护肤步骤面膜:新概念第三册精解

 ★equal v. 等于A equal B与 … 相匹敌 None of us can equal her, either in beauty or as a dancer.eg:Mary is quite equal to John in brains.be equal to + n: 1. 与…相匹敌2. 有能力做某事  to- 介词eg: I am equal to running the company. ★raise  v. 募集；筹（款）  raise money 筹款  raise price   提高  raise a horse饲养  raise a family 供养  raise wheet  种植小麦  raise an army 招募  raise a shout 发出喊声 ★vicar   n. 牧师★torchlight   n.电筒光  三、【课文精析】 现在进行时和always 等频度副词的搭配——表示说话人带有的情感色彩Tom is always doing homework.Tom is always does his homework.He is always making noises. one or another： 表示某种、这样或那样 get enough money： 筹集足够的资金来做某事I have to get enough money to have my house repaired. have the church clock repaired-----have sth. done 找某人来做某事have the plane repaired  have hair cut某人所遭受到的意外某种情况-----主语必须是发出动作的人His wallet was stolen.  He had his wallet stolen. used to:过去常常做，而现在不再发生的事情了He used to smoke every day.however 用于口语，主要用于句首，作文中，最好用在句中、句尾，要用逗号分隔开来He said that it was so, he was mistake, however.or: He said that it was so, however, he was mistake.I know his story, however, I wouldn’t like to tell you.I know his story, I, however, wouldn’t like to tell you.however 可用nevertheless  nonetheless 替换 start: 惊跳、惊奇Eg: The voice made him start.What a start you give me.你真吓了我一跳He stood up with a start. before …才Nearly a week past before he could explain what had happen to him. Armed with a torch…现在分词和过去分词的用法分词做状语/定语时，一定要注意它和逻辑主语要呼应一致 recognized sb as ：认出某人是  regard sb as, think of sb as, treat sb as(把某人对待为), have on sb as（把某人尊敬为） whatever: ever用来加强语气 night after night： 一夜连着一夜  day after day / year after year / week after week / bus after bus Key sentence:        you certainly did give me…did 肯定句中常用do, did, does 加强语气和情感色彩，一定要位于动词原形之前。Eg: You do like beauty today. as well用在句尾相当于too, 主要用在肯定句中，但比too所表达的语意更优秀still用于句首，用逗号分隔开来，表达一个转折的关系。虽然如此，但是 get used to , be used to do, be accustomed to, get accustomed to 都表示习惯于get强调渐进的过程，be强调习惯了的状态 Eg: We are used to the cold weather here.You will get used to the cold weather here.你很快会适应这寒冷的天气的。 Lesson 3 An unknown goddess 无名女神一、【Text】课文Some time ago，an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea．An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini．The city at one time must have been prosperous，for it enjoyed a high level of civilization．Houses--often three storeys high----were built of stone．They had large rooms with beautifully decorated walls．The city was even equipped with a drainage system，for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow   streets．  The temple which the archaeologists explored was used as a place of worship from the fifteenth century B.C. until Roman times. In the most sacred room of the temple, clay fragments of fifteen statues were found. Each of these represented a goddess and had, at one time, been painted. The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C. Its missing head happened to be among remains of the fifth century B.C.This head must have been found in Classical times and carefully preserved. It was very old and precious even then. When the archaeologists reconstructed the fragments, they were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking woman. She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hip. She was wearing a full-length skirt which swept the ground. Despite her great age, she was very graceful indeed, but, so far,the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identity.  二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆goddess      n. 女神◆archaeologist     n. 考古学家◆Aegean      adj. 爱琴海的◆explore      v. 考察，勘探◆promontory      n. 海角◆prosperous        adj. （经济上）繁荣的，昌盛的◆civilization        n. 文明◆storey        n. 楼层◆drainage     n. 排水◆worship      n. 崇拜◆sacred        adj. 宗教的，神圣的◆fragment    n. 碎片◆remains      n. 遗物， 遗迹，废墟◆classical     adj. （希腊罗马）古文化的◆reconstruct        v. 修复◆rest     v. 倚放，放置◆hip     n. 屁股，臀部◆full-length adj. （裙衣）拖地长的◆graceful     adj. 优雅的◆identity      n. 身份 ★goddess n. 女神 ★archaeologist n. 考古学家 ★Aegean adj. 爱琴海的 ★explore v. 考察，勘探The archaeologists are exploring the cave.exploration n.explorer n.探险家 ★promontory  n. 海角 ★prosperous  adj. （经济上）繁荣的，昌盛的Our finance is prosperous.thriving 昌盛的，兴旺的booming 蓬勃的，景气的flourishing 繁茂的，健康的 ★civilization n. 文明high level of civilization高度文明civilize v. ★storey n. 楼层 ★drainage n. 排水 ★worship n. 崇拜respect; admireWho do you worship in th world?warship n. 军舰战船 ★sacred adj. 宗教的，神圣的holy adj. 神圣的，圣洁的solemn adj. 庄严的，庄重的sacred music 圣乐sacred promise 神圣的诺言 ★fragment n. 碎片 ★remains n. 遗物， 遗迹，废墟 ★classical adj. （希腊罗马）古文化的classical music 古典音乐classical education 人文科学教育classic adj. 第一流的This is a classic example of love at the first sight.classic n. 杰作，经典之作 ★reconstruct v. 修复re-重新，再次construct 构造，建造，组织build house 造建筑物put up a tent construct a sentenceconstruct a broken statuaryerect: build high buildings erect monument 建造纪念碑erect clock tower 建造钟楼setup; establish; found 建立Eg: setup students’ unionestablish a school / rulefound a countryconstruction n.constructive adj. 有教育意义的constructor n. 建设者 ★rest v. 倚放，放置 ★hip n. 屁股，臀部[口] 在服用兴奋剂，宗教信仰方面赶时髦的人；消息灵通人士；adj. 通晓的，见闻广的Eg: Hary is a real hip. 玛丽真是赶时髦The guy isn’t a hip.这家伙什么都不懂joined at the hip 表示交情极厚的Eg: These two are joined at the hip.shoot from the hip 信口开河Eg: Sorry, I said that I shouldn’t have shot from the hip. ★full-length adj. （裙衣）拖地长的a full-length dress ★graceful adj. 优雅的a graceful ladyelegant (behavier) ★identity n. 身份 三、【课文精析】 an interesting discovery：强调discovery， 体现发现这个动作被考古学家做出主动语态难以突出重点 archaeologists made an interesting discovery英文表达：结果、影响、效果为主语，强调对客观事实的陈述 Key sentence:        An American team explored a temple which…which引导定语从句，修饰限定temple which stands in an ancient city on…which = that; stand = lie, situate (vt.) locate (vt.) An American team explored a temple which is located / situated in…An American team explored a temple which lie in… stand表示高高坐落于，矗立于Eg: She stands 1.75m. / A great tree stands on the mount. Key sentence:        The city at one time must have been prosperous，for it…for引导原因状语从句，对主句的附加说明because引导原因状语从句，重点突出原因Eg: The day broke for the birds were singing. at one time:表达曾经，一度；过去时态的标志， once must have been 对过去事实肯定的推测 enjoyed a high level of civilization. 享有高度文明 with…Eg: a young man with broad shoulders / an old lady with black hair beautifully decorated 过去分词做定语a beautifully dressed lady衣着漂亮的女士 / a deserted carpark 废弃的停车场a white painted door 被粉刷成白色的门现在分词做定语，被修饰词与修饰词之间为；逻辑主动关系a boy climbing the tree / the students reading in the room Key sentence:        The city was even equipped with… for… were found…be equipped with 配备，装备Eg: the car was equipped with air conditioning. for 引导原因状语从句 beneath the narrow streets / under the narrow streetsprep. beneath = under 正下方He is standing under / beneath the umbrella. under:在进行中，under control 控制之中；under discussion 讨论之中；under repairs 修理之中below:在下方，强调斜下方Eg: She is sitting below the window. be used as / be used to be 把…用作为Eg:The box was used as a desk in the small village school.The wooden box was used as a bookcase.The wooden box is used to contain books. In the most sacred room of…Each of these represented … been painted. represent vt. 代表I represent all the classmates. The body of one statue was found…dating 现在分词，修饰remainsthe customs dating from 1990 date from 追溯到，从… 开始The tradition dates from the time when his grandfather was young.The castle dates from the 14th century.The castle dates back to the century. Key sentence:        Its missing head happened to be among remains of…happen to 强调事情的偶然发生Eg: I happen to have driven that kind of car. 我恰巧开过那种汽车。He happened to find the ticket in his pocket. 他恰巧在口袋里找到那张票。 句式：It happens that……Eg: It happnes that I met her on my way to work    I happened to meet her on my way to work happen on 巧遇，偶然发现,偶遇Eg:  I happend on this old picture in the back of the drawer.     Guess, who I happend on while I was in London last month? reconstruct: put together, piece together, restore  四个形容词: surprised; astonished; amazed; astounded 感到惊讶的，语气递增astonished: much surprisedamazed: very much surprised 惊奇astounded 非常惊讶，尺愕，惊奇 to find… / to discover… / to realize…I’m not surprised to see you here. turn out 表明结果 turn out ( to be) + n./adj.Eg: Our party turned out (to be) a success    the concert turned out to be failure.It turned out that…………  原来是(表示结果)that 从句，或其他名词从句，it 作形式主语Eg: It turned out that the diamond had been in the bank all the time.    It turned out that his statement was false. as it turns out 人们后来发现Eg: As it turns out, there was not need to worry.As it turns out, the report was mistaken. 人们后来发现,这篇报告被弄错了。 Key sentence:        She stood three feet high and her hands rested on th hips.rest on = depend on, lean onHis hand rested lightly on my shoulder. which swept the ground进一步说明拖地的，曳地的 despite / in spite of +n. /动名词 Key sentence:        It is still a problem for the archaeologists up to now.so far,up to now 都是完成时的标志 discover her identity: find out he identity Lesson 4 The double life of Alfred Bloggs阿尔弗雷德。布洛格斯的双重生活一、【Text】课文These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as ‘white-collar workers' for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers. This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.When he got married, Alf was too embarrassed to say anything to his wife about his job. He simply told her that he worked for the Corporation. Every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit. He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman. Before returning home at night, he took a shower and changed back into his suit. Alf did this for over two years and his fellow dustmen kept his secret. AlF's wife has never discovered that she married a dustman and she never will, for Alf has just found another job. He will soon be working in an office. He will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money. From now on, he will wear a suit all day and others will call him 'Mr. Bloggs', not 'Alf'.  二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆manual       adj. 体力的◆collar n. 衣领◆sacrifice     v. 牺牲，献出◆privilege    n. 好处◆dustman     n. 清洁工◆corporation        n. 公司◆overalls      n. 工作服◆shower       n. 淋浴◆secret n. 秘密◆status n. 地位 ★manual adj. 体力的= physical  manual work:体力工作  mental work: 脑力工作 ★collar n. 衣领white-collar:白领 ( do mental work)blue-collar:蓝领 （do manual work） (get) hot under the collar: 怒气冲天 ★sacrifice v. 牺牲，献出vt. to give up for good purposeEg: sacrifice one’s life for the country    sacrifice time n. make many sacrifices ★privilege n. 好处 = advantage特权 （=special right）牺牲掉自己的好处：sacrifice one’s advantage / rivilege 特许某人做某事：give sb. the rivilege of doing sth. privileged adj. 荣幸的 ★overalls n. 工作服男工作服； overall 女工作服 ★secret n. 秘密adj. keep secret:保密It’s between you and me.I’ll keep it to myself.confidential : 机密的 in secret:私下里= secretly, in private, privatelyI was told about it in secret. in the secret: 知道内情He was in the secret from the beginning. ★status n. 地位= social position s-t-a-t-u-ss-t-a-t-u-e: 雕像，塑像 ★corporation n. 公司★shower n. 淋浴★dustman n. 清洁工 三、【课文精析】 people who do manual work => blue-collar workers people who work in offices / do mental work => white-collar workers far more moneyfar--副词，用来强调语气==much refer to … as ==regard … as 把…看作为I always refer to him as bookworm (书呆子). for the simple reason => for 引导的原因状语从句for the reason that 比because正式，因此多用于正式文体 human nature 人性化 such…that…that 引导同位语从句，进一步补充说明such的基本内涵His kindness was such that we will never forget him.