价能力；在收入分配上，依靠税制和转移支付机制完善来实现财政的“劫富济贫”功能。

　　日前，在APEC领导人非正式会议上，胡锦涛主席重申中国政府将减少对微观经济的干预；最近我国又宣布将贫困线从1196元大幅度提高至2300元。前者体现了对经济效率的追求，而后者体现了对结果公正的追求。需要重申的是，制度调整不是回到绝对平均主义，制度需要根除机会和权利的不公，但对因个体差异而导致的结果不均应适度矫正。同时，人人均是适宜制度的推动者和执行者，这样经济公正的实现才能从“普遍共识”走向“集体行动”。

　　从新出土文献看唐朝的公正实践

　　余欣（复旦大学历史系副教授）

　　鉴往知今，唐朝一度的繁荣强盛和当时统治者着力从制度建设入手推进社会公正，同时民众组织互相协作提供支撑密切相关。其举措大致如下：

　　一、大力推行科举制，促进社会流动，并为统治阶级注入新鲜血液。

　　科举真正确立为政治制度和统治策略是在武则天和玄宗时期。科举的意义，不仅体现在打破了魏晋以来世家大族的权力垄断，促使帝国官僚结构发生改变，创造出超越血缘和地缘的新型官僚人际关系，更为重要的是，它营造了一条新的社会阶层流动的渠道，并在文化精神层面起到强大的导向作用，社会各阶层由重视身份出身转为重视读书、考试。

　　现藏普林斯顿大学东亚图书馆的吐鲁番出土《尚书策问》残卷，是关于儒家经典《尚书》的科举模拟试卷，考生叫桥敏，上面还有老师的批注。表明科举在礼乐教化和时代风尚上的渗透，连偏远的吐鲁番都不例外。在敦煌，甚至更为边远的塔克拉玛干大沙漠南缘的于阗，还发现了学习临摹王羲之《兰亭序》的书法习作。为了考中进士，必须练好书法，唐代选官制度对民间的影响，从中可见一斑，也说明了科举对社会引领作用的广度和深度。

　　二、加强法律和行政规章的建设，从规则的制定层面保障社会公正。

　　唐朝极为重视法制建设，有着堪称当时世界上最完备的法律制度和行政、司法体系。吐鲁番出土文书《宝应元年六月高昌县勘问康失芬行车伤人案》，是一起交通事故诉讼案卷。它与“小悦悦”事件有点相似：八岁的金儿和想子坐在张游鹤店门前玩，靳嗔奴所雇用的赶车人康失芬，驾着牛车经过，把金儿和想子碾成重伤，其父提起共同诉讼，高昌县丞请示县令，县令指示依法受理此案，并批示县丞勘查案情是否属实。靳嗔奴及康失芬均承认造成损害属实，但同时提出“保辜”申请，即让人担保后释放，保证在外医治伤者，如伤者得救，则减轻处罚，如不治身亡，则依法定罪。最后，县衙判处同意保辜。

　　文书足以说明：唐朝司法诉讼的每一个环节均遵循法定程序执行；法律体系在全国通用；胡人和汉人一样享有“国民待遇”。

　　三、政府管理职能与民间结社实践形成良性互动，能动地维护了地方秩序。

　　斯坦因从敦煌藏经洞攫取的《社条》文书记录了结社时所订立的条款。可以发现：社内重大事务的决定，都要经过由全体社人组成的社人大会讨论通过；“社条”由社人大会制定并通过，与社人相关的事务不得与社条相抵触；所有参加者都是自愿加入的，并享有同等的义务和权利。管理机构“三官”——社官、社长和录事，都是由社人推选产生，如果三官擅自发号施令，社人可援引社条予以抵制；社内的重要事务，都必须以转帖形式通知到各成员，所有社人享有知情权，所达成的决议，全部要记录在案，从而体现了社务公开、公正原则，以期杜绝职权滥用。

　　综上所述，唐代通过严格的文官选任制度、法律体系的高度完善和国民待遇的普遍实施，在以制度建设保障规则公正领域作了大量的努力，给今人以启发。

　　运用公权力推动合理的制度建设

　　陈尧（上海交通大学国际关系与公共事务学院副教授）

　　综上所述，当前中国已从计划经济向市场经济转型，并迈入工业化的中级阶段，市场化给中国带来了空前的繁荣，但公正问题也变得日益突出。人们迫切地希望消除因各种初始条件影响资源的配置而导致的结果不公。

　　我们认为，维护社会公正的关键在于运用公共权力推动合理的制度建设，以维护社会成员权利与义务之间的均衡，并使每一个人实现自尊。

　　首先，政府要制定公正的规则。政府要制定相应的法律、政策和措施，确保社会主体经济领域交换活动的平等、社会领域交往活动的对等，确保公平、良好的社会秩序，做到法律面前人人平等、机会面前人人平等。

　　其次，规则的公正并不能保证结果的公正时，需要政府对一些基本的社会资源如权利、社会福利和机会等平等地分配，同时，在可接受的条件下实行对社会最不利群体的最大利益原则，即有效地实现分配的公正。

