复仇者联盟1 ed2k:初中英语疑难例析300例 (146---161)
来源:百度文库 编辑:中财网 时间:2024/04/29 14:06:02
146.做定语从句试题的基本方法
例 In fact the man didn't understand the three questions ____ were asked in French.
A.where B.who C.in which D.which
此题应选D。从句子成分看,修饰questions 的定语从句缺主语,所以不能选A(where),C(in which)。又因为这里的先行词(questions)是指事不是指人,所以只能选D(which)不能选B(who)。
考生在做定语从句试题时,大体上要分清以下几点:
1.是定语从句还是其它从句(从句意和句法功能等方面去考虑)。
2.是用关系代词还是关系副词。关系代词和关系副词的选择主要看
关系词在句中的句法功能。一般说来,关系代词(that, which,who,whom 等)主要用作主语和宾语;关系副词(when, where,why)主要用作状语;作定语时用whose。
3.受定语从句修饰的先行词是指人(who,whom,that)还是指物(that,which);是作主语(who,that,which)还是作宾语(which,whom,who)等。
4.关系代词可否省略(在通常情况下,只有限制性定语从句中用作宾语的关系代词才能省略)。
5.是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句(关系代词that 以及关系副词why 等均不能引导非限制性定语从句)。
6.在“介词 +which”结构中,介词的正确选择(主要看相关名词和动词的习惯搭配)。
147.能用what 引导定语从句吗 例 He told me all ____ he had seen there. A.that B.which C.what D.when 此题应选A。容易误选C。这里的B(which),D(when)比较好排除。 选项B 错,因为当先行词为不定代词all,little,much 等时,要用关系代词that,不用which。 选项D 错,因为它是关系副词,只能在定语从句中作状语,而这里的定语从句缺宾语(即seen 宾语),所以不能选D。至于选项C(what),是考生最容易出错的,这是因为考生在平时的阅读中,经常可以见到类似这样的句子: He told me all he had seen there. He told me what he had seen there. 由于没有完全理解,结果将以上两类句型混在一起。 选项C 错的原因在于what 不是关系词,所以它不能引导定语从句。但值得注意的是:what 有时相当于“名词(先行词) +关系代词”: 他把一切都给了我。 正:He gave me what he had. 正:He gave me everything that he had. 这就是你要的东西。 正:This is what you want. 正:This is the thing that you want. 以上实例告诉我们,what 有时相当于“先行词 +关系代词”,同时这也告诉我们,这样用的what 前不能再有先行词(即:what 不能引导定语从句)。 148.不要一见到时间或地点名词就用where,when 例 a.I will never forget the days ____ I lived in the country. b.I will never forget the days ____ I spent in the country. A.that,that B.when,when C.that,when D.when,that 此题应选D。容易误选B。考生往往错误地认为,时间或地点名词后的定语从句就一定要用关系副词when 或where 来引导。注意在选择关系副词when 时,考生要明确两个问题:一是先行词是否是指时间或地点的名词,二是when,where 在定语从句中是否用作状语。 a 句中的定语从句主语和宾语齐全,所以可用表时间的状语(when),而b 句中的定语从句,显然spent 缺宾语,所以选关系代词that。考生从以上分析中应明确这样一点:选择关系词时一定要看它在定语从句中充当什么成分。尤其是当先行词为表时间或地点的名词时,千万不要想当然地认为一定要用关系副词when 和where 来引导定语从句。 再如: a.This is the school ____ I studied last year. b.This is the school ____ I visited last year. A.that,that B.where,where C.that,where D.where,that 答案:D 149.that 与which 例子 a.Those are the very words ____ he used. b . This is the question about ____ we've had so much discussion. A.that,that B.which,which C.that,which D.which,that 此题应选C。关于先行词是指物的名词时,其定语从句是用that 还是用which 来引导,情况比较复杂:在通常情况下,两者有时可换用; 但有时只用which(主要是引导非限制性定语从句和直接放在介词后作宾语);而有时则只用that 而不用which,主要有以下情况: 1.先行词是下列不定代词或受其修饰时all,much,few,little,none,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing)等: All[Everything]that can be done must be done.凡能做的事都必须做。 2.先行词有the very,the only,the same 等修饰时: This is the only example that I know.我知道的例子只有这一个。 3.先行词有最高级或序数词(包括last,next)等修饰时: This is the best dictionary that I've ever used.这是我用过的最好的词典。 4.关系代词在定语从句中作表语时: China is not the country(that) it was.中国已不是过去的中国了。 5.先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时: We talked about the persons and things that most impressed us. 我们谈论了我们印象最深的人和事。
150.who 与what
例 Who ____ has seen him do not like him?