=> Such was his kindness…Such is human nature that we want to get a lot of things free.Such用在句首，要倒装 Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.介词for表示一种目的 be willing to do sth. == be ready to do sth.  心甘情愿做… give rise to , lead to, cause:引起，惹起 =result inSuch conduct might give rise to misunderstandings.The bad conditions have given rise to a lot of crimes. in the case of: 至于，就……而言Eg: Stealing is no shame in the case of him.in case of: (连) 万一，以防Eg: You should ensure your house in case of fire. Who引导定语从句 Too embarrassed to say:太尴尬而没有说明be ashamed of  get marriedmarry v. 如果强调动作：He married the girl…         如果表示状态：get married, be married         如果表明和某人已经结婚多长时间了：be married to sb.The old man has been married to his wife 50 years. Too…to…, 太…而不能 simply adv. 用来修饰限定动词told dressed in a smart black suit-----形容词短语表示一种状态Eg: He got to work dressed in a beautiful coat.He left home wearing a smart black suit. Changed into: 换上 Before returning home==Before he returned home在before 引导的时间状语从句中，return 的逻辑主语和主句的主语he是保持一致的，所以这个时间状语是由介词before和动名词搭配而成，相当于before 引导的时间状语从句。如果运用动名词形式，动名词的逻辑主语必须是主句的主语。After getting home, he had a good rest.Before having dinner, he finished all his homework. She never will = she will never discover the secret在省略句式中， never要放在助动词之前。‘Will you go to see her?’ ‘ I will never go to see her.’ / ‘No, I never will.’ half  as much as (he used to): 是 … 的一半half (a quarter, twice, three times ) as …as…表示倍数I won’t marry a man who is twice as old as me.We got three times as many people as we exected.This room is about three times as large as that one. …as (形容词或副词原形)as… 是 …几倍比 …多几倍：…times (形容词或副词比较级)This road is four times longer than that one. => This road is five times as long as that one. is well worth the loss of money What he obtained is well worth the loss of timeWell 副词用来加强语气，修饰形容词worth Lesson 5　　　The facts 确切数字
一、【Text】课文Editors of newspapers and magazines often go to extremes to provide their readers with unimportant facts and statistics. Last year a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president's palace in a new African republic. When the article arrived, the editor read the first sentence and then refused to publish it. The article began: 'Hundreds of steps lead to the high wall which surrounds the president's palace.' The editor at once sent the journalist a telegram instructing him to find out the exact number of steps and the height of the wall. The journalist immediately set out to obtain these important facts, but he took a long time to send them. Meanwhile, the editor was getting impatient, for the magazine would soon go to press. He sent the journalist two more faxes, but received no reply. He sent yet another fax informing the journalist that if he did not reply soon he would be fired. When the journalist again failed to reply, the editor reluctantly published the article as it had originally been written. A week later, the editor at last received a telegram from the journalist. Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well. However, he had at last been allowed to send a fax in which he informed the editor that he had been arrested while counting the 1,084 steps leading to the fifteen-foot wall which surrounded the president's palace. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆editor n. 编辑◆extreme      n. 极端◆statistics     n. 统计数字◆journalist    n. 新闻记者◆president    n. 总统◆palace        n.王宫；宏伟的住宅◆publish       v. 出版◆fax     n. 传真◆impatient    adj. 不耐烦的◆fire     v. 解雇◆originally   adv. 起初，原先，从前 ★editor n. 编辑edit vt. 编辑edition n.编辑editorial adj. 编辑的，主编的；n. 社论，评论 ★extreme n. 极端go to extreme(s) to do 走极端Eg: He went to extreme to say that the play was the best one.He went to extremes to say that his girlfriend was the most beautiful in the world.go from one extreme to the other ★statistics n. 统计数字 ★journalist n. 新闻记者journalist (杂志) 新闻记者reproter   (电视台) 记者correspondent (电台)记者，通讯员 ★president n. 总统★palace n.王宫；宏伟的住宅★publish v. 出版Eg: They have already published the magazine.= print vt.Eg: the book has already been published.The book has gone to press. ★fax n. 传真sent a fax ★impatient adj. 不耐烦的patient adj. 有耐心的patiently adv. 有耐心地impatient adj. 不耐烦的impatiently adv. 不耐烦地patience n.impatience ★fire v. 解雇He was fired from his job.dismass (正式)The manager disissed him from his company.sack(俚语) vt. 解雇，辞退 Eg: If you do it wrong again you will be sacked. ★originally adv. 起初，原先，从前original adj.  三、【课文精析】 go to extremes 走极端 provide = supply 给…，提供（通常与介词搭配连用）provede sb. With sth. / provide sth. for sb.He provided them with a bed for the night.He provided a bed for them for the night. instruct sb. to do sth ==tell sb. formally to do sth. 正式告诉某人做某事‘…a journalist had been instructed by a well-known magazine to write an article on the president's palace in a new African republic.’主动语态：A well-known magazine instructed a journalist to write an article on the president's palace in a new African republic.’  The teacher instructed him to take the examination. on ==about 侧重强调课题专一A book on radio When the article arrived = When the editor received the article refuse to publish itrefuse:    vt. 拒绝（态度严厉）decline:   vt.  婉言谢绝repudiate: vt.  断然拒绝which 指代the high wall instructing—现在分词进一步补充说明fax的情况 set out to do sth.==decide and try to do 决定，打算，着手做=set about doingEg: He set out to make his first 1,000,000 in 5 years  take sb. a long time to do sth. 某事花了某人很久的时间It took me five days to write the article. two more faxes = another two faxes fail to  reluctantly = unwillingly 勉勉强强地，不情愿地 as it had originally been written = in its original way 倒装简述：not only 位于句首，必须采用倒装形式The poor man had not only been arrested, but had been sent to prison as well.1．否定副词位于句首，要倒装。    Never have I read such stories. 我从来没有读过这样的小说。   Nowhere can he find the book he wants. 无论在哪儿他都找不到他想要的那本书。   Hardly did I think it possible. 我并不认为这是可能的。常用的否定副词：never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, nowhere, no sooner 2．含有only的状语位于句首，句子要倒装   Only then did he realize that he had made a mistake.只有到那个时候，他才认识到自己犯了个错误。   Only when a great deal more information has been obtained will it be possible to plan a trip.只有获得比较多的信息之后，才有可能计划去旅行。 3．还有not的副词短语位于句首，要倒装。   not for a moment, not in the least , not for an instant, not until   Not in the least is he interested in Englsh literature. 他对英国文学一点都不感兴趣。   Not for an instant did i believe he had lied. 4．含有no的短语位于句首，句子要倒装。   at no time, in no way, in no sence, by no means, in no case, on no account, on no condition , under no circumstances.‘绝不’    Under no circumstances can we accpet the check.无论如何我们不能接受这笔钱。    On no account must you leave the baby in the house.你无论如何也不能把婴儿留在房间里。 5．so,suh位于句首，句子也要倒装。 He had at last been allowed = he had at last been permitted= he had asked for permission be allowed to do, be permitted to do, asked for permission to do sth. ：请求允许，被允许  in which ----which指代fax while和现在分词搭配，做时间状语，表示“正在做某事的过程中”，可以用while引导的时间状语从句去替换。  while he was counting… leading to 现在分词，通向the steps leading to the president’s palacethe road leading to the forest fifteen-foot ----做前置定语，这里的名词必须是单数形式 which指代wall (避免和前面的句式结构相同) Lesson 6  Smash-and grab 砸橱窗抢劫一、【Text】课文The expensive shops in a famous arcade near Piccadilly were just opening. At this time of the morning, the arcade was almost empty. Mr Taylor, the owner of a jewellery shop was admiring a new window display. Two of his assistants had been working busily since 8 o'clock and had only just finished. Diamond necklaces and rings had been beautifully arranged on a background of black velvet. After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr Taylor went back into his shop.The silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade. It came to a stop outside the jeweler's. One man stayed at the wheel while two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out and smashed the window of the shop with iron bars. While this was going on, Mr Taylor was upstairs. He and his staff began throwing furniture out of the window. Chairs and tables went flying into the arcade. One of the thieves was struck by a heavy statue, but he was too busy helping himself to diamonds to notice any pain. The raid was all over in three minutes, for the men scrambled back into the car and it moved off at a fantastic speed. Just as it was leaving, Mr Taylor rushed out and ran after it throwing ashtrays and vases, but it was impossible to stop the thieves. They had got away with thousands of pounds worth of diamonds. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆smash-and-grab n. 砸橱窗抢劫◆arcade        n. 有拱廊的街道（两旁常设商店）◆Piccadilly   n. 皮卡迪利大街◆jewellery    n. 珠宝（总称）◆necklace      n. 项链◆ring    n. 戒指◆background       n. 背景◆velet   n. 天鹅绒，丝绒◆headlight    n. （汽车等）前灯◆blare   v. 发嘟嘟声，吼叫◆staff    n. 全体工作人员◆raid    n. 偷袭◆scramble    v. 爬行◆fantastic     adj. 非常大的◆ashtray       n. 烟灰缸 ★smash-and-grab n. 砸橱窗抢劫smash vt. break sth. into pieces violently       vi.  The dishes smashed on the floor.smash into: 撞击到某处Eg: The bus smashed into a big tree.grab: seize suddenlycatch: get hold of sth. / sbb. moving snatch: catch sth. / sb. suddenly and violentlyseize: 强调抓住、抓到的结果 Fear seized her.grasp: 强调掌握hold： 强调抓牢、抓紧 He is holding an umbrella. ★arcade n. 有拱廊的街道（两旁常设商店） ★Piccadilly n. 皮卡迪利大街★jewellery n. 珠宝（总称）★necklace n. 项链★ring n. 戒指★background n. 背景on the background of sth. 以什么为背景background informationa man of excellent background★velet n. 天鹅绒，丝绒★headlight n. （汽车等）前灯★blare v. 发嘟嘟声，吼叫★staff n. 全体工作人员★raid n. 偷袭★scramble v. 爬行scramble vi. creep quicklyclimb vt. 爬上mount: 登上 ★★★fantastic adj. 非常大的fantastic: very great / large        a fantastics of money           strange          wonderful ★ashtray n. 烟灰缸  三、【课文精析】in a famous arcade near Piccadilly介词短语修饰shopsEg: The shoe shop in myneighbourhood was just opening. Eg: Beijing, our capital, is eveloping enormously (at fantastic speed ). Key sentence:         ‘After gazing at the display for several minutes, Mr Taylor went back into his shop.’运用ing形式结构，其逻辑主语要和主句的主语保持一致 本课的重点句式：with 的复合结构如果宾语和宾语补足语在逻辑上有主谓关系，应该采用动词的ing形式：如果是动宾关系，应该采用过去分词形式作宾补如果表达某事将要展开发生，要用动词不定式toShe sat staring into the distance with tears streaming down her cheeks.She stood ther with her hands resting on her hips.He ran into the room with his face covered with tears.With his homework finished, he felt happy.He used to sleep with all the windows open.He went out with his hat on.With the meeting over, we went home.He came in with a knife in his hand.Two others with black stockings over their faces jumped out.With a lot of work to do, he can’t go to the cinama.