　　建立一个公正的制度体系，关键在于完善民主、法治的政治结构，民主、法治是公正的基础。当前中国的民主建设主要有两条路径：一是推进党内民主、党的依法执政。二是推进政治生活和社会生活中的参与式民主，从各个层次、各个领域扩大公民的有序政治参与，畅通利益表达渠道，使民众广泛地、深入地参与地方和基层社会中的决策过程。只有在多元主体共同参与、政府为主导的参与式、协商式的制度框架内，只有在所有公民能够自主决定自己命运的社会中，公正才有可能实现。

　　公正的社会就是和谐的社会，“和谐”就是“有禾入口，人皆可言”之意。

　　中国在市场经济转型中出现的公正问题具有当下性、迫切性，但也是一个发展中的问题。公正的价值取向，值得国内经济发展水平较为领先的上海不断实践、探索和追求。

　　确保教育公平缓解阶层固化

　　桂勇（复旦大学社会学系教授）

　　从经济、社会与政治资源配置的角度来看，人与人、群体与群体之间的差异始终是存在的。这种不平等的结构并不一定意味着不公正。但是，如果当父辈间的不平等结构会在较大程度上传递到子一辈，即无论子代如何努力都无法摆脱父辈初始条件的影响，我们就认为存在不公正——这是阶层固化。

　　阶层固化的出现与父辈资源（包括经济资本、政治资本、文化资本、社会资本等）对教育、劳动力市场两个环节的投入密切相关。社会位置较高的父辈可能把自己拥有的资源投入到子辈的教育与劳动力市场中，从而帮助子辈获得较高的社会位置，这就产生了阶层固化，即不公正的代际流动模式。

　　那么，中国的阶层固化现象是否如民众直观感受那么严重呢？

　　历史学家何炳棣的一项研究表明，明代进士出身三代平民之家的占半数；明清五个半世纪中，进士出身三代平民之家的占31%；三品以上享有“荫”特权家族的子弟中的进士，不足总数的6%。这表明，中国历史上曾存在开放式的精英体系。

　　再看当代，李路路的研究表明，与父代地位为“工人/农民”的子代相比,父代地位为“单位负责人/中高层管理人员”的子代,在获得“单位负责人/中高层管理人员”地位时具有显著优势，他们获得这个地位的可能性高出3.67倍；李煜的研究表明，上海的向上流动率为39.1%，向下流动率为30.6%；在1992年后成年的（18-34岁组）人群，向上流动机会要高于1992年前10%左右。这说明，当代中国既存在着一定的阶层固化现象，但不同阶层之间的流动仍大范围存在。一个猜测是，可能下层到中层流动渠道较通畅，中层到上层相对较堵塞。

　　那为何人们对阶层固化问题还这么敏感？首先，向上的代际流动机会是由客观的经济结构变化带来的，而不是公正实施机制逐步完善带来的，因此人们总会觉得“公正”不足；其次，由于向社会上层的流动机会相对较少，在新的信息传播渠道下产生了放大效应，加深了人们的阶层固化感；第三，人们对公正的评价是动态和主观的。目前人们对公正有了新的需求，而现实离这种需求还有一段距离。

　　如何理性对待阶层固化？事实上，只要有家庭存在，阶层固化就会出现。我们能做到的是缓解，不可能彻底消除。另外，我们应该尽力实现阶层间的开放，促进代际流通。

　　为了塑造一个更加公正的社会，我们必须设法缓解阶层固化。比如，设法促成中国的产业结构升级，增加更多的专业技术工作岗位，以调整阶层结构，扩大中产阶级。阶层结构如果从金字塔型转变为橄榄型，则在未来较长时期内都会存在大量向上流动的机会。又比如，从制度与资源投入等方面确保教育公平，要做到教育资源投入的地区平等，在优质学校的录取标准方面做到一致化。

　　改变国际不公正的契机与挑战

　　于宏源（上海国际问题研究院研究员）

　　国际公正是国内发展的外部环境之一，对一国现代化进程存在重要影响。当前的国际不公正相比1970年代已有改善，经济全球化带来的城市化进程、技术成果分享等，使大多数国家尤其是发展中国家不同程度地获益。但从深层次来说，世界各国还不能平等普惠地参与国际体系的建章立制，看似公正的国际规则实际上由西方发达国家所建立和主导。

　　在国际经济体系中，西方国家由于缺乏监管引发了金融危机，却向中国转嫁责任。在欧债风波中，欧美既期盼来自中国的资金援助，又不愿意承认中国的市场经济地位。美国主导的西方更不愿意大幅度提高中国在世界银行、国际货币基金组织的股份比例与投票权。

　　在环保领域，发达国家转移排放，却要求中国承担环境的增量责任而非基准责任。刚开幕的德班全球气候大会中，美国提出要参照中国减排量；欧盟则声称必须有2020发展中国家在内的减排路线图，才支持《京都议定书》机制。它们坚持所谓“祖父原则”，即发达国家历史上的污染和碳排放不应作为当代发达国家减排贡献度的考虑前提，其实质是在限制发展中国家的排放空间和能源消费。

　　在全球知识体系中，跨国公司垄断技术、吸纳发展中国家创新能力。发展中国家“市场和技术”两头在外的状况在一些领域仍在恶化。

　　国际公正问题还因西方掌握了话语权而强化。在气候变化领域，中国在2009年哥本哈根会议前主动承诺了较高的碳排放指标，但美欧等国却趁机抬高要价，妄图胁迫中国作出更多的让步，甚至一度形成在碳排放问题上围攻中国的态势。西方主导的话语权又造成“国际误读”，国际舆论一度认为中国是破坏哥本哈根会议的“罪魁祸首”。

