重庆渔具店:厘定社会管理的内涵与价值追求

李程伟（中国政法大学教授）

    目前，在世界范围内热潮不减的“发展研究”，其核心概念是“社会发展”。尽管对这一概念有多种界定和理解，但在视其为“促进人类福利的一种途径”这点上，有着相当的共识。在这里，“福利”与“福祉”在概念内涵上是同价的，意指社会成员能够处于幸福、满足与富裕的状态。从归根结蒂的意义上说，现代社会管理的最终目的是达成社会成员的一定福祉。这一“福祉”又进一步分为“直接福祉”和“间接福祉”两个方面。

    社会成员的“直接福祉”与“间接福祉”两个方面的有机结合（统称为“社会福祉”），就成为现代社会管理的基本价值追求。国外有学者从人文发展的角度，对社会福祉所包含的三个要素进行了界定：（1）社会问题（如犯罪、暴力、失业、环境污染等）得到控制程度；（2）主体需求（如健康、营养、安全饮用水、住所、社会保障等）得到满足程度；（3）社会机会（社会成员能力成长与境遇改善的机会）的创造或提供程度。这样一种界定和分析，为人们对社会福祉的测度和认识提供了一个较为令人信服的标准。

    本着上述价值追求，现代社会管理应当审慎思考、行动有据，逐步转换到“公共治理思维”上来。“公共治理思维”的基本特征是，强调社会管理主体的多元性和互动性，遵循的是“自下而上”的以社会为中心和以公民为本位的治理，是各利益相关者商谈、对话、博弈、妥协、相互体认、共同建构认知和社会现实的开放的管理过程系统。

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The text li (China politics and law university professor)

At present, the world range from hot flashes of "development", its core concept is "social development".Although the concept of a variety of definition and understanding, but in regard them as "promoting the human welfare a way of" this point, has a consensus.Here, "welfare" and "welfare" in the concept of the pricing is, refers to the members of the society to be in a happy, content and wealthy state.The bottom line from the sense, modern social management ultimate aim is to achieve social members of certain welfare.The "welfare" and further divided into the "direct welfare" and "indirect welfare" two aspects.

The members of a society "direct welfare" and "indirect welfare" two aspects of organic combination (collectively referred to as "social well-being"), has become the modern social management of the basic value pursuit.Foreign academics from the humanity development point of view, to social well-being contains three elements of defined: (1) social problems (such as crime, violence, unemployment, environmental pollution and so on) get control degree;(2) main body needs (such as health, nutrition, safe drinking water, shelter, social security, etc) get satisfaction;(3) social opportunity (social members with the ability to improve opportunities growth situation creation or provide degree.Such a definition and analysis, for people to social welfare and know the measure has provided a more convincing standard.

In line with the above value pursuit, modern society should be prudent management according to the thought, action, and gradually convert to "public management thinking" to come up."Public management thinking" is the basic characteristics, emphasis on social management plural main body and interactive, follow is "bottom-up" for the center with social and to citizens as the standard management, is all the stakeholders negotiations, dialogue, game, compromise, mutual awareness, construct the cognitive and social reality of the open management process system.

[up a]Open inclusive value idea to promote social harmony
[a]To speed up the farmers to urban residents the pace of change