总结：with 用于句首或句尾，常表示状语、行为方式、原因、伴随状况等；如果跟在名词之后，是用来修饰限定该名词a thief with atocking over his facea teacher with a book under his arma room with the windows open come to 后面常接名词，表示达到come to a stop, come to an end, come to a decision, come to an agreement, come to an understanding, come to success, come to fame停车 stop, draw up, pull up at the barbar’s, at the butcher’s, at the baker’s, at the greengrocer’s. at the grocer’s, at the stationer’s, at the tobacconist’s, at the chemist’s help oneself to:自便help yourselt to dishMy roommate helped herself to my clothes without asking me. at a fantastic speed / at a tremendous speed / at a high(full) speed / with great speed hundreds of thousands of dollars worth of jewel数十万美元的珠宝 Word building 前缀构词法如何运用常见的前缀dis-agreeable  disagreeable  content  discontentgraceful dis graceful honest dis honestsatisfactory  dissatisfactorydis还可以加在名词前agreement disagreementhonesty dishonestyability disabilitygrace  disgracecomfort discomfortdis可以加在动词前agree dis agreeappear  disappearbelieve  disbelievedis-还可表示除去、解除， 在名词前加dis-得到动词形式courage  discourageroot  disrootmask dismaskburden  disburden il-加在以l开头的形容词之前legal  illegal    logical illbogicalliterate  illiterate im-加在以b,m,p开头的形容词之前possible   impossiblemortal   immotalmoral  immoralbalanced imbalanced ir-加在以r开头的形容词之前regular  irregular   rational irrationalresistible  irresistible in-主要用于其他字母开头的词之前human inhuman   correct  incorrectjustice injustice  sinca\ere  insincereun-只能手于形容词和动词之前不happy  unhappy  friendly  unfriendlylucky  unlucky无conditional  unconditional  limited  unlited非official  unofficial   just  unjust未，主要用于过去分词之前undecided   unfinished  unexpected  unhurt用于动词之前表示做相反的动作lock  unlock  tie  untiecover  uncover   pack  unpackdress undress  load  unload Lesson 7 Mutilated ladies 残钞鉴别组一、【Text】课文Has it ever happened to you? Have you ever put your trousers in the washing machine and then remembered there was a large bank note in your back pocket? When you rescued your trousers, did you find the note was whiter than white? People who live in Britain needn’t despair when they make mistakes like this (and a lot of peole do)! Fortunately for them, the Bank of England has a team called Mutilated Ladies which deals with claims from people who fed their money to a machine or to their dog. Dogs, it seems, love to chew up money!A recent case concerns Jane Butlin whose fiancé, John, runs a successful furniture business. John had a very good day and put his wallet containing ￡3,000 into the microwave oven for safekeeping. Then he and Jane went horse-riding. When they got home, Jane cooked their dinner in the microwave oven and without realizing it, cooked her fiancé’s wallet as well. Imagine their dismay when they found a beautufully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash! John went to see his bank magnager who sent the remains of wallet and the money to the secial department of the Band of England in Newcastle: the Mutilated Ladies! They examined the remains and John got all his money back. ‘So long as there’s something to identify, we will give people their money back,’ said a spokeswoman for the Band. ‘Last year, we paid ￡1.5m on 21,000 claims.’ 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆mutilate     v. 使残缺不全◆chew   v. 咀嚼◆fiancé        n.未婚夫◆microwave        n. 微波，微波炉◆oven   n. 炉灶◆safekeeping       n. 妥善保管◆Newcastle   n. 纽卡斯尔（英国港市）◆identify      v. 鉴别，识别◆spokeswoman    n. 女发言人 ★mutilate v. 使残缺不全vt. 经常用于被动语态1，毁伤，残害。   He was mutilated in the accdient, and now has only one leg.   a multlated note2, 把…搞砸了   You've already mutilated the novel by making such changes. ★chew v. 咀嚼A lot of people love chewing gums.Don’t bite off more than one can chew.不要自不量力chew the fat: 聊天chewed up： （俚） 着急的，担心的  Don't get chewed up / about your examination. ★fiancé n.未婚夫★microwave n. 微波，微波炉micro-  =  tiny, very very smallmicroswitch, microfilm, microscope, microsecond, microphone, microbiology反义前缀：macro- = great. large ★oven n. 炉灶★safekeeping n. 妥善保管keep sth. safePlease keep your ID card safedo evil:干坏事evil doingmake trouble => trouble making ★Newcastle n. 纽卡斯尔（英国港市）★identify v. 鉴别，识别identify of sb. or sth.He can’t identify the person.identity: n.So far thearcheologists have been unable to discover her identity.identification n.命名，确认 ★spokeswoman n. 女发言人  三、【课文精析】 whiter than white====damaged, mutilated.损坏，残缺不全 Fortunately for them    luckly / happily for them 固定搭配 team 组织 make a claim 提出索赔 feed sth. to  concern: 涉及到——is about run a factory, run a company  I have a very good day.  I have a good time.go horse-riding, go fishing, go hunting, go shopping beautifully-cooked wallet: 用一种讽刺的口吻 turned to   turned into  become who ----band manager so long as: on condition that 表假设，只要 pay for:为…付款We paid 80 dollars for the dictionary.on 强调对21000起索赔要求 pay off 还清，偿还The couple have already paid their debts off. pay back 1, 把钱归还回去  pay money back2, 报仇，报复    pay somebody back Lesson 8 A famous monastery 著名的修道院一、【Text】课文 The Great St Bernard Pass connects Switzerland to Italy. At 247o metres, it is the highest mountain pass in Europe. The famous monastery of St Bernard, which was founded in the eleventh century, lies about a mile away. For hundreds of years, St Bernard dogs have saved the lives of travellers crossing the dangerous Pass. These friendly dogs, which were first brought from Asia, were used as watch-dogs even in Roman times. Now that a tunnel has been built through the mountains, the Pass is less dangerous, but each year, the dogs are still sent out into the snow whenever a traveller is in difficulty. Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the Pass on footDuring the summer months, the monastery is very busy,for it is visited by thousands of people who cross the Pass in cars, As there are so many people about, the dogs have to be kept in a special enclosure. In winter, however, life at the monastery is quite different. The temperature drops to –30○　and very few people attempt to cross the Pass. The monks Prefer winter to summer for they have more privacy. The dogs have greater freedom, too,for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosure. The only regular visitors to the monastery in winter are parties of skiers who go there at Christmas and Easter. These young people, who love the peace of the mountains, always receive a warm welcome at St. Bernard's monastery. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆monastery n. 寺院，修道院◆St. Bernard  圣伯纳德◆pass n. 关隘◆watchdog n. 看门狗◆rashly adj. 莽撞地，冒失地◆enclosure n. 围场，圈地◆monk n. 和尚，僧侣◆privacy n. 清静，隐居◆skier n. 滑雪者◆Easter n. 复活节 ★monastery n. 寺院，修道院abbot:修道院院长convent  nun:修女abbess:女修道院院长 ★St. Bernard  圣伯纳德★pass n. 关隘★watchdog n. 看门狗★rashly adj. 莽撞地，冒失地boldly adv.  ★enclosure n. 围场，圈地 ★monk n. 和尚，僧侣★privacy n. 清静，隐居 ★skier n. 滑雪者★Easter n. 复活节at Easter, at Christmas, at Thanksgiving 三、【课文精析】 connects / Join Switzerland to Italy / link Switzerland with Italyconnect … with:把…与某事联系在一起I can’t connect the picture with my friend Mary.Are you connected with the government?be connected with 与…有联系at 2,473 metres:介词短语修饰全句用于句首表示原因、条件或状态At the age of 25, he is able.At one point 65 metres, he is a little short. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句最大的区别非限制性定语从句是对主句或主句中所出现的某个名词的补充说明和解释，去掉对主句影响不大限制性定语从句是主句当中不可缺少的一部分Mr Smith was a famous person in American history.Mr Smith, who died on July 17th at 84, was a famous person in American history.There were very few passengers, who escaped without serious injury.There were very few passengers who escaped without serious injury.The taxi drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road.The taxi drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road, and others who didn’t know about the traffic jam still took this heavy road.who引导的非限制性定语从句主要指人做主语指代事物在非限制性定语从句当中只能使用which He lent me a thousand dollars, which was exactly the sum I needed.指代时间when, 地点whereHe was left on the desert island, where he stayed for as long as therr weeks.found建立  set up establish live----liveswhich指代friend dogsThe panda, which was brought from China, was used as a symbol of friendship. Now that：既然  用做时间连接词时，后面通常跟完成式Now that you have left university, you have to find a job.用做原因连接词时，后面时态不限。Now that you won't help me, I must do the job myself.Now that you are grown-up, you must stop the children behave. whenever, whoever, whatever wherever, whichever , however no matter when / who / what / where / which / howYou can telephone me whenever you like.Whichever day you come, we’ll be pleased to see you. Whenever you go, I’ll follow you.However busy you are, you nust spare some time to study English. Despite介词——in spite of rashly 莽撞的  attempt to do sth. -----try to do sth.there + beThere are still a few students studying English in the classroom. in cars ---by carabout 到处，周围Don’t litter waste paper about.look about, go about, run about, wander about keep： 使某人或某物处于某种状态，经常和介词短语、形容词、分词（现在分词和过去分词）搭配连用，表示一种状态keep him out, keep him inDo keep the cat in the room.表示逻辑的主谓关系——现在分词 I’m sorry to keep you wating.表示逻辑的动宾关系——过去分词 The lamb was kept tight to a tree. quite the opposite 恰恰相反 prefer sth. to sth. Lesson 9   Flying cats 飞猫
一、【Text】课文Cats never fail to fascinate human beings. They can be friendly and affectionate towards humans, but they lead mysterious lives of their own as well. they never become submissive like dogs and horses. As a result, humans have learned to respect feline independence. Most cats remain suspicious of humans all their lives. One of the things that fascinaes us most about cats is the popular belief that they have nine lives. Apparently, there is a good deal of truth in this idea. A cat’s ability to survive falls is based on fact.    Recently the New York Animal medical Centre made a study of 132 cots over a period of five months. All these cats had one experience in common: they had fallen off high buildings, yet only eight of them died from shock or injuries. Of course, New York is the ideal place for such an interesting study, because there is no shortage of tall buildings. There are plenty of high-rise windowsills to fall, from! One cat ,Sabrina, fell 32 storeys, yet only suffered from a broken tooth. ‘Cats behave like well-trained paratroopers,’ a doctor said. It seems that the further cats fall, the less they are likely to injure themselves. In a long drop, they reach speeds of 60 miles an hour and more. At high speeds, falling cats have time to relax. They stretch out their legs like flying squirrels. This increases their air-resistance and reduces the shock of impact when they hid the ground.   二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆fascinate     v. 迷住，吸引住◆affectionate       adj. 充满情深的，柔情的◆mysterious adj. 神秘的，难以理解的◆submissive adj. 服从的，顺从的◆feline adj. 猫的◆independence     n. 独立，独立性◆high-rise    adj. 高层的◆windowsill        n.窗槛◆paratrooper        n. 伞兵◆squirrel      n. 松鼠◆air-resistance     n. 空气阻力◆impact       n. 冲击力 ★fascinate v. 迷住，吸引住vt. 主系表结构：be fascinated with被…迷住了，被…吸引住了He is fascinated with chess.Are you fascinated with English. like, love, be fond ofThe boy is fond of football. be crazy about:着迷be mad aboutHe is crazy / mad about music.He is fascinated with music. fascination n.fascinating adj.Sweet music is fascinating. ★affectionate adj. 充满情深的，柔情的Cats are affectionate animals.affectionately adv.The lady is looking that man affectionately.affection n.  ★mysterious adj. 神秘的，难以理解的a mysterious plana mysterious explanationmystery n. 迷团，神秘感His death is a mystery. ★submissive adj. 服从的，顺从的obedient Are you obedient?Dogs and horses are submissive, but Cats are never submissive to us.be submissive to sb. submit v.Submit oneself to sb. / sth. 屈服于，顺从于submission n. ★feline adj. 猫的★independence n. 独立，独立性independent adj.You have already grown up, you must be independent. depend 依靠You must depend on yourself. depend, dependenceindependence, independent ★high-rise adj. 