　　面对诸多不公正的国际初始环境，中国逐渐实现经济崛起，主要有两个原因：首先是找到了一条独特的现代化发展道路，其次是在开放中找到了自身在全球化中的位置，充分发挥自己的比较优势。

　　中国和其他新兴国家的崛起本身就是克服国际相对不公正的成功表现，不仅如此，包括中国在内的新兴发展中国家已经并不断推动着国际公正的发展：首先是推动全球治理和协调机制朝向更加公正的方向行进。2008年金融危机之后，20国集团机制已在全球治理领域部分取代了G8，发展中国家的利益进一步得到重视。其次是通过更多的倡议权，提高了话语权。在可持续发展领域，中国推动发达国家认同“共同但有区别的责任”的原则，有效地维护了国际环境公正。第三是改善国际贸易、投资结构的不公正性。由于新兴发展中国家对非洲的经济增长贡献度超过50%，因此金融危机至今，非洲地区增长率仍在4%-5%左右。

　　因此，实现国际公正有两条线索，既有不断减少绝对不公正的成果，又有实质存在的相对不公正的挑战，但为中国参与、融入和改革现有国际规则提供了更多的空间。中国只有把自己发展得更好更公平，才能积蓄更多的对外软实力，推动国际规则向更加公正的方向发展。内促公正发展、外求公正环境将贯穿中国现代化进程。

　　两代学人同台共论 公平对效率有反向激励作用

　　管毅平（上海交通大学安泰经管学院经济系教授）：经济学主要从制度层面分析市场机制如何配置资源，以及它所产生的社会效率和公平问题。经过改革开放30多年的发展，我国在效率上已有很大提升，GDP总量位居世界第二，但落后的人均GDP却代表着我们居民的平均富裕程度和不高的福利水平。社会的公平程度主要反映了经济分配的结果，政治因素对其作用很大。以往我们强调效率优先，兼顾公平，但如今不仅强调效率，也要求公平，因为公平与否对效率的实现有反向激励作用。

　　在此我想问高帆，你所强调的造成我国城乡差距的最根本的制度性原因是什么？从这个逻辑出发，应有怎样的治理对策？

　　以完善要素的流动来缩小城乡差距

　　高帆：导致中国城乡差距的制度症结在于要素的流动机制，即土地要素、劳动要素和资本要素在自由流动和平等交换中出现了障碍。为何今天会出现三个要素单向的外流？有市场配置的效率因素和价格机制因素，2.2亿的农民“脱农入工”就是基于市场的价格信号而出现的，但并未伴随着农民身份的同步转换。还有体制和制度层面的制约，例如：有些地方政府出于提高当地GDP的目的，介入到农村土地的配置和增收收益切分中来，但对农民而言，这无疑是一个经济利益的转移，可见市场逻辑和制度逻辑相互叠加导致了城乡收入的差距。

　　未来中国一定要进一步完善要素市场，形成一个城乡对等互动的要素流动机制。比如劳动力可往外流，资本可进入农村，即“农民进城，资本下乡”，城乡之间的发展才有均等的可能。其次，要改变以GDP为导向的行政激励机制，走向民生优先，重视农民利益；还要改变地方政府财政和事权的失衡现象，这需要国家财政体制作出改进，要么财政下沉，要么事权上移。只有这样，城乡二元经济结构和社会结构才有可能持续转化。

　　强化公正的焦点在于约束公权力

　　管毅平：你的答案和我的有点偏差，我问的是根本原因。改革开放历程基本上是一个自上而下放权让利的过程，市场经济的实行使所有人基本都有权利参与市场竞争。但分析公正问题的时候，焦点应更多地聚集在社会的政治和行政领域。这也涉及实际权利和权力的配置问题。人们近年关注的官二代、富二代的问题都涉及权力应如何配置。如果出现了垄断而不是开放型的分配，会致使全体公民的权利并没有被公平地分配。人才选拔制度是关键。公权力被有效约束了，每一个公民的私权利才能得到公正对待，官员的腐败才能得以有效遏制。从这个角度看，这几年的公务员报考热是一个社会的退步，反映了年轻一代中更多的人对于现行制度作出了理性的反应：寻求更保险的个人权力和收入待遇。

　　共同富裕：社会主义市场经济的公正要求

　　陈卫平（上海师范大学哲学院院长）：高博士，社会主义市场经济与资本主义市场经济在公正问题上的根本界线是什么？

　　高帆：马克思讲过市场是天生的平等派，这是说市场交换以人格对等和特权消解为基础。就社会主义市场经济的目标来说，“市场经济”是要创造出比其他经济体更大的经济效率，“社会主义”是要实现比其他经济体更大的共同富裕以及人的全面发展。就社会主义市场经济的目标来说，是希望实现比其他经济体更大范围的共同富裕，因此社会主义市场经济具有两重维度：即解放和发展生产力与实现社会正义与和谐。但今天，无论是构建现代市场经济体系还是真正实现共同富裕我们都“在路上”，仍需要付出持续艰辛的努力。在这种努力进程中，需要进一步激活私权力，约束公权力。就此而言，我们需要的是与现代市场经济相契合的权责对称的政府。