A.that B.who C.he D.she
此题应选A。其余几项均有可能被选。当先行词指人时,引导定语从句是用who 还是用that,主要应注意以下几点:
1.在通常情况下,两者常可换用。
2.在下列情况,两者都可用,但用that 比who 更常见:
1)先行词是all,nobody,no one,someone,anypone 等时:
All that heard him were delighted.所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。
Have you met anybody that has been to Paris?
你遇见过去过巴黎的人吗?
2)先行词受序数词,最高级以及only,same 等修饰时:
He's the only one among us that knows French.
他是我们中间唯一懂法语的人。
3.在下列情况通常只用that:
1)当先行词是一既指人又指物的并列词组时:
He made a speech on the men and things that he'd seen abroad.
他就在国外见到的人和事作了报告。
2)当先行词是who 时:
Who that has sympathy can laugh on that occasion?
有同情心的人谁会在那个时候发笑呢?
3)当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时:
Tom is not the boy(that)he was.汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。
151.是非限制性定语从句还是并列句
例 —He wrote a lot of novels,none of ____ were popular.
—It's the same with his wife.She wrote some plays,but none of ____ was a success.
A.these,them B.which,which
C.those,which D.which,them
此题应选D。很容易误选A,B。选对该题的关键是:要注意前面一句的none of 没有并列连词(说明它才是非限制性定语从句,所以其后填which),而后面一句的none of 前有一并列连词but(说明它与前面一句构成并列句,所以其后填them)。请做以下类似题(注意and,but等的有无):
1.a.He has two sons,but neither of ____ is clever.
b.He has two sons,neither of ____ is clever.
A.them,them B.whom,whom
C.them,whom D.whom,them
2.a.Mr Smith made a lot of money,most of ____ was spent helping the poor.
b.Mr Smitn mane a lot of money,and most of ____ was spent helping the poor.
A.it,it B.which,which
C.it,which D.which,it
类似地,以下一题也与but,and 这类词的有无相关:
3. ____ many times,but he still couldn't remember.
A.Having been told B.Being told
C.Having told D.He was told
答案:1.C 2.D 3.D
152.你会用关系代词as 吗
例 Don't make friends with such young men ____ don't work hard.
A.that B.as C.who D.they
此题应选B。容易误选A,C。句中的as 是关系代词,句意为:不要跟工作不努力的人交朋友。此句也可换成:
正:Don't make friends with young men who [that] don't work hard.
正:Don't make friends with those young men who[that] don't work hard.
as 用作关系代词(用作主语或宾语),主要用法如下:
1.用在such,same 等之后,引导限制性定语从句:
Don't talk about such things as you don't understand.
不要谈你不懂的东西。
Such men as(=Those men who) heard him praised him.
听过他谈话的人都称赞他。
I told him the same story as you told me.
我给他讲的故事与你给我讲的故事一样。
2.单独用作关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前(常译为“正如”)或之后(常译为“这一点”):
As has been said before,grammar is not a set of dead rules.
正如前面所说,语法不是一套死规则。
He was a foreigner,as (=which)I knew from his accent.
他是个外国人,这从他的口音可以得知。
If he comes late,as is usual,for another time,we will not receive him.
如果他再像以往那样迟到,我们就不接待他了。
153.the way 后可接how 引导的定语从句吗
例 That is ____ the boy spoke to the teacher.
A.how B.the way how
C.that D.which
此题应选A。容易误选B。误认为the way(表方式)后应接how 引导的定语从句(因为how 可用来表方式)。
其实考生只要回忆一下我们学过的关系副词便知道:在现代英语中关系副词只有when(表时间),where(表地点),why(表原因)等几个,根本没有how 这个关系副词,所以它自然就不能引导定语从句。要表示类似本题的意思,可用以下句型:
那就是他说话的样子。
正:That's how he spoke.(表语从句)
正:That's the way he spoke.
正:That's the way(that) he spoke.
正:That's the way(in which)he spoke.
误:That's the way how he spoke.
我不喜欢他那样笑她。
正:I don't like the way he laughs at her.
正:I don't like the way(that)he laughs at her.
正:I don't like the way(in which)he laughs at her.
误:I don't like the way how he laughs at her.
他同我们说话的方式值得怀疑。
正:The way he spoke to us was suspicious.
正:The way(that)he spoke to us was suspicious.
正:The way(in which)he spoke to us was suspicious.
误:The way how he spoke to us was suspicious.
154.whose 可以指物吗
例 I saw some trees ____ leaves were black with disease.
A.its B.whose C.his D.the
此题应选B。容易误选A。许多考生认为,关系代词whose 和who,whom 一样,只能指人,不能指物。
事实上,用作关系代词的whose 与who,whom 不一样,它不仅可以指人也可以指物(用作定语):
There are some students whose questions I can't answer.
有些学生的问题我不能回答。
Can you see the mountain whose top is covered with snow?