高层的★windowsill n.窗槛★paratrooper n. 伞兵★squirrel n. 松鼠★air-resistance n. 空气阻力★impact n. 冲击力  三、【课文精析】 nver fail to do 双重否定＝＝肯定If you aks for help in the polite way, you never fail to succeed.If you receive requests like this, you'll never fail to accept.常用的双重否定结构（加强语气）1． never fail to, can't fail to, don't fail to , 否定词+fail to（语气较强烈）2． 否定的形容词之前加以否定  unreasonable-> not unreasonableEg: What he said is not unreasonable.It is quite common (not uncommon ) for us to make mistakes.3． not + without Eg: You can't obtain english without working hard.    He doesn’t have any meal without meat.4.no+not Eg: There is no cat that doesn't like fish. There is nothing that he can't do. There is no rule that has no exception.as wellas a resulthave learned to:学会了，习惯了People have learned to expect that trains are punctual.Children have learned to expect that their parents are very able. be suspicious of sb. 对什么表示怀疑，存有戒心 One of the things that fascinaes us： that 引导定语从句that 引导同位语从句One of the things that fascinaes us most about planes is the popular fact that they are safe and fast. truth,不可数名词，a good deal of apparently 显然，显而易见It seems that... Key sentence:        A cat’s ability to survive falls is based on fact.survive v.  fall v.&n.be based on:基于事实基础之上base sth. on: 把某事加强在什么基础之上We base the theory on the factThe theory is based on fact. make a study of sth:对什么作出研究 in common = the same fall off 坠落， 掉落 die from:死于死于疾病：die of illness / disease / hunger / thirst,自然的死亡用of死于非自然原因：die from shock / injures / wound, 用from there is no shortageshortage:缺乏 = lack, 与of搭配，shortage / fack ofshortage of money led to the failure of the experiments. suffer from: 遭受什么痛苦A lot of people in the world are suffering from terrible disease. behave like = act like well-trained: 训练很好的，well-decorated:装饰漂亮的the further cats fall, the less典型的the more...the more...句型，用定冠词the 修饰形容词或副词的比较级The harder you study English, the better you an learn it.The more you eat, the fatter you will be. be likely to do:有可能如何，强调可能性In cold winter, We are likely to catch a cold. and more 甚至更多 stretch out 充分伸展 Lesson 10    The loss of the Titanic“泰坦尼克“号的沉没一、【Text】课文The great ship, Titanic, sailed for New York from Southampton on April 10th, 1912. She was carrying 1316 passengers and a crew of 89l. Even by modern standards, the 46,000 ton Titanic was a colossal ship. At that time, however, she was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable, for she had sixteen watertight compartments. Even if two of these were flooded, she would still be able to float. The tragic sinking of this great liner will always be remembered, for she went down on her first voyage with heavy loss of life.Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a look-out. After the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision. The Titanic turned just in time, narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her. Suddenly, there was a slight trembling sound from below, and the captain went down to see what had happened. The noise had been so faint that no one thought that the ship had been damaged. Below, the captain realized to his horror that the Titanic was sinking rapidly, for five of her sixteen watertight compartments had already been flooded! The order to abandon ship was given and hundreds of people plunged into the icy water. As there were not enough life-boats for everybody, 1500 lives were lost. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆Southampton     n. 南安普敦（英国港市）◆colossal      adj. 庞大的◆watertight   adj. 不漏水的◆compartment     n. （轮船的）密封舱◆flood v. 充满水◆float   v. 漂浮， 飘浮◆tragic adj. 悲惨的◆liner   n. 班船◆voyage       n. 航行◆iceberg       n. 冰山◆lookout      n. 瞭望员◆collision     n. 碰撞◆narrowly    adv. 刚刚，勉强地◆miss    v. 避开◆slight adj. 轻微的◆tremble      v. 震颤◆faint   adj. 微弱的◆horror        n. 恐惧◆abandon     v. 抛弃◆plunge       v. 投入，跳入◆lifeboat      n. 救生船 ★Southampton n. 南安普敦（英国港市）★colossal adj. 庞大的big, large, huge, great, vast, immense, enormous, giant, gigantic, tremendous, titaniccolossal: large in sizeA ship Titanic was colossal.a colossal monument; a colossal statuebig:大的，重要的You give me a big surprise.He is a big person.The box is big.large:体积大，数量大an empty large boxa large number of peoplegreat: 伟大vast:辽阔，广阔  vast desertimmense: immeasurable 不可测量的 an immense stadium, immense icebergenormous 重点突出数量、程度、体积；强调程度时，语意强于bigEg: He made a big success. / He made an enoumous success.giant: 巨大的，高大的a giant person 巨人 ； gigantictremendous: big, fast, powerfulThe plane is traveling at tremendous speed.titanic 用于修饰人和物，体积大、力量大The ship is titanic.huge:强调体积大 a huge stone 数量巨大 a huge sum of money ★watertight adj. 不漏水的a watertight shipwatertight 引申为无懈可击的，毫无破绽的watertight arguments 无懈可击的论点watertight excuse 毫无破绽的借口waterproof 防水的；waterproof watch 防水手表waterproof coat 防水雨衣 ★compartment n. （轮船的）密封舱★flood v. 充满水vt. & n. vt. be filled with water; the ship is flooded.   The room was flooded with moonlight.Our classroom was flooded with sunshine.n. 洪水， in flood 河水泛滥； 引申表示连续不断的During the rains, the river is in flood.in a flood of words 滔滔不绝的She blamed her husband in a flood of words on seeing him. ★float v. 漂浮， 飘浮drift  ★tragic adj. 悲惨的unfoutunate; a tragic accidentmiserable 苦难的  bitter 痛苦的tragedy n. 悲剧， 惨剧 in tragedy 以悲剧形式The holiday ended in tragedy.comedy 喜剧 comic 喜剧的，滑稽的 comical 古怪的，可笑的 ★liner n. 班船★voyage n. 航行voyage 海上航行flight 飞行journey 长途行程navigation 航海，航海术The voyage is more than the old lady can bear. ★iceberg n. 冰山★lookout n. 瞭望员★collision n. 碰撞collide vi 碰撞，抚触The plane collided with the mountaincrash v. 坠毁It is said that there is an airplane that crashed in the mountains.conflict vi. 和某事（某人）相抵触My idea conflicts with yours.clash vi. 相冲突Eg: His wedding clashed with my examination, so I couldn’t go. ★narrowly adv. 刚刚，勉强地★miss v. 避开★slight adj. 轻微的★tremble v. 震颤tremble v. 有规律的、小幅度的抖动Look, your hands are trembling, what’s wrong with you?shiver v. 强调由于寒冷、惧怕而一连串地抖动I found he’s shivering in a cold.shudder vi. 强调全身的颤栗The boy is shuddering, why? Because he was frightened. ★faint adj. 微弱的faint: weakfaint sound / weak sound; weak voice / faint voicefaint: unconscious 失去知觉He has been faint for a long time.slight 轻微的，微不足道的a slight headache; a slight book ★horror n. 恐惧★abandon v. 抛弃abandon 因为某事而被迫放弃自己喜爱的事物He abandoned his research because of the war.desert 背弃，遗弃desert the army; desert the duty; desert his family ★plunge v. 投入，跳入plunge: jump or rush suddenly and wildlyHe got so angry that he plunge into the water.When the ship Titanic sank in the ocean, a large number of people plunged into…jump:侧重强调快速地跳The boy is jumping up and down.leap: 跳跃 He leapt out of the sleeping bad.dive 跳水、潜水 ★lifeboat n. 救生船  三、【课文精析】 The great ship, Titanic, sailed for …背景介绍 sail for 航海去往某处set out (off) for 出发去往某处leave for, head for, make forEg: He will set out for the Atlantic.The plane is making for the airport.We are heading for Canada. Even by… by : according to 表示依据modern standards 现代的标准by regulation 依据规则 ; by ruies 依据条例by our estimate 根据我们的估计by one’s looks / by one’s appearance 根据某人的长相according to 依据 （事实、课文等客观存在的现实）according to the fact 依据事实according to the text 依据这篇课文 according to / in accordance within accordance with 更加正式in accordance with law 依据法律in accordance with rules at that time 在当时 not only… but (also )… 不仅…而且be regarded as: be considered to be, be thought of as 把…看作为口语中： regard sb. / sth. as + (n. / pron. / adj. / doing / done)Eg: I regarded his idea as totally unacceptable.We can’t regard the matter as settled. for 表示原因 be able to 强调有能力 be remembered 被永远记住 go down: sink on her first voyage 处女航， 首航 with heavy loss of life 损失惨重，造成大批人员的死亡 four days after setting out… : four days after setting off……spotted…: suddenly discovered by a look out icy waters 水域，海域 to avoid…不定式表目的 just in time 很及时missing 现在分词做状语，表示对主句的补充说明narrowly 勉强地 which 指代the immense wall of icefrom below 从下方  from above 从上方 … so faint that no one thought that…so… that… to one’s horror 使某人感到惊讶 Key sentence:        five of her sixteen watertight compartments had been filled with water. The  order was given 命令被下达to abandon ship 弃船，不定式做定语As (because ) there were not enough lifeboats… 1,500 lives died. the order was given. 命令被下达to abandon ship 弃船 不定式做做定语 ability 能力the ability to do sth.order sb. to do sth.be capable of doing sth.  强调有做某事的能力capability of doing sth. 做某事的能力 Lesson 11 Not guilty 无罪一、【Text】课文Customs Officers are quite tolerant these days, but they can still stop you when you are going through the Green Channel and have nothing to declae. Even really honest people are often made to feel guilty. The hardened professional smuggler, on the other hand, is never troubled by such feelings, even if he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase. When I returned from abroad recently, a particularly officious young Customs Officer clearly regarded me as a smuggler.'Have you anything to declare?' he asked, looking me in the eye.'No,' I answered confidently.'Would you mind unlocking this suitcase please ?''Not at all,' I answered.The Officer went through the case with great care. All the things I had packed so carefully were soon in a dreadful mess. I felt sure I would never be able to close the case again. Suddenly, I saw the Officer's face light up. He had spotted a tiny bottle at the bottom of my case and he pounced on it with delight.'Perfume, eh?' he asked sarcastically. 'You should have declared that. ' Perfume is not exempt from import duty.''But it isn't perfume,' I said.' It's hair-oil.' Then I added with a smile,' It's a strange mixture I make myself.'As I expected, he did not believe me.'Try it!' I said encouragingly.The Officer unscrewed the cap and put the bottle to his nostrils. He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth. A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk-marks on my baggage.   二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆guilty adj. 犯罪的，违法的◆tolerant      adj. 宽容的◆declare       v. 申报◆hardened    adj. 有经验的◆professional       adj. 职业的，专业的◆smuggler    n. 走私者◆officious    adj. 爱管闲事的◆confidently        adj. 自信地◆dreadful     adj. 可怕的，一团糟的◆pounce       v. 猛抓， 扑住◆perfume     n. 香水◆sarcastically       adv. 讽刺地◆exempt       adj. 被免除的◆duty    n. 税◆gel      n. 凝胶◆mixture      n. 混合物◆unscrew     v. 拧开◆nostril        n. 鼻孔◆chalk n. 粉笔◆baggage     n. 行李 ★guilty adj. 犯罪的，违法的He felt guilty when he did what he shouldn’t have done.He said that with a guilty smile.guilt n.guiltily a.反义词： innocent, innocence n. ★tolerant adj. 宽容的a tolerant person must be easy going.tolerantly ad.tolerance n.tolerate vt.tolerable adj. 可以忍受的，说得过去的 ★declare v. 申报★hardened adj. 有经验的（侧重于老练的）a hardened playera hardened thief experienced (侧重于有经验的)an experienced teacher ★professional adj. 职业的，专业的a professional player  选手 ★smuggler n. 走私者★officious adj. 爱管闲事的a lot of old ladies are officious.officiously adv.officiousness n.officious civil servant 好管闲事的公务员an officious police officerofficial 官方的，官员的，正式的An official inquiry will be made into this matter. 对此事将进行一次官方调查 ★confidently adj. 自信地He went to do the work confidently.= with confidence 充满信心的 confident adj.confidence n.  have confidence 有信心  gain confidence 获得信心  in confidence 悄悄的，秘密的 = secretly  take sb. into one’s confidence 以某人为心腹Eg: The boss take his secretary into his confidence. ★dreadful adj. 