　　传统社会制度建设的借鉴：以礼为度、以公为先、以责为衡

　　陈卫平：我对余欣博士的文献掌握感到钦佩，但杜甫有“朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨”的名句，白居易有“卖炭翁”，柳宗元有“捕蛇者说”，你是否美化了唐朝？中国传统制度建设在推进社会公正方面哪些值得当下借鉴，哪些应批判？

　　余欣：我虽然借用了现代词汇，但并不代表唐代就没有这些观念。唐朝在制度设计上其实是有战略思考的，严格的科举与考课制度、行政与司法的规则和程序建设、政府管理与民众自治的协同运作，都值得借鉴。以民间结社为例，社人非常清楚怎样推选合适的人并以何种方式运作，才能维护自身的福祉。玄宗后期，政府终于相信民智可用，政策由禁断转为承认，甚至鼓励，官民达成良性互动。当然唐代在经济、财政、赋税方面也做过很多努力，可贵的是它试图把法律体系贯彻到刚刚建立的县，甚至贯彻到乡村。

　　陈卫平：在我看来，传统社会制度建设有三点值得借鉴。第一是以礼为度的分配公正，依靠传统的儒家礼制来保证公正，所谓“制礼义以分之”，即按照“礼”的等级差别，“各得其所”、“各得其分”，即反对平均主义，也反对超越“礼”之规定的贫富悬殊。第二，以公为先的执政公正，强调执政要以“公天下”之心为政，如果执政者偏于私，就无法保证社会公正。所以，隋唐以来的科举制度日益细密，主要是为了防范考官利用权力而进行私人交易。第三是以责为衡的乡里公正。在传统社会的民间乡里，需要评判事务的处理是否公正，主要不是由官府用法律来裁决，而是以当事人是否尽到自己在伦理道德上应当负有的责任作为评判的标准，所谓父慈子孝、兄良弟贤、夫义妇听，之所以被认为是公正的，就是因为双方各自尽到了伦理道德上的责任。

　　现代社会公正观念的核心是权利问题，尤指个人权利问题，而中国古代一讲公正就将个人权利排除在外，比如《吕氏春秋》中就有“贵公去私”的说法，《淮南子》说“或上仁义，或务权利”，都是把权利与道德对立起来，因此在传统的公正观里，个人权利是没有合法性的。而现代的公正观首先是注重每个个体的基本权利，所以《共产党宣言》指出，真正实现了公正的社会，“每个人的自由发展是一切人的发展的条件”。

　　两代学人同台共论

　　观众提问

　　■农民工“市民待遇”是否体现了公正原则(高帆回答)

　　■西方舆论指中国对非洲援助意在掠夺，是否不公？(于宏源回答)

　　■人大代表选举如何使选民更了解候选人？ (陈尧回答)

　　■宗教信仰能否弥补公正制度的不足？(陈卫平回答)回答详见文汇网-文汇讲堂http://forum.whb.cn

　　本版据12月3日文汇讲堂现场演讲整理而成。本版摄影均本报见习记者 陈龙。

In recent years, various social conflicts have become increasingly prominent, "my father is li gang", "GuoMeiMei" public events such as expressed in the blood of the judges, QiuFu mentality, which has affected the social harmony and even the social stability, also reflects the lack of social justice in some areas and people to the call of the fair.

From Plato and Aristotle of ancient Greece to contemporary rolls, will be just as the core proposition thinking;Chinese traditional society also against "rich benefit rich, PinZhe benefit poor" of rich and poor gap, advocate and the pursuit of the society of "fairness" and "justice", "justice";Justice is ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign masters had had to face.

The current our country social justice issues in the main performance for opportunity, right, resources and initial conditions inequality and the result of injustice.Today we try from different disciplines to subjective mutual interstate Angle to understand social transition period the justice of the topic.

ChenYao (Shanghai jiaotong university professor)

With appropriate system to correct income not justice

GaoFan (fudan university school of economics professor)

As an important part of social justice, the essence of economic justice is: the economic subject to independent participation in economic activities to improve efficiency of resource allocation, at the same time, on the basis of equality of opportunity in by the formation of the economic results not fair of moderate "correct".Therefore, efficiency and fairness are important elements of the economic justice.In income distribution gap between economic injustice in the symbol of today's China gradually become important social problems.

Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has experienced sustained rapid growth, but different social groups to the growth of the achievements "share" and not the relatively equal.From the gini coefficient and indicators, China's income disparity is the degree in fluctuation in gradually to high, and at the same time in urban and rural areas, regions, performance industry and labor and so on many levels.

The farmers' income by market and system double restriction

Cause the gap of income distribution for what reason?I think, mainly to the income gap between urban and rural area.The income gap between the income gap between the changes of the whole contribution about 70%.The income gap between urban and rural areas and interpretation, must analytical farmers' income, family business income, a salary income, property income and metastatic income.In 2010, the four income per capita net income of farmers in the accounts for more than were 48%, 41%, 3% and 8%.Four of these farmers income sources are met market and system of double restriction.Family business income is concerned, the agricultural management ability farmers difference, of course, can lead to internal farmers income are biased, but the gap is concerned, scattered in the marketplace of small-scale peasant negotiation ability is relatively low, from the price of garlic last year this year the price of garlic jumped to slump, from "garlic you malicious" to "garlic you mean", the refraction is the institutionalization of the farmers is low, and the market's grasp and smooth function shortage, it is easy to appear like the zhichang "harvest of trouble.Salary income is concerned, migrant workers by education degree generally very low and low wages is understandable, but owing to the household registration system and social security system arrangement, rural migrant workers in work choose and industrial relations negotiations "natural" disadvantaged, or even to "jump off a building show" extreme way to get back on labor pay.Just as property income, the rural land "collective" ownership in the law is clear, but in the implementation of the "collective" positioning but very fuzzy, thus, the configuration of land and income segmentation is easy to ignore the interests of farmers appeal, some places appear even the farmer's "was upstairs."