你看得见山顶上覆盖着雪的那座山吗?
Here is a word whose meaning escapes me.
这里有一个词,我一下想不起它是什么意思了。
当先行词为物时,其后引导定语从句的whose +n 也可换成the +n +of which/of which +the +n:
窗户破了的那座房子是空的。
正:The house whose windows are broken is empty.
正:The house the windows of which are broken is empty.
正:The house of which the windows are broken is empty.
但是如果whose 所修饰的名词中心词之前有数词或其它限定词,则不用whose,而用of which:
There I saw a large table,two legs of which were broken.
在那里我看见有一张大桌子,其中有两条腿断了。
155.不要在定语从句中使用与关系代词同义的人称代词
例 —This is the book that I have read ____ dozens of times.
—But I have never read ____ .
A.it,× B.×,it C.it,it D.×,×
此题应选B。容易误选C。本题第二句填代词it,这容易理解。而第一句不能填it,则是考生很容易忽视的。显然第一句中的that I have read dozens of times 是修饰the book 的定语从句,此句中的动词read不能再接用it 作宾语,因为它已有宾语that (也可省略)。在做有关定语从句的试题时,考生千万不要在定语从句中重复使用与关系词(或先行词)指代相同的人称代词:
我们昨晚看的电影很精彩。
误:The film we saw it last night was wonderful.
正:The film we saw last night was wonderful.
刚才同你讲话的那个人是谁?
误:Who's the man you just talked to him?
正:Who's the man you just talked to?
你昨天借给我的书很有趣。
误:The book you lent it me yesterday was very interesting.
正:The book you lent me yesterday was very interesting.
他就是去年死了妻子的那个人。
误:He is the man whose his wife died last year.
正:He is the man whose wife died last year. 156.要分清是定语从句还是其它从句
例 —Is this room ____ he lived in last year?
—Is this the room ____ he lived in last year?
A.that,that B.the one,the one
C.that,the one D.the one,that
此题应选D。容易误选A。为了便于分析,我们先将以上两句还原成陈述句(注意is 的位置):
1)This room is ____ he lived in last year.
2)This is the room ____ he lived in last year.
第1)句填the one,用作表语,其后的(that)he lived in last year 是用以修饰the one 的定语从句。此句若直接填that,则不是定语从句(因为没有先行词),而是表语从句。但是由于引导表语从句的that不能充当句子成分,而其后的介词in 又缺宾语,所以导致错误。
第2)句填that,它是关系代词,用以引导定语从句(he lived in last year)修饰the room。
请做以下试题:
1.—Is this the book ____ you want to buy?
—Is this book ____ you want to buy?
A.that,that B.the one,the one
C.that,the one D.the one,that
2.—Is this room ____ he lived in 5 years ago?
—Is this the roon ____ he lived in 5 years ago?
A. that,that B.the one,the one
C.that,the one D.the one,that
答案:1.C 2.D
157.完全倒装
例 a.Look,here ____ .
b.Look,here ____ .
A.he comes,the bus comes
B.comes he,comes the bus
C.comes he,the bus comes
D.he comes,comes the bus
此题应选D。容易误选A,B。这里涉及倒装问题。倒装通常可分为完全倒装(谓语置于主语前)和部分倒装(使用一般疑问句的形式)。而完全倒装通常又有两种情况:
1.在描述动作的句子,为了描述生动,增强修饰效果,常将副词out,in,down,up,away,off,here,there,now,then,next 等位于句首,从而引起倒装:
In came the teacher.老师进来了。
Up went the arrow into the air.箭飕地一声飞到了空中。
2.为了使句子平衡或上下文联系紧密,常将状语置于句首,从而引起倒装:
By the window sat a girl.窗子边坐着一个女孩。
At the top of the hill stands a weather station.
山顶上有一个气象站。
注意:若主语是代词,则不能倒装:
There he goes.他走了。
Behind the counter she stood.她站在柜台后。
158.“only +状语”置于句首句子要倒装
例 Only in this way ____ able to finish the work in time.
A.can you be B.are you
C.you can be D.you are
此题应选B。容易误选D。至于A,C,这比较容易排除,因为情态动词can 不能与be able to 用在同一谓语中。本题之所以要选B 而不选D,主要是因为句首用了only in this way 的缘故,按照英语语法规则:
“only +状语”位于句首,句子通常要用倒装语序(部分倒装——用一般疑问句形式):
1.“only +副词”位于句首:
Only then did I realize that I was wrong.
只是到了那时我才意识到是我错了。
2.“only +介词短语”位于句首:
Only by working hard can you succeed.
只有努力工作你才能成功。
Only in the reading-room can you find him.你只有在阅览室才能找到他。
3.“only +状语从句”位于句首:
Only when one loses freedom does one know its value.