可怕的，一团糟的= frightful （表示胆怯的，恐惧的）dreadful (侧重于可怕的，乱七八糟的) ★pounce v. 猛抓， 扑住★perfume n. 香水fragrance:（抽象名词） 芬芳，芳香 ★sarcastically adv. 讽刺地★exempt adj. 被免除的★duty n. 税Customs Duty:关税Stamp duty 印花税duty free 免税的 同义词 tax  income tax 所得税 ★gel n. 凝胶★mixture n. 混合物mix v.   mix sth. with ★unscrew v. 拧开★nostril n. 鼻孔★chalk n. 粉笔★baggage n. 行李同义词 luggage  三、【课文精析】 quite tolerant 我们在运用形容词、动词时，往往需要用副词来强调。表示“真正的” really a really officious person强调“特别，尤其是” particularly强调“绝对的” absolutely强调“完全的，彻底的” completely, entirely, fully, thoroughlyfairly----强调“一般般”very ----语气程度强烈“非常”rather----语意程度接近fairly, 注意修饰形容词和副词，特别是形容词同时修饰名词时，不定冠词的位置。A fairly good book.A rather good book / Rather a good bookrather too quite---- ~ right / wrong / mistaken / sure 绝对不能用very替代。Even really honest people…a particularly officious young Customs Officer…the Green Channel = the Custom Office are made to feel guiltymadk, have, let 及感官性动词see, hear, notice, feel 用于主动语态，符合宾语不定式的to符号应该省略。但这种结构改成被动式时，不定式符号必须还原。We heard someone come up the stairs.Someone was heard to come up the stairs. (On the one hand…, ) on the other hand  On the one hand we could stay and help you, but on the other hand it might be better if you went to help him instead. hidden in his suitcase过去分词短语作定语，修饰watches.even if / though he has five hundred gold watches hidden in his suitcase. looking me in the eye: 两眼直盯盯的注视着我look sb. in the face, stare sb. in the eye = look directly at sb.Not one of the men dared look him in the eye. The Officer went through the case with great care. = The Officer examined the case carefully.with great care----强调相当的仔细 in a mess:乱作一团介词in 和名词搭配，表示一种状态  秩序井然： in good order  身体健康： in good health  心情好：   in a good mood  脾气好：   in a good temper light up:喜气洋洋，容光焕发Eg: Masha's face lit up when she saw her old friend.    His face lighted up at the small triumph.    Tom really lighted up when he saw the new biccycle.light有两种过去分词，过去式形式：lit, lighted但是如果运用过去分词作定语，表示被点燃的。要用lighted 一只被点燃的雪茄：a lighted cigar点燃的火炬：      a lighted stick. 介词短语－－with delight “欣喜若狂的”with和抽象名词搭配，表示内心充满了一种感情自信地：  with confidence细心地：  with care骄傲的：  with pride欣喜若狂的：with delight惊讶的：    with surprisepounce on:向…猛扑过去，对…大做文章Eg: The policeman pounced on the thief.Don't pounce on my mistake. should have 和过去分词搭配，表示本应该做某事却没有做，具有谴责性的味道。  You should have arrived here five minutes earlier.  You should have told me about it.本不应该做某事：shouldn’t have done exempt:免除的，被免除的  be ~ fromDrinks are not exempt from import duty. as----关系代词， 引导非限制性定语从句。他所指代的内容就是主句的整个句子的含义。  As we know, the earth is round. (众所周知)  As Brian pointed out, …（正如…所指出的）  正如我很快得知的：as sb. mentioned 关系代词as 和which的区别：  as 所引导 的非限制性定语从句，可用在主句之前  which 引导的非限制性定语从句，只能用在主句之后。 副词形式：encouragingly  He was greeted by an unpleasant smell…   greet:问候，向…致意；觉察到, 呈现在…眼前，在…耳边I woke up and was greeted by a bird’s song.Inside the room adreadful mess greeted us.When he went into the kitchen, a smell greeted him. Lesson 12   Life on a desert island 荒岛生活一、【Text】课文Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island. We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines. Life there is simple and good. Ripe fruit falls from the trees and you never have to work. The other side of the picture is quite the opposite. Life on a desert island is wretched. You either starve to death or live like Robinson Crusoe, waiting for a boat which never comes. Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity to find out. Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer. They were taking a badly damaged boat from the Virgin Islands to Miami to have it repaired. During the journey, their boat began to sink. They quickly loaded a small rubber dinghy with food, matches, and tins of beer and rowed for a few miles across the Caribbean until they arrived at a tiny coral island. There were hardly any trees on the island and there was no water, but this did not prove to be a problem. The men collected rain-water in the rubber dinghy. As they had brought a spear gun with them, they had plenty to eat. They caught lobster and fish every day, and, as one of them put it 'ate like kings'. When a passing tanker rescued them five days later, both men were genuinely sorry that they had to leave. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆    desert island  荒岛◆    unrealistic adj. 不真实的◆    Paradise n. 天堂，乐土◆    wretched adj. 可怜的，艰苦的◆    Starve v. 挨饿◆    element n. 成分◆    opportunity n. 机会◆    coral n. 珊瑚◆    Virgin Islands 维尔京群岛 ◆    Miami n. 迈阿密 （美国最南的城市）◆    dinghy n. 救生筏，小船◆    Caribbean n. 加勒比海◆    spear gun 捕鱼枪◆    lobster n. 龙虾◆    tanker n. 油轮◆    genuinely adv. 由衷地◆    Robinson Crusoe  鲁滨逊?克鲁索 （小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》主人公） ★desert island  荒岛desert : 沙漠v. 背弃， 遗弃dessert:甜点 ★unrealistic adj. 不真实的★paradise n. 天堂，乐土a lot of people imagine the USA as their paradise.heaven: 天堂，天国，也指死亡 ★wretched adj. 可怜的，艰苦的miserablelead a wretched / miserable / terrible life ★starve v. 挨饿starve to death ★element n. 成分★opportunity n. 机会golden opportunity 绝佳的机会opportunity knocks only once 千载难逢的机会chance 表机会时可以与opportunity 互换，表可能性时则不可I had chance / opportunity of visiting Paris.There is a chance that I will see him.The chances are that he will be elected the president.The chances are that he will past his examination next week.+ of, to He had not opportunity to see her. ★oral n. 珊瑚★irgin Islands 维尔京群岛 ★Miami n. 迈阿密 （美国最南的城市）★dinghy n. 救生筏，小船★Caribbean n. 加勒比海★spear gun 捕鱼枪★lobster n. 龙虾★tanker n. 油轮★genuinely adv. 由衷地He is genuinely thankful to me.adj. genuinen. genuineness ★Robinson Crusoe  鲁滨逊?克鲁索 （小说《鲁滨逊漂流记》主人公） 三、【课文精析】 form an unrealistic picture of sth. 对...抱有不切实际的幻想 Key sentence:        A large number of people have formed an unrealistic picture of the job. imagine sth. to be / imagine sth. asSome people imagine flying to be more dangerous than traveling by train.A large number people imagin the USA as their paradise. quite the opposite: 恰恰相反 either…or…Either you or I am going to the party. 谓语动词和最接近的主语保持一致。Either coming or go out don’t stand on the doorway.要么进来，要么出去，不要站在门口。 An element of truth: a bit of truth Optimistic: 乐观的Pessimistic: 消极的，悲观的 Wish做谓语动词，其后的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气；虚拟语气的结构形式取决于所表达的实际情况：1.如果表达对现在的遗憾或与现在相反的情况，that从句中的动词要采用过去时，be 动词要用wereI wish you could drive a car. 2.如果表达对过去的遗憾或与过去相反的情况，that从句中的动词要采用过去完成时I wish I hadn’t spent so much money.I wish that you had written to him. 3. 如果表达与将来事实相反或将来不可能实现的心愿，that从句中要使用would, could等情态动词的过去时I wish that I could go abroad tomorrow.I wish that you could come here tomorrow. if only要比 wish 更富有戏剧性和感情色彩If only the weather would change.I wish the weather would change.We wish that we knew where to look for him.If only we knew to look for him.If only we could have gone to the party.If only you hadn’t said that.If only you would come here tomorrow. Have sth. Repaired load with 把…装载到…上Eg: The workers are loading the truck with goods.Unload: 卸hardly any: very little / fewEg: Hardly anybody likes him becaues he is so rude.    You hardly eat anything, what's wrong?prove to be===turn out to beput: expressIf only we could have stayed on the desert island a little bit longer. Lesson 13 ‘It’s only me’ “是我，别害怕”
一、【Text】课文After her husband had gone to work, Mrs Richards sent her children to school and went upstairs to her bedroom. She was too excited to do any housework that morning, for in the evening she would be going to a fancy dress party with her husband. She intended to dress up as a ghost and as she had made her costume the night before, she was impatient to try it on. Though the costume consisted only of a sheet, it was very effective. After putting it on, Mrs Richards went downstairs. She wanted to find out whether it would be comfortable to wear.Just as Mrs Richards was entering the dining-room, there was a knock on the front door. She knew that it must be the baker. She had todd him to come straight in if ever she failed to open the door and to leave the bread on the kitchen table. Not wanting to frighten the poor man, Mrs Richards quickly hid in the small store-room under the stairs. She heard the front door open and heavy footsteps in the hall. Suddenly the door of the store-room was opened and a man entered. Mrs Richards realized that it must be the man from the Electricity Board who had come to read the meter. She tried to explain the situation, saying' It's only me', but it was too late. The man let out a cry and jumped back several paces. When Mrs Richards walked towards him, he fled, slamming the door behind him. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆costume     n. 化装服◆consist       v. 由...组成◆sheet   n. 被单◆effective     adj. 有明显效果的，有作用的◆comfortable       adj. 舒适的◆streroom    n. 储藏室◆electricity   n. 电◆metre n. 电表◆pace    n.一步◆flee     v. 逃走◆slam   v. 砰地关上 ◆costume n. 化装服costume ball 化妆舞会costume partyfancy (dress ) party suit 西服，西装dress 裙子 ◆consist v. 由...组成consist of--由…组成（表示被动概念）==be made up of ==comprise ==be composed of (强调由什么成分所构成)Eg: Our class consist of 100 students.The United Kingdom consists of G.B. and Northern Ireland.The house consists of six rooms.be composed of----Water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen.constitute v.----由部分构成整体The committee consists of 10 members. = Ten members constitute the committee. ◆sheet n. 被单◆effective adj. 有明显效果的，有作用的The costume is quite effective.His words was effective.influential: 有潜移默化影响力的What our parents do is influential to children.efficacious: （医药）有效的，灵验的 The drug is efficacious.fruitful: 有成效的Their experiment is fruitful. ◆comfortable adj. 舒适的反义词：uncomfortable comfort n. 舒适 adj. 安慰discomfort n. 不舒适In spite of discomforts he is determined to stay here. ◆streroom n. 储藏室◆electricity n. 电◆metre n. 电表◆pace n.一步◆flee  (fled, fled ) v. 逃走flee:(vt.)(vi.)(总称)泛泛强调逃离危险的境地Eg: The people fled in panic when the bull got loose.escape:逃出监狱，逃出牢笼       vt. 逃掉，逃出Eg: He was able to escape from the house.    I am sorry your name escaped me. 很抱歉， 我忘记你的名字了。They tried to escape death. ◆slam v. 砰地关上slam the door.同义词：bang  三、【课文精析】 too…to…太… 而不能不定式to,在大部分情况下，表示否定概念。not / never too … to …：并不太… 所以能够One is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老The question is not too difficult for me to answer.如果在副词 too 前发现修饰语 all, but only, 不定式to 的概念也是肯定的Eg: They are all too satisfied to work with you. 他们都非常满意很想和你一起工作    I am only too glad to have someone to speak to.我太高兴了，很想找个人说话    He was but too eager to get home.他太急于要回家了。 intended to = mean to :有什么打算，意图 dress up as: 化妆成为 the night before:前一个晚上（以过去的某一个时间为基准点）last night:昨天晚上（以现在为基准点）The night before she got everythinbg ready. She was impatient (eager, anxious ) to try it on.be impatient to do sth: 急于要做某事，迫不及待= eager, anxious, hungry, thirsty, despereat, can’t wait (口)更焦急的情况用desperate( be desperate to do sth),口语中用can't wait.(can't wait to do sth) try on: 试穿 After putting it on: 穿上以后 动词不定式to wear, 用来修饰说明comfortable,  作它的状语  The book is difficult to read.  The dress is easy to wash.  Your handwriting is easy to recognize.it would be comfortable (for her ) to wear. It is easy for me to read主动形式————表达被动概念The music is sweet to hear.The machine needs repairing “需要……” 被动概念，用need,want和动名词形式直接搭配Eg: The dictionary is worth buying.The book is worth reading.The house is under constructionThe puma is under control.The problem is under discussion.The thief is under arrest. 