The above situation shows that in the beginning or right to fair condition, the market as a "retiring" mechanism will play spontaneously choose function, but when the system reform in our country and the unbalanced characteristics such as gradual there, that is the traditional economic system and the development of economic practice exists between the "mutual integration" of the process, which is derived from the starting point and the authority of unfair, which led to the results of the unfair distribution.Just as social results, not just for the sustainable development of economy and agreeable sex all can challenge.Because the system constraints that the flow of factors don't fully, selection of space not abundant, the market economy in our country is still there are "efficiency" loss;At the same time, high income group has the spending power and consumption will drop, low-income people are more likely to spend but consumption ability is insufficient, the results must be domestic demand expansion arduous; andIn addition the economic injustice persist and worse will appear "PinZhe poorer and the rich richer", the whole society to maintain order cost is likely to increase gradually.The party and the government insists that the scientific development concept, and emphasize the construction of overall well-off society, obviously is the problem of economic justice positive response.

Everyone is suitable for system enabler and performer

China how to improve the degree of realizing economic justice?Through the institution adaptability adjustment of suitable for system is to form the basic way to realize the economic justice.Direction is concerned, property rights system, the competition mechanism, the flow mechanism, the social development, the income distribution system, the social security system is feasible method.For example, the competition mechanism, through the structural financing environment improvement tax cuts and to promote the development of corporation;Social development, in the enterprise through increased trade union function realization bargaining mechanism, in the rural areas through improving farmers' market development's peasants associate bargaining power;In income distribution, rely on the tax system and transfer payment mechanism perfection to achieve fiscal man "function.

A few days ago, in the APEC leaders' meeting, President hu jintao reiterated that the Chinese government will reduce on micro economic interventions;Recently announced a poverty line in China will greatly increase from 1196 yuan to 2300 yuan.The former expression of the pursuit of economic efficiency, while the latter reflects the results of the pursuit of justice.The need to reiterate, system adjust not return to absolute equalitarianism, system need to eradicate the opportunity and the rights of injustice, but the because of individual differences in the results should be moderate correction uneven.At the same time, everyone is suitable for system enabler and executives, such economic justice to the realization of the "universal consensus" from to collective action ".

See the tang dynasty unearthed documents from justice practice

YuXin (history department of fudan university professor)

Jian to best known in the tang dynasty, the prosperity of the once mighty and then rulers from system to promote the construction of social justice, and public organizations collaboration is closely related to provide support.The measures roughly as follows:

A, push forward the system, promote the social mobility, and for some fresh blood to the ruling class.

The imperial truly established for political system and rule strategy is the wu and hua xuanzong period.The significance of the imperial examinations, reflected not only in the wei and jin dynasty broke since the tide power monopoly, prompting empire bureaucratic structure to change, creating a new type of blood and beyond geopolitical bureaucratic interpersonal relationship, more important is, it built a new social class flow channel, and a powerful spiritual level in culture guiding function, various social identity was born into attention by attention to study, the exam.

Courtesy of the Princeton university of the east Asian library turpan unearthed the CeWen holds "as well as a great many, is about the Confucian classic" holds "of the imperial simulation test paper, examinee that bridge sensitive, above and the teacher's notation.Show that the imperial in music education and The Times the penetration of the fashion, even in remote turpan are no exception.In dunhuang, even more remote taklimakan desert of southern YuTian, also found that the study of wang xizhi copy of the preface in calligraphy assignments.In order to exceeded otherregions jinshi, must practice calligraphy, election officials in tang dynasty to the influence of the system of folk, from which it is obvious, also showed the imperial examination of the leading role of social breadth and depth.

Second, strengthen the construction of the laws and administrative rules and regulations, from the rules of the system level safeguard social justice.

Much emphasis on the construction of legal system of tang dynasty, with the world at that time is complete legal system and administrative, judicial system.Turpan unearthed documents "baoying first gaochang county June survey asked kang lost driving hurt Finn case", it is a traffic accident litigation files.It with "small yue yue" event is a little similar: eight gold son and son sitting on a crane to swim store before the door to play, jin slavery inflicted upon employed by the driver hitched kang lost Finn, drove through the bullock cart, a gold son and son to run into severely wounded, his father filed a joint action, associate XianCheng gaochang county magistrate, accept the case in accordance with the county magistrate instructions, and instructions XianCheng exploration case is true.Jin anger and kang Finn lost slave accepted both damage are correct, but at the same time puts forward "protect the koo" application that lets a person to assure the release after, ensure heal the wounded out, such as the wounded be saved, and is mitigated punishment, such as not died, the conviction according to law.Finally, the official sentenced to agree with koo.