一个人只有在失去自由后才知道自由的可贵。
注意:若位于句首的不是only +状语,而是only +宾语等,则通常无需倒装(但有时也可以倒装):
Only a policeman the children saw in the street.
孩子们在街上只看到一个警察。
Only one more point will I make.我只再说明一点。
159. 否定词置于句首句子要倒装
例 a.I ____ seen such a good harvest.
b. ____ I seen such a good harvest.
A.have never,Never have
B.never have,Have never
C.have never,Have never
D.never have, Never have
此题应选A。这里考察的是否定词置于句首,句子用部分倒装的问题。
一般说来,以下否定词位于句首,句子要用倒装(部分倒装——用一般问句的形式):seldom,never,little,few,hard- ly,not,not until,in vain,in no way,by no means,on no ac- count,no longer 等:
Never does he come late.他从不迟到。
Little did he know that the police were after him.
他一点也不知道警察在找他。
By no means shall I go there again.
我决不会再去那儿了。
Hardly had he arrived at the station when the train began to leave.
他一到车站,火车就开动了。
Few students did they see in the classroom.
他们在教室没看到几个学生。
Not a word did I ever say to him.
我从未对他说过一句话。
Not until all the fish in the river died did the villagersrealize how serious the poliution was.
直到河里的鱼全死了,村民们才意识到污染是多么严重。 160.So do I 与So I do 例 —He studies very hard. —Yes,so ____ and so ____ . A.he did, you did B.did he,did you C.he did,did you D.did he, you did 此题应选C。容易误选B。此题句意为: —他学习很用功。 —是的,他确实用功,你也一样(用功)。 这里涉及这样两个问题: 1.表示前面所述的情况也适合于后面一个人或事物,通常在so 后用倒装句式(部分倒装——用一般问句的形式): He likes English.So do I.他喜欢英语,我也一样。 He was ill and so were his parents. 他病了,他父母也病了。 顺便说一句,在正式文体中,as 也可这样用: He travelled a great deal,as did most of his friends. 他去过许多地方旅游,他多数朋友也一样。 但是如果前面所述情况为否定式,则用neither,nor 引出倒装句(此时不能用so): He couldn't do it,and neither could she. 他做不了,她也做不了。 He never comes late.Nor do I. 他从不迟到,我也从不迟到。 2.后一句子若只是重复前句的意思,起加强语气的作用,so 后面不用倒装句式: —He has done a good job.他干得不错。 —So he has.他的确干得不错。 161.not only…but(also)连接句子时的倒装
例 Not only ____ a great writer,but ____ a great fighter.
A.he is,he is B.is he,is he
C.is he,he is D.he is,is he
此题应选C。即not only…but(also)位于句首连接两个句子时,通常前面一句(not only)要倒装,而后面一句(but)则不倒装(即所谓的“前倒后不倒”)。又如:
Not only did he complain about the food,but he also refused to pay for it.
他不仅抱怨饭不好,而且还拒绝付钱。
Not only did we lose all our money,but we also came close to losing our lives.
我们不仅丢了所有的钱,而且差点丧了命。
比较以下两结构:
1.not until 放在句首时,要用not until +状语(从句) +倒装的主句(即所谓的“后倒前不倒”——注意联系英语中的“否定词位于句首要倒装”):
Not until the teacher came did we leave.直到老师来了我们才离开。
Not until the war was over did he return home.
直到战争结束他才返回家乡。
2.so +adj/adv +(that)?放在句首,通常要倒装前面的主句,而后面的从句不倒装(即所谓的“前倒后不倒”):
So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
光传播得这样快,以致于我们无法想象它的速度。
162.涉及主语一致的倒装 例 In the letter ____ these words,“I love you”. A.was B.were C.saw D.found 此题应选B。选项A,C,D 都有可能被误选。 对于此题,考生首先要弄清它是一个倒装句,其正常词序为: These words“I love you”were in the letter. 为了结构紧凑和平衡,才使用此倒装句式。又如: 轮船上有2000 余人。 正:On the ship were more than 2000 people. 正:More than 2000 people were on the ship. 值得注意的是,以上这类倒装句,还涉及主谓一致问题: 墙后是一些高树。 正:Behind the wall are some tall trees. 误:Behind the wall is some tall trees. 老师四周围着一些年轻的学生。 正:Around the teacher were some young students. 误:Around the teacher was some young students. 这两座山之间有一个小村庄。 正:Between the two hills was a small village. 误:Between the two hills were a small village. 这类句子,有的考生之所出错,是因为他们把句首的介词短语看作主语,从而把谓语与介词短语中的名词保持一致。关于这个问题,有个比较简单的方法可以判定:即在英语中介词短语通常不能作主语,假若一个句子的主语位置是一个介词短语,考生应考虑是否是一个倒装句。