介词under可以表达被动的意味Eg: The airport came into use again.came into use:不及物动词短语Our time has already gone to waste. （浪费掉，付诸东流）She is a respectable person. (被尊敬的人)-able 形容词后缀，跟在动词后表达“能够被…的“This is a returmable bottle.“由…所组成”：consist of, comprise 本身表达被动概念，结构形式为主动。there was a knock on the front door: 人有敲门 come in:进来 straight:直接地，径直地    if ever---ever用语条件句，表示任何时候，任何场合==when everEg: If ever you see George give him my best regards.     When ever he is in trouble I'll be on the spot. Not wanting----分词的否定结构形式，做原因状语。多用于句首，也可插入句中，主谓之间。Eg: Not wanting to make her nervous, the doctor didn’t fully explain the seriousness of her condition.   = The doctor, not wanting to make her nervous, didn’t fully explain the seriousness of her condition. read the metre: 查电表 saying---现在分词做伴随状语 let out a cry 大叫了一声===utter / give a cry.let out 发出==giveshout   高呼，高喊，有目的的shout to sb 对某人高声喊shout at sb  对某人大喊大叫  Lesson 14   A noble gangster 贵族歹徒一、【Text】课文There was a time when the owners of shop and businesses in Chicago had to pay large sums of money to gangsters in return for 'protection'. If the money was not paid promptly, the gangsters would quickly put a man out of business by destroying his shop. Obtaining 'protechon money' is not a modern crime. As long ago as the fourteenth century, an Englishman, Sir John Hawkwood, made the remarkable discovery that people would rather pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.Six hundred years ago, Sir John Hawkwood arrived in Italy with a band of soldiers and settled near Florence. He soon made a name for himself and came to be known to the Italians as Giovanni Acuto. Whenever the Italian city-states were at war with each other, Hawkwood used to hire his soldiers to princes who were willing to pay the high price he demanded. In times of peace, when business was bad, Hawkwood and his men would march into a city-state and, after burning down a few farms, would offer to go away if protection money was paid to them. Hawkwood made large sums of money in this way. In spite of this, the Italians regarded him as a sort of hero. When he died at the age of eighty, the Florentines gave him a state funeral and had a picture painted which was dedicated to the memory of 'the most valiant soldier and most notable leader, Signor Giovanni Haukodue'. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆gangster      n. 歹徒，强盗◆Chicago     n. 芝加哥 （美国城市）◆protection   n. 保护◆promptly    adv. 准时地◆destroy       v. 毁掉；消灭◆remarkable        adj. 不寻常的◆band   n. 帮，团伙◆Florence     n. 佛罗伦萨（意大利城市）◆city-state    n. （古代）城邦◆hire    v. 租出，雇给◆prince        n. 君主，诸侯◆Florentine n. 佛罗伦萨人◆funeral       n. 葬礼◆dedicate     v. 奉献，题献给◆memory     n. 纪念◆valiant       adj. 英勇的 ★gangster n. 歹徒，强盗a band of gangsters 一伙强盗robber     抢劫犯，抢劫者；bandit     强盗,土匪brigand   (书面用语) 强盗，土匪，盗贼，草寇hooligan  流氓，不良分子hoodlum  (口语)罪犯，恶汉 rascal      (口语)淘气，捣蛋鬼 ★Chicago n. 芝加哥 （美国城市）★protection n. 保护protection money 保护费protect v. protect fromWe must protect our eyes from the sunshine.protective adj. 保护的protector n.保护者protege n. 被保护者 ★promptly adv. 准时地I give him a ring and he call me back promptly.He was so sleepy that he went to sleep promptly. on time准时/ in time及时punctually  adv. 守时地 ★destroy v. 毁掉；消灭destroy  强调毁灭，消灭，完全的摧毁Eg: The earthquake destroyed the city. / You destroyed his dream.damage   强受损程度不很严重，可以被修复break   强调弄坏，弄断Two of the strings were broken.spoil   强调把事情搅和了Eg: spoil the party. / spoil the holiday ★remarkable adj. 不寻常的remarkable adj. : unusual; uncomon; extraordinary a remarkable event 不同寻常的事件an extraordinary event outstanding adj. 突出的， 杰出的，卓越的Eg: Our headmaster is an outstanding youth.distinguished adj. 杰出的，卓越的，不同非凡的eminent adj. 显赫的，杰出的，有名的，优良的Eg:a distinguished physicist; an eminent surgeon; an eminent judge; a distinguished lawyer以上都可以用来修饰那些在严肃领域的人，比如科学，医学等等well-know adj. 强调众所周知的famous adj.   因卓越的贡献和成绩而流芳百世的Eg: She is well-known in the musical world. / This is well-known fact.    He is a famous moviestar. / Luxun is famous for his articles.notorious adj. 臭名昭著的，臭名远扬的； be famous for bad thingsinfarmous adj. 声名狼藉的(语气较弱)rnowned   adj. 某人或某事以其独特的品质、个性而闻名Eg: Hangzhou is renowned for its beautiful... ★band n. 帮，团伙a band of robbers 一伙强盗mob n. 表示贬义色彩的团伙、帮派  a mob of hooligans 一伙流氓gang n. 一伙  a gang of thievesnest n. 窝； a nest of banditspack n. 团伙、帮派； a pack of hoodlums ★Florence n. 佛罗伦萨（意大利城市）★city-state n. （古代）城邦★hire v. 租出，雇给hire; rent; let; employhire out; rent out 租给Eg: Does this firm hire out cars? 这家公司出租汽车吗？rent out租给，雇给：主要强调出租房屋Eg: He rent out his house to a tourist.let 出租房屋: let his house / please let your house to me。hire from/ rent from 租进来Eg: He hired a car from us. / I rent a room form Mrs. Johnson.hire 指短期雇佣体力劳动者employ 指长期雇佣或聘请脑力劳动者We employed her as our advisor. The factory employed 500 workers.He hired two helpers. 他雇佣了两个临时帮手。 ★prince n. 君主，诸侯★Florentine n. 佛罗伦萨人★funeral n. 葬礼★dedicate v. 奉献，题献给dedicate to 奉献给…… 比devote 更为正式而庄重Eg:He dedicated his first book to his mother.I devote my time to helping my students.He dedicates his life to his motherland.He dedicated his life to science. put sb of business使某人失业put sb/sth out of ……使某人失去……Eg: You are putting me out of patience.put it out of your mind 忘记这件事情吧!= forget it. ★valiant adj. 英勇的brave adj. 勇敢的The boy is brave.During war, soldiers are valiant.fearless adj. 大无畏的，无所畏惧的We are fearless in time of danger.courageous adj. 有胆量的，有勇气的 ★memory n. 纪念You have a good memory.in memory of / to the memory ofEg: if my memory serves me well, you’re Tom.如果我没记错的话，你是Tom。   三、【课文精析】 pay large sums of money to sb. 向某人付大笔大笔的费用 in return for 目的是为了换取...作为对...的回报Eg: He gave me some books in return for my help. when引导状语从句修饰 timeEg: There was a time when mini skirt was in fashion. promptly: innediately put a man out out of business: 使某人失业put sb. / sth. out of ... 使某人失去......Eg: You are putting me out of patience.You have already put everything out of order. put it out of your mind 忘记这件事情吧 Obtaining...obtaining: getting as long ago as 追溯回到：dating back to / date fromEg.: I knew Jane as long ago as the year 1980. Key sentence:        John hawkwood’s discovery was quite remarkable.make the remarkable discovery 做出不同寻常的发现 would rather do sth than do sth  宁愿而不Eg.: He would rather die than surrender.I would rather play tennis than swim. ==would prefer to do……than do==would prefer doing……to doingEg.: He would prefer to die than surrender.     He would prefer dying to surrendering. would rather:  sooner + that从句 (过去式)Eg: I would rather that you were not here. 我宁愿你不在这儿。Eg: I would rather that I didn't see you. 我宁愿没见到你。life work 毕生的事业Eg.: I want to have the tree cut down. Six hundred years ago...a band of……  一伙…………settled near Florence 定居在Florence附近 make a name for himself ===become famous Eg.: They soon made quite a name for themselves as pop singers. come to / get to  渐渐的come to be known 渐渐的被人所熟知Eg.: I come to be known to my students.I got to know him. whenever 无论什么时候 at war 交战  at war with 与……交战   hire 表示出租who指代 prince he demanded: Hawkwood demanded in times of peace 在和平期间in times of……在……期间 march into 大踏步行军 would offer to do=== would promise to do burn down烧毁/ burn up烧光 / burn out 烧空Eg.: the house was burned out only... in spite of this 尽管如此 give sb. a state funeral 给某人举行国葬 Lesson 15   Fifty pence worth of trouble 五十便士的麻烦一、【Text】课文Children always appreciate small gifts of money. Father, of course, provides a regular supply of pocket-money, but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income. With some children, small sums go a long way. If sixpences are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle for months inside money-boxes. Only very thrifty children manage to fill up a money-box. For most of them, sixpence is a small price to pay for a satisfying bar of chocolate.My nephew, George, has a money-box but it is always empty. Very few of the sixpences I have given him have found their way there. I gave him sixpence yesterday and advised him to save it. Instead, he bought himself sixpence worth of trouble. On his way to the sweet shop, he dropped his sixpence and it rolled along the pavement and then disappeared down a drain. George took off his jacket, rolled up his sleeves and pushed his right arm through the drain cover. He could not find his sixpence anywhere, and what is more, he could not get his arm out. A crowd of people gathered round him and a lady rubbed his arm with soap and butter, but George was firmly stuck. The fire-brigade was called and two firemen freed George using a special type of grease. George was not too upset by his experience because the lady who owns the sweet shop heard about his troubles and rewarded him with a large box of chocolates.  二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆appreciate   v. 欣赏，感激◆pocket money    零用钱◆rattle   v. 格格作响◆thrifty        adj. 节俭的◆nephew      n. 侄子，外甥◆bounce v. 弹起，跳起◆pavement   n. 人行道◆stick ( stuck, stuck ) v. 卡住，夹住，不能再动◆brigade      n. 旅， （消防）队◆grease  n. 润滑油 ◆appreciate v. 欣赏，感激Eg.: The poem is too difficult for me to appreciate.I appreciate your help. = be thankful / grateful to sb.  ◆pocket money 零用钱beer money: 留给丈夫的零花钱mad money: 妇子留作应急之用的私房钱green money: 美金soft / folding money: 纸币，钞票hard money: 硬币 ◆rattle v. 格格作响◆thrifty adj. 节俭的同义词：economical ◆nephew n. 侄子，外甥◆bounce v. 弹起，跳起The coin was bounced.同义词：jump (跳跃)， leap (跃)， hop (单足跳)， spring (弹跳；n. 弹簧)， skip (跳跃；略过) ◆pavement n. 人行道◆stick ( stuck, stuck ) v. 卡住，夹住，不能再动stick:不能跳跃，卡住；坚持，粘贴Eg.: You must stick to your idea.Stick the stamp on the envelop.stick with:忠实于...... （=be faithful to ）His arm was stuck. 他的胳膊被卡住了。 ◆brigade n. 旅， （消防）队fire brigade: 消防队= fire department= fire station ◆grease n. 润滑油  三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:        Children always appreciate small gifts of money. 孩子们总是喜欢得到些零花钱。Key sentence:        Husbands always appreciate small gifts of beer money. provide a regular supply of …定期地提供……provide sth. for sb./ provide sb. with sth. 为某人提供某物品 a source of extra incomesmall gifts of moneypocket moneyextra income go a long way 可以买很多东西，维持很久Eg: The money we have will go a long way.go a long way towards: 对……大有帮助Eg: This will go a long way towards overcoming the difficulty. With frugal housewives, they made their small income go a long way.介词With和For的区别：“对于……来说”介词for----“关于，对于……来说，考虑到……的事实”Eg.: The weather is quite warm for November.For him, this will be an entirely new hobby.介词with----“在某一方面”（多用于二者的比较）Eg.: With some people, pleasure is more important than work.Some people may accept that excuse, but it won’t work with me. pence: 便士 （penny 便士的复数；pennies）  a fifty pence: 一个五十便士的硬币  a fifty penies: 五十个一便士的硬币 rattle: 叮当作响 ==tinkleroar:呼啸（重点突出老虎、狮子等大动物的鸣叫声）shout at: 大喊大叫 = bark at he is grunting. 咕哝的，哼哼唧唧的slam: 砰的一声 fill up: 装满1．up ----表示方向   to----目的地、说话者所在处   up to ----表示到达目的地   towards----表示朝某个方向2．表示沿着，走向更远的地方，侧重强调距离更远了  They walked up the street.  The children run up the garden path to greet their father.3. 系列动词 + up ---- 表示消费，摧毁，彻底，光，用完  Drink up your whisky.  Eat up your vegetable.  Finish it up.  burn up  use up 用光4． 表示积存，从少到多，积少成多We must lay up some boiled food for the winter.= store up, hold up, gather up5．表示从河的上游到下游，河流入口处以上到源头的某一点  They are sailing up the Thames.  