Documents enough explains: the tang dynasty judicial action of each link is comply with legal program execution;The legal system in the general;And han Chinese much enjoys the same "national treatment".

Three, the government management function and folk association the benign interaction between practice, to maintain the order of the active place.

Stein from dunhuang snatches of adventurers "article club" document records the when the terms of a freedom of association.Can be found: the major business of the club decided to, want to pass by all the club members of congress who discussed through club;"Article club" formulated by the club and through the people, and social affairs of the people shall not be related article and social conflict;All participants are all willing to join, and enjoys the same obligations and rights.Management institutions "three official"-the club officials, the President and scored, are elected by people by the club, if the three orders without authorization, clubs can be quoted article clubs who resisted;The club important affairs, must take the form of a post notice to members, all clubs who has right to know, a resolution, all want to put on record, which embodies the club is open, fair principles to put an end to the abuse of authority.

To sum up, the tang dynasty through the strict civil service system, and legal system chosen the height of the perfect and national treatment of common implementation, in the system construction guarantee fair rules made a large field of effort, to people in order to inspire.

Use of public power to promote the reasonable system construction

ChenYao (Shanghai jiaotong university international relations and public affairs (associate professor)

To sum up, the current China has from the planned economy to the market economy transformation, and entering the intermediate stage of industrialization and marketization bring to China unprecedented prosperity, but also justice is becoming more and more outstanding.People desperately want to eliminate the influence of initial conditions because of all sorts of resource allocation and the result of injustice.

We think, safeguard social justice, the key is that use the public power to promote the reasonable construction of system, in order to maintain social members between rights and obligations of the equilibrium, and to make each people realize self-esteem.

First, the government should formulate fair rules.The government should make corresponding laws, policies and measures to ensure that the social main body economy exchange of equality, social communication activities of field of equivalence, ensure fair, good social order, do everyone is equal before the law, equality of opportunity.

Second, the justice of the rules and we cannot guarantee the result of justice, we need government to some basic social resources such as rights, social welfare and opportunities equal allocation, at the same time, in can accept conditions on the social disadvantaged groups in the best interest of the principles that effectively achieve the distribution of justice.

The establishment of a just system, the key is to perfect political structure of democracy, the rule of law, democracy, the rule of law is fair basis.The current China's construction of democracy there are two major path: one is to promote the democracy within the party, the party's ruling according to law.Two is to promote political life and social life of the participatory democracy, from all levels and each field expand citizens of an orderly political participation, clear channel for interest expression, to make people widely and deeply involved in place in society and the decision-making process.Only in multiple subject common participation and the government as the leading participatory, negotiate type system framework, only in all citizens to independent to determine their own destiny society, justice can be realized.

Just society is the harmonious society, "harmony" is "have a grain entrance, people are in" meaning.

China's economic transformation in appear on the market the justice of the problems with guan yong shows his care, urgency, but it is also a developing problems.Fair value orientation, domestic economic development level is a leading Shanghai constantly practice and exploration and pursuit.

Ensure education fair ease class curing

GuiYong (fudan university sociology department professor)

From the economic, social and political resources configuration's point of view, the people, the difference between the group and group is always there.This does not equal structure does not necessarily mean not justice.If, however, when the inequality between parents structure in great degree will be passed to the 'son, that no matter how hard offspring are can't get rid of the influence of parents initial conditions, we think there is no justice-this is class curing.

Class of generation in curing resources (including economic capital, political capital, and cultural capital, social capital) on education, labor market two links in the closely related.Social position higher parents could have the resources into their offspring education and labor market, and thus help get higher social position of the younger, creating class curing, i.e. not just the intergenerational flow mode.

So, China's class phenomenon such as people whether curing intuitive feel so serious?

Historians HeBingDi, according to a study in the Ming dynasty was born three generations of jinshi accounts for half of the house of civilians;The Ming and qing dynasties five jamie had dark, who had three generations of the family of civilians 31%;3 kinds of above enjoy "shadow" privilege of the family children jinshi, less than 6% of the total.This shows that the Chinese history there have open elite system.

And look at contemporary, li luming road of the study show that, with the father generation status for "workers/farmers" than the progeny of, father generation status for "unit chief/senior management staff of" the progeny of in a "unit chief/senior management staff of" have a significant advantage position, they get the position of 3.67 times more likely to;The research shows that li yu, Shanghai for 39.1% turnover upward, downward turnover is 30.6%;In the 1992 years later adult (18 to 34 years old group) crowd, flow up to more than 1992 years ago opportunity to about 10%.This shows that the contemporary China can exist certain class curing phenomenon, but different class of flow between big range still exist.A good guess is that the lower middle flow channel may to more unobstructed, middle to upper relatively jam.

So why people to the class curing problem is so sensitive?First, the intergenerational flow up the opportunity is by objective economic structure change, not just perfect gradually implementing mechanism to bring, so people will think "justice" insufficient;Second, because the flow of the upper class to relatively few opportunities, in the new information transmission channels brings out amplification effect, deepening people's class curing sense;Third, the people of the justice assessment is a dynamic and subjective.At present people have new demand for justice, and from this demand and a real distance.

How to rationally treats class cure?In fact, as long as have a family exists, class curing will appear.We can do is to ease, not likely to be completely eliminated.In addition, we should try our best to realize the open between classes, promote the intergenerational circulation.

In order to shape a more just society, we must try to ease class curing.For example, try to contribute to China's the upgrading of the industrial structure, more professional and technical jobs, adjusting to class structure, expanding middle class.Class structure from the pyramid into if featured in the future a comparatively long period would have a chance of upward mobility.For example, from system and resources into etc to ensure that education fairness, to do education resources into the regional equality of the country's, in the quality school admissions standards do the consistent.

Alter the international unjust opportunities and challenges

YuHongYuan (Shanghai international problems research institute researchers)

International justice is the external environment of domestic development, one of the modernization process of a country have important influence on.The current international injustice there have been improvements compared 1970 s, economic globalization's urbanization process and technical achievements sharing, most countries, especially developing countries to benefit from the different degree.But from the deep, it can't be equal the countries all over the world to participate in the international system of pratt &whitney working out rules and regulations, seemingly fair international rules in fact by western developed countries have established and leading.

In the international economic system, the western countries due to a lack of regulatory triggered a financial crisis, but to pass on China's responsibility.In the debt storm, Europe and the United States both expect from China financial aid, they are not willing to admit that China's market economy status.The United States leading western more reluctant to substantially improve China on the world bank, the international monetary fund shares of proportion and voting rights.

In the environmental protection field, developed countries transfer emissions, it asked China to bear the responsibility and the environment incremental benchmark responsibility.Just the opening ceremonies of the global climate conference in durban, the United States offered to refer to China's emissions reductions;The eu has claimed that must be 2020 developing countries-roadmap emission reduction, to support the Kyoto protocol mechanism.They insist on so-called "grandfather principle", namely the developed countries in the history of the pollution and carbon emissions should not be as a contemporary emissions reduction of contribution to the developed countries consider premise, its essence is to limit the developing countries emissions space and energy consumption.

In the global knowledge system, multinational company monopoly technology, absorb developing countries innovation ability.Developing countries "market and technology" two head out the situation in some areas are still deteriorating.

International fair for western mastered the problem is right and strengthening.In the field of climate change, China in 2009 before the Copenhagen conference active commitment high carbon emissions, but in countries such as the us and Europe but took the opportunity to raise price, tried to make China more concessions to stress, was even formed in carbon emissions issue of China's situation siege.The discourse right and western leading cause "international misreading", international opinion once thought that China is the destruction of the Copenhagen conference "culprits".

Facing many an unfair international initial environment, China gradually realize economic rise, there are two main reasons why: first is to find a unique modernization development path, the second is found itself in the open in the position of the globalization, give full play to their comparative advantage.

China and other emerging countries emerge itself is overcome the relative success of international justice performance, not only such, including China, the emerging developing countries has and constantly promote the development of the international justice: first is to promote global governance and coordination mechanism towards greater fair direction.After the 2008 financial crisis, the group of 20 mechanism has set up a file in the global governance field supplanted the G8, the interest of developing countries to get attention.Second is the right through more initiative, improve the discourse.In the field of sustainable development, promoting China developed countries agree "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle, effectively maintain the international environmental justice.The third is to improve the structure of international trade, investment not justice.Emerging developing countries to Africa's economic growth contribution to more than 50%, so the financial crisis so far, Africa growth rate is still at 4% to 5%.

Therefore, to realize international justice have two clues, both declining absolutely not fair achievement, and essence of the relative injustice there challenge, but for China's participation in, and reform the existing in international rules provide more space.China only to develop better more fair, to savings more foreign soft power, promote international rules to a more just the direction of development.Promote justice in the environment for development, justice will throughout Chinese modernization.

Two generations of scholars of the efficiency of fair on a reverse incentive effect

GuanYiPing (Shanghai jiaotong university collegue (antai professor) : economics, mainly from the institutional aspects of market mechanism analysis how to allocate resources, and it produces social efficiency and fairness.After reform and opening up 30 years of development, China on efficiency has considerably ascension, GDP ranks second in the world, but GDP per capita behind but represents the average inhabitant of our prosperity and the welfare level is not high.Social equity extent mainly reflects the economic distribution results, political factors of its role is very large.Before we emphasize giving priority to efficiency with due consideration to fairness, but now not only emphasized the efficiency, also requires fair, fair or not because of efficiency have reverse incentive effect.

Here I want to ask GaoFan, you caused by the emphasis of the gap between town and country of the most fundamental institutional reason??? What???Starting from this logic, how should the management strategies of?

To improve the flow of the elements to narrow the gap between urban and rural areas

GaoFan: the system of the gap between the city and the countryside in China lies in the elements of the flow mechanisms, namely land elements, labor elements and capital elements in free flow and exchange in appeared obstacles.Why today will appear three elements one-way outflow?Have the efficiency of market allocation of factors and price mechanism factors, 220 million farmers "take off the farm work" is based on the market price signal but appear, but not accompanied by status as farmers synchronous conversion.And system and a system level restriction, for example: some local governments for the purpose of improving the local GDP, intervention to rural land configuration and income gains segmentation, but for peasants, this is without a doubt a economic interests and the shift of visible market logic and system logic stack with each other in the urban and rural income gap.

China's future must further improve factor market, form a urban and rural equivalence interactive factors flow mechanism.Such as Labour can go to outflows, capital into the countryside, namely "farmers to the countryside, capital", the development between urban and rural areas have equal may.Next, want to change to GDP is oriented administrative incentive mechanism, to the livelihood of the people first, pay attention to the farmers' interests;To change the local government financial governance and imbalances, the need to improve the state financial system, or financial sink, or thing up.Only in this way, the dual economic structure and social structure can be continued transformation.

Strengthening the focus of justice is the public power constraints

GuanYiPing: your answer and I as a bit of a bias, I asked was the reason.Reform and opening up process is basically a top-down decentralization of the profits to the process, the practice of market economy to all people basic had the right to participate in market competition.But just when the problem analysis, the focus should be more gathered in the social politics and the administrative field.It is also related to the actual rights and power of the allocation problem.In recent years of the rulers of the people on the second generation, rich two generations of problem involves power should be how to configure.If there was monopoly and not open distribution, the all the rights of the citizens and not be equally distributed.Talent selection system is the key.Public power was effective constraint, every citizen's private right to get treated fairly, officials corruption can be effectively.From this perspective, the years of civil servants enter oneself for an examination the heat is a social fading, reflect the young generation more people for the current system made rational reaction: seek more insurance personal power and income treatment.

Common prosperity: socialist market economic justice requires

ChenWeiPing (Shanghai normal university philosophy's dean,) : high doctor, the socialist market economy and the socialist market economy in the capital on the question of the justice is fundamental line???????

GaoFan: Marx said the market is born equal pie, that is to say the market exchange personality equivalence and privilege digestion as a foundation.Socialist market economy is the goal for, "market economy" is to create a more than other big economies of economic efficiency, "socialism" is to realize more than other economies of common prosperity and the comprehensive development of man.Is the goal of the socialist market economy, it is to hope to achieve more than other economies more range of common prosperity, so the socialist market economy with its two dimensions: namely the liberation and development of productive forces and realizing social justice and harmony.But today, whether constructing the modern market economy system or really realize common prosperity we all "on the road", still need to pay for strenuous efforts.In the process of this effort, need to be further activate private power, constraint of public power.For this, we need and modern market economy and responsibilities that agrees symmetrical government.

The traditional social system construction reference: with the ceremony for degrees, and is the first, with responsibility for value

ChenWeiPing: I YuXin literature to dr master are admired, but DuFuYou "ZhuMenJiuRouChou way, dying" work, bai juyi has "sell carbon wong," liu zongyuan has "the catching snakes said," are you beautify the tang dynasty?Chinese traditional system construction in promoting social justice which is worth the reference, which shall be criticism?

YuXin: although I borrowed from the modern vocabulary, but does not represent the tang dynasty is no these concepts.The tang dynasty in the system design is actually a strategic thinking, the imperial examination class with strict system, administrative and judicial rules and procedures construction, government management and people with the operation of autonomy, all is worth using for reference.With folk association, for example, the agency is people is very clear how elected to the right people and in what way operation, to maintain their own well-being.Hua xuanzong of later period, the government finally believed that intelligence can be used, the policy to admit by forbidden, even encourage, official and reach the benign interaction.Of course the tang dynasty in the economic, financial, tax, many efforts, valuable is it trying to carry out the legal system has been built to the county, and even carry out to the country.

ChenWeiPing: in my opinion, the traditional social system construction have three points worth using for reference.The first is a ritual for fair income distribution of degrees, rely on the traditional Confucian morality and to ensure fair, the so-called "etiquette system with points", that is, according to "the ritual" the level difference, "each is in his proper place", "each had its points", namely average against the socialist, also against the provisions of "the ritual" beyond the polarization between the rich and the poor.Second, and is the first ruling justice, emphasize the ruling to the heart of the "public world" alone, if governor tends to private, to guarantee the social justice.So, since the sui and tang dynasties of imperial examination system increasingly close, main is to prevent the examiner use the power and by a private deal.The third is the principal balance in the village for justice.In a traditional society folk village, need evaluation transactions or fair, main not by officials to ruling by law, but on whether the parties do your in ethics of responsibility should be as evaluation standard, the so-called father, brother a good brother filial child, husband of righteousness to women, have been think is fair, is because both sides respective executes the ethical moral responsibility.

Modern social justice of the concept of the core problem is right, especially of an individual rights issues, and Chinese ancient a speak justice will individual rights ruled out, such as the lu shi chun qiu "in" your public to private "statement," huai south son "say" or on righteousness and right or affairs ", it is opposite to the right and moral, so in the traditional sense of fairness, individual rights is no legitimacy.And the modern fairness first is to pay attention to the basic rights of every individual, so the communist manifesto, points out that, to achieve a truly just society, "the free development of each is the development of all the conditions".

Two generations of scholars were on the theory

Audience member

S peasant workers' "citizens treatment" whether embodies the principle of justice (GaoFan answer)

S western public opinion about China aid to Africa to rob, whether injustice?(YuHongYuan answer)

S people's congress to represent the election how to make voters know more about candidates?(ChenYao answer)

S religious beliefs can make up for the deficiency of the justice system?(ChenWeiPing answer) answer see wenhui nets-wenhui http://forum.whb.cn hall

Benban according to December 3 Japanese remit theater scene lecture finishing and into.Benban photography are our newspaper reporter Chen long apprentice.