The house is up the river.6．动词 + up ----表示包起来、封住、盖住button up 扣上钮扣wrap up 包裹起来lock up 锁上 lock the house up fasten up 栓起来 save up 赚钱wash up 洗碗盆do up 包扎，包装，系好 fifty pence is a small price = fifty pence is not much: 装满fifty pence is not much to pay a small price = not much money: 并不是很多 For him, two thousand dollars is a small price to pay for it.For me, five haudred yuan is not a small price to pay for a bicycle. find their way there = reach 抵达，到达， 找到自己的去处  Rivers find their way to the sea.  How did such a foolish statement find its way into print. 这样愚蠢的话怎么会印出来呢。  All my books have already found their way there. advise: 建议advise sb. to do sth. : 说服某人做某事（失败的结果）persuade sb. to do sth.: 说服某人做某事（成功的结果） instead：相反的是 fifty pence worth of trouble: 五十便士的麻烦 系列的动词构成平行结构：take off, rolled up, pushroll vi. 滚动； vt. 滚动  vi.  The pencil rolled under the table.  vt.  He rolled the ball towards the puppy.roll up:卷起，挽起  We will need to roll up the carpet. what引导的插入语  what is more important 更重要的是  what is worse 更糟糕的是  what is more 甚者  what is rare 更罕见的是Eg.: He went to the meeting, and what was worse, insist on speaking. gather round 聚在周围 rubbed his arm with sth. ... 用......涂抹 firmly:坚定的，稳固的（加强语气） using----现在分词做状语，强调一种方式 reward ... with: 用...来奖赏某人 Lesson 16   Mary had a little lamb 玛丽有一头小羔羊一、【Text】课文Mary and her husband Dimitri lived in the tiny village of Perachora in southern Greece. One of Mary's prize possessions was a little white lamb which her husband had given her. She kept it tied to a tree in a field during the day and went to fetch it every evening. One evening, however, the lamb was missing. The rope had been cut, so it was obvious that the lamb had been stolen.When Dimitri came in from the fields,His wife told him what had happened.Dimitri at once set out to find the thief. He knew it would not prove difficult in such a small village. After telling several of his friends about the theft, Dimitri found out that his neighbour, Aleko, had suddenly acquired a new lamb. Dimitri immediately went to Aleko's house and angrily accused him of stealing the lamb. He told him he had better return it or he would call the police. Aleko denied taking it and led Dimitri into his back-yard. It was true that he had just bought a lamb, he explained, but his lamb was black. Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimitri apologized to Aleko for having accused him. While they were talking it began to rain and Dimitri stayed in Aleko's house until the rain stopped. When he went outside half an hour later, he was astonished to find that the little black lamb was almost white. Its wool, which had been dyed black, had been washed clean by the rain!  二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆prize         adj. 珍贵的，宝贵的◆tie      v. 拴，系◆theft   n. 偷盗案◆accuse        v. 指控◆deny   v. 否认◆ashamed     adj. 感到羞耻，惭愧◆apologize   v. 道歉◆dye     v. 染 ★prize  adj. 珍贵的，宝贵的可以表示“珍贵的，宝贵的”的词包括：prize，valuable，preclous, cherishable，dearEg.: Mary has got a prize lamb.    The cat is prize to the old lady. ★tie v. 拴，系tie sth to 1．把…拴在…上Eg: I tie the dog to a tree2．与…有联系Eg: He is tied to his family3．n. 领带；关系（强调血缘关系） ★theft n. 偷盗行为，偷盗案Eg.: He reports the theft to the police. ★accuse v. 指控accuse sb of doing sth 因为某事指控某人,指控某人做了某事Eg.: He acciused his neighbour of stealing his bicycle.＝charge sb with doing sthaccuse比charge语意弱：accuse强调“严厉的指责” charge强调“控告”  ★deny v. 否认deny doing sth. 否认做了某事He denied stealing the lamb.He denied the truth.deny sb. nothing百依百顺Eg: He denies his wife nothingdeny oneself:克制自己Eg: On some occasions we must deny ourselves. ★ashamed adj. 感到羞耻，惭愧be ashamed of He is ashamed of being a dustman.shameful: 可耻的The theft is shameful.shameless:无耻的The thief is a shameless person. ★apologize v. 道歉apologize to sb. (for sth. )apology n. ★dye v. 染Dye the cloth black.  三、【课文精析】 in the tiny village of...在一个小小的山村in the big city of Beijingin the beautiful city of Paris possession: 所有物Eg: What I possess is valuable/ My possessions are valuable. 我所拥有的一切都很值钱。belonging:  随身携带物（通常是用复数形式） keep:使......处于某种状态keep后的复合宾语（宾语补足语）可以是形容词、介词短语、分词keep和过去分词搭配做宾语补足语，过去分词和宾语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。  I keep my windows closed.宾语补足语和宾语是主谓关系，那么宾语补足语是现在分词结构  I kept the boy standing outside. It is obvious that…显而易见 set out to do sth. 开始着手做某事 it would not prove difficult, 是不难做到的prove 是连系动词，作“证明是”讲，本句子与 it would not be difficult相同。 tell sb. about sth. 把某事告知某人 Eg.: He told the police about the theft. or: 否则Eg.: He can’t be ill or he wouldn’t have come.or else: (口语) 否则……Eg: Your room is so dirty. Clear it promptly, or else…. It is true that..., but...  诚然......, 但是......Eg.: It is true that the work is hard, but we’ll finish it ahead.  Ashamed of having acted so rashly, ... 其前省略了being, 现在分词结构（形容词结构）做状语，此处相当于原因状语，放在主句前后均可。Angry at everybody here, he left suddenly.Anxious for a quick decision, he called his friends.Nervous, the man opened the letter.Lesson 17 The longest suspension bridge in the world
世界上最长的吊桥一、【Text】课文Verrazano, an Italian about whom little is known, sailed into New York Harbour in 1524 and named it Angouleme. He described it as 'a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.' Though Verrazano is by no means considered to be a great explorer, his name will probably remain immortal, for on November 21st, 1964, the greatest bridge in the world was named after him.The Verrazano Bridge, which was designed by Othmar Ammann, joins Brooklyn to Staten Island. It has a span of 4260 feet. The bridge is so long that the shape of the earth had to be taken into account by its designer. Two great towers support four huge cables. The towers are built on immense underwater platforms made of steel and concrete. The platforms extend to a depth of over 100 feet under the sea. These alone took sixteen months to build. Above the surface of the water, the towers rise to a height of nearly 700 feet. They support the cables from which the bridge has been suspended. Each of the four cables contains 26,108 lengths of wire. It has been estimated that if the bridge were packed with cars, it would still only be carrying a third of its total capacity. However, size and strength are not the only important things about this bridge. Despite its immensity, it is both simple and elegant, fulfilling its designer's dream to create 'an enormous object drawn as faintly as possible'.  二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆suspension n. 悬，吊◆agreeable    adj. 宜人的◆situation     n. 地点，地方◆locate v. 位于◆immortal    adj. 永生的，流芳百世的◆Brooklyn    n. 布鲁克林（纽约一区名）◆Staten        n. 斯塔顿（岛）◆span    n. 跨度◆cable   n 缆索◆concrete     n. 混泥土◆suspend      v. 悬挂◆length        n. 根，段◆estimate     v. 估计◆immensity n. 巨大◆capacity     n. 承受量◆elegant       adj. 优美别致的◆faintly        adv. 微细地 ★suspension n. 悬，吊suspension bridge 吊桥suspend: 悬挂Eg.: The light is suspended from the ceiling.暂停Eg.: The train was suspended because of the heavy rain.suspense: n. 担心，挂念，悬念Eg.: The wonderful film give me a deep impression because of its suspense.He didn’t tell us the truth in cap to me in suspense all day.suspenders 吊袜带 ★agreeable adj. 宜人的Today is agreeable.agreeable situationHis house is in a agreeable situation. ★situation n. 地点，地方locationsituate v.locate v.Beijing is located in the North of China.Japan is located to the East of China.is located to...★locate v. 位于★immortal adj. 永生的，流芳百世的★Brooklyn n. 布鲁克林（纽约一区名）★Staten n. 斯塔顿（岛）★span n. 跨度★cable n 缆索★concrete n. 混泥土★suspend v. 悬挂★length n. 根，段★estimate v. 估计underestimate 低估overestimate 高估Eg.: At a rough estimate, the car is worth 500 thousand RMB.estimation n. 判断in my estimation ★immensity n. 巨大★capacity n. 承受量Are you clear about the capacity of the cinema?做某事的能力have a capacity for doing sth.have a capacity to doability成功地做到了We have ability to finish the work in two days.capability内在的潜力have capability to dohave capability of doingAny chile has capability of learning a foreign launguge well.Any chile has capability to learn a foreign launguge well.faculty 侧重于“主观的能力”the faculty of seeingthe faculty of hearingcompetence 胜任工作的能力、资格I have competence for the job. ★elegant adj. 优美别致的The lady is elegant.graceful: 强调一个人的体型elegant:  还表示人的举止很得体，大方delicate: 精致的 ★faintly adv. 微细地 三、【课文精析】 sailed into.. ----句子的主干about whom----Italiandescribe sth. as 把......描绘成......，认为 ......常见的动词有：see, view,  look upon, recoginze, regard, treat, acceptEg.: I should describe the attempt as a failure.His mother regards him as genius.I accept his words as true. located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river 位于两座小山之间，一条大河滔滔流过。  located... 是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 situation;  in the midst of which 引导一个定语从句，which指two small hills。句子结构要倒装（flowed 在a great river之前）in the midst of, 在......之中。  in the midst of two small hills flowed a great river  A great river flowed in the middle of the two hills.in the middle of the night == at midnightin the middle of the winterin the middle of the summerI like the village located within two small hills.Eg.:  我们来到了一个农庄，在这个农庄的前面有一座大山。We arrived at a farm house. in front of which is a mountain. 动词位于主语之前though / although / even though 引导让步状语从句用了though, although 不能使用but, yet可以用——强调转折关系。 by no means 决不，绝对不 （加强语气）E.: It is by no means pleasant to take a crowded bus.乘坐一辆拥挤的公交车无论如何不是一件令人高兴的事。not by any meansnot at allHe isn’t satisfied with a job at all.in no wayin no casein no sense in no circumstances remain immortal be named afterbe named fortake one’s name from  a span of: 跨度，桥长 take into account / take into consideration / take account of 考虑到Eg.: We have to take the date into account when we have the meeting. support : hold up 支撑 extend 延伸，伸展a railway extends to the next cityextend to a depth of 深度extend to a length of 长度extend to a width of 宽度rise to 上升的高度 which指代先行词 cables It has been estimated / expected that…据估计It is saidIt is reportedIt has been estimated / expected be packed with... 作“挤满......; 装满 ......”解were  虚拟语气carry 承载a third 三分之一immensity----sizedespite==in spite offulfilling: 分词做状语表结果The bus was held up by the snowstorm, causing the delay.her husband died in1970, leaving her with two children.At last he passed his examination, fulfilling his dream to go abroad. 他终于通过了这次考试，实现了出国的梦想（现在分词做结果状语，表示一种主动的概念。）   Lesson 18 Electric currents in modern art 现代艺术中的电流一、【Text】课文Modern sculpture rarely surprises us any more. The idea that modern art can only be seen in museums is mistaken. Even people who take no interest in art cannot have failed to notice examples of modern sculpture on display in public places. Strange forms stand in gardens, and outside buildings and shops. We have got quite used to them. Some so-called 'modern' pieces have been on display for nearly fifty years.In spite of this, some people--in-cluding myself--were surprised by a recent exhibition of modern sculpture. The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said: 'Do not touch the exhibits. Some of them are dangerous!' The objects on display were pieces of moving sculpture. Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody. These objects, however, were different. Lined up against the wall, there were long thin wires attached to metal spheres. The spheres had been magnetized and attracted or repelled each other all the time. In the centre of the hall, there were a number of tall structures which contained coloured lights. These lights flickered continuously like traffic lights which have gone mad. Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily. It was rather like an exhibition of prehistoric electronic equipment. These Peculiar forms not only seemed designed to shock people emotionally, but to give them electric shocks as well! 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语◆current       n. 电流◆sculpture    n. 雕塑◆mistaken    adj. 错误的◆gallery       n. 美术馆◆exhibit       n. 展品，陈列品◆oddly adv. 古怪的◆attach v. 连，系◆sphere        n. 球体◆magnetize   v. 使磁化◆repel   v. 排斥◆flicker        v. 闪烁◆emit    v.放射◆flash   v. 闪光◆prehistoric adj. 史前的，老掉牙的◆electronic   adj. 电子的◆peculiar     adj. 奇异的◆shock v.令人震惊，刺激人◆emotionally       adv. 感情上 ★current n. 电流current n. the flow of electricity 电流           a continuous movement of water 水流        adj. 目前的，现在的； current affairs 时事currency n. 流通（货币）currently adv. 普遍地，通常地，现在，当前 ★sculpture n. 雕塑sculptural adj. 雕刻的，雕刻般的sculptor n. 雕刻家 ★mistaken adj. 错误的mistaken adj. incorrect; wrong; misunderstoodEg.: The teacher has mistaken opinion of his pupil. He doesn’t use simple plain language and he is often mistaken.make a mistake / by mistake 弄错了He took my umbrella by mistake.and no mistake 确实如此(口语)Eg: He is honest and no mistake.mistake vt.mistake sb. for 把某人误认为Eg.: Yesterday, I mistook him for my classmate. ★gallery n. 美术馆★exhibit n. 展品，陈列品exhibit: show in publicexhibition n. 展览会Eg.: Yesterday we went to an exhibition to visit exhibits. ★oddly adv. 古怪的oddly: strangelyodd adj. 古怪的strange adj. 因为陌生而奇怪的queer adj.奇特的Eg.: Look, he is wearing a queer hat.fantastic adj.奇妙的eccentric adj.怪癖的；He is an eccentric person. ★attach v. 连，系attach vt. 系，拴，粘上，贴上attach to Eg.; he attached the lamb to a tree.attach to sb. for sth. 因为某事而把......加在某人身上Eg.: We didn’t attach blame to him for his failure.attach importance to sth. 对某事非常重视Eg.: We attach importance to education.be attached to sth. 喜欢，喜爱Eg.: I’m very attached to her.attachment n. 固定，爱慕，友情，附着 ★sphere n. 球体★magnetize v. 使磁化magnetized vt.Eg.: The iron was magnetized.He speech magnetized the listeners. ★repel v. 排斥repel vt.: to drive back; cause feelings of dislikeEg.: the different sexes attract each other and the same sexes repel on the contrary.Let me go at once, you repel me. 让我走，你真让我恶心。 ★flicker v. 闪烁★flash v. 闪光flicker v. shine unsteadilyflash v. shine for a moment ★emit v.放射emit v. give offemit sound / emit smell / emit light / emit heat / emit smoke ★prehistoric adj. 史前的，老掉牙的peculiar adj. strange and unusualEg.: The food has peculiar taste.I’m feeling rather peculiar. ★electronic adj. 电子的◆peculiar  adj. 奇异的peculiar adj. stange and unusualEg.: The food has peculiar taste.I’m feeling rather peculiar. ◆shock v.令人震惊，刺激人get shocked 受震动At the news, he got shocked.shock n. 震惊；get a big shock ◆emotionally adv. 感情上emotional adj. 易激动的，情绪的，感情脆弱的Eg.: I think you agree with me, women are often said to be more emotional than men.反义词 unemotionalemotion: n. 感情： Eg.: love,hatred, and grief are emotions.feeling n. 某时的内心感受Eg. : I can’t describe my feeling now.emotive adj.引起情绪反应的The word home is more emotive than house.emotionally; emotional; unemotional; emotive; emotion; feeling  三、【课文精析】 rarely: seldomKey sentence:        We are not surprised at moden sculpture...that引导同位语从句，修饰限定the idea的内容。Eg. : The idea that one can learn English well in English-speaking countryes is mistaken.重点句式结构who take no interest in art 修饰说明 peopletake interest in 对......感兴趣take delight in 对......感到高兴take pride in 对...... 感到骄傲show interest in 显示对......的兴趣 cannot; failed to 双重否定意味着肯定；加强语气he must have passed his examination last week.He cannot have failed to pass hsi examination last week. You must keep your promise.You can’t fail to keep your promise. On display / on show We can see sculptures everywhere. in spite of this 尽管如此Key sentence:        The first thing I saw when I entered the art gallery was a notice which said:The first thing... was a notice which said... Key sentence:        Oddly shaped forms that are suspended from the ceiling and move in response to a gust of wind are quite familiar to everybody.Oddly...that...that 引导的定语从句用来限定shaped formsare ...familiar to...谓语 句子主干：Oddly shaped forms are familiar to everybodythat 定语从句中：in response to / in reaction to 作为对......的反应 be familiar to sb. 对某人来说很熟悉Eg.: The house is familiar to him.I don’t really remember where I have seen him before, but he looks very familiar to me. be familiar with 熟悉，熟知Eg.: Are you familiar with the play of Shakespeare?I ‘m familiar with that book too.be familiar to sb. / be familiar with sth. lined up 过去分词做状语，与 long thin wires 为被动关系 attached to metak spheres 过去分词做定语，修饰long thin wires 定语从句there were long thin wires that were attached to metal spheres. ther center of the hall 展厅的中央coloured lights 彩色灯泡 continuously adv. 不停止的 ga mad 发疯，发狂  run mad Eg. : he must have gone mad to do such a thing. on and off: continuously Eg: It has been raining on and off since noon. It was rather like===It was more like 看起来更像 Key sentence:        ...not only seemed designed to do sth.not only... but ... as wellseem 系动词+名词/形容词/分词 Lesson 19   A very dear cat 一只贵重的宝贝猫一、【Text】课文Kidnappers are rarely interested in Animals, but they recently took considerable interest in Mrs Eleanor Ramsay's cat. Mrs Eleanor Ramsay, a very wealthy old lady,has shared a flat with her cat, Rastus, for a great many years. Rastus leads an orderly life. He usually takes a short walk in the evenings and is always home by seven o'clock. One evening, however, he failed to arrive. Mrs Ramsay got very worried. She looked everywhere for him but could not find him.Three day after Rastus' disappearance, Mrs Ramsay received an anonymous letter. The writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands and would be returned immediately if Mrs Ramsay paid a ransom of &1000. Mrs Ramsay was instructed to place the money in a cardboard box and to leave it outside her door. At first, she decided to go to the police, but fearing that she would never see Rastus again --the letter had made that quite clear--she changed her mind. She drew &1000 from her bank and followed the kidnapper's instructions. The next morning, the box had disappeared but Mrs Ramsay was sure that the kidnapper would keep his word. Sure enough, Rastus arrived punctually at seven o'clock that evening. He looked very well, though he was rather thirsty, for he drank half a bottle of milk. The police were astounded when Mrs Ramsay told them what she had done. She explained that Rastus was very dear to her. Considering the amount she paid, he was dear in more ways than one! 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆dear    adj. 亲爱的，珍贵的；昂贵的◆kidnapper   n. 绑架者，拐骗者◆considerable      adj. 相当大的◆wealthy      adj. 富的，有钱的◆orderly       adj. 有规律的◆disappearance    n. 失踪◆anonymous        adj. 匿名的◆ransom       n. 赎金◆cardboard   n. 硬纸板◆withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn )    v. （从银行）取钱◆punctually adv. 准时地◆astound      v. 使吃惊 ★dear adj. 亲爱的，珍贵的；昂贵的I can’t afford the car because it’s too dear.The cat is dear to me.cost sb dear 花了某人很多钱 ★kidnapper n. 绑架者，拐骗者kidnap 绑架 ★★★considerable adj. 相当大的a considerable business 大规模企业He has got a considerable success.considerably adv.It’s considerably colder today than yesterday.considerate adj. 体贴的be considerate to sb 对某人很体贴入微Are you considerate you wife?considered 经过考虑的It’s my considered opinion. 这是我经过考虑的看法。all things considered 就各方面而言Eg: All things considered, he finished the work well.considering prep & conj. & adv.Eg.: Considering his age, the little boy reads very well. considering (that )considering adv.He studies English well, considering. ★wealthy adj. 富的，有钱的★orderly adj. 有规律的★disappearance n. 失踪★anonymous adj. 匿名的★ransom n. 赎金pay ransom to sb. The old lady paid a ransom of one thousand pounds to the kidnapper.hold sb to ransom 绑票（索取赎金）They kidnapped the boy and held him to rensom. ★cardboard n. 硬纸板★withdraw (withdrew, withdrawn ) v. （从银行）取钱★punctually adv. 准时地not early nor latepunctual adj.punctuality n. ★astound v. 使吃惊语意程度比surprise要强得多 吃惊程度 astoud>amaze>astonish>surpriseHe was astounded to hear of her death.They were amazed to find the lazy girl came very early. surprising----> surprised 三、【课文精析】 seldom   take interest in  take great interest in  share sth. with sb.I share the room with my friend. for a long time disciplined   regular take a short walk   go for a stroll however  look for  find after可以和名词搭配 Three days after~ arrival state;非常正式的声明 instruct: orderbe instructed to do sth.The journalist was instructed to obtain... fearing 现在分词做原因状语 make it clear to sb that The teacher has made it clear to us that we must read English aloud every day. keep his promiseword 表示诺言时，要采用单数形式keep his word    break his word    give sb. one’s word as good as one's word 表示守信用，侧重点在于强调一个结果go back on one's word 食言 sure enough 果然，无疑I said would happen, and sure enough it did happen. half a bottle of milk in more ways than one ( way )   in many ways 双重意义：dear  price 昂贵； expensive 珍贵  The comma 逗号的用法三个或三个以上的词、短语或句子只用一个并列连接词来连接，他们之间就要用逗号，并列连接词前也要用逗号。 插入语或同位语前后必须用逗号分开 状语从句位于句首时也要用逗号和主句分隔开来，放在句尾则不需要 非限制性定语从句必须用逗号分开 语次转变词也应该用逗号将其和句子其他成分分开 介词短语和分词短语位于句首时也必须加逗号加以分隔 Lesson 20 Pioneer pilots 飞行员的先驱一、【Text】课文In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of ￡1000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel. Over a year passed before the first attempt was made. On July 19th, 1909, in the early morning, Hubert Latham took off from the French coast in his plane the 'Antoinette IV'. He had travelled only seven miles across the Channel when his engine failed and he was forced to land on the sea. The 'Antoinette' floated on the water until Latham was picked up by a ship.Two days later, Louis Bleriot arrived near Calais with a plane called 'No. XI'. Bleriot had been making planes since 1905 and this was his latest model. A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles. Latham, however did not give up easily. He, too, arrived near Calais on the same day with a new 'Antonette'. It looks as if there would be an exciting race across the Channel. Both planes were going to take off on July 25th, but Latham failed to get up early enough. After making a short test flight at 4.15 a.m., Bleriot set off half an hour later. His great flight lasted thirty seven minutes. When he landed near Dover, the first person to greet him was a local policeman. Latham made another attempt a week later and got within half a mile of Dover, but he was unlucky again. His engine failed and he landed on the sea for the second time. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ◆pioneer      n. 先驱◆lord    n. 对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵◆Calais        n. 加来（法国港市）◆overland     adj. 陆上的 ★pioneer n. 先驱young pioneer同义词 advocate 倡导者pioneer adult education ★lord n. 对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵lordless 无郡主的lordshiplordly 昂迈的duke 公爵marquis 侯爵earl 伯爵viscount 子爵baron 男爵 ★Calais n. 加来（法国港市）★overland adj. 陆上的overnight 一夜之间的overpopulated 人口众多的overseas 海外的 over + 动词 表示超过Eg: overeat, 吃多了oversleep 睡过头了overwork 工作过量overcharge 索要价钱过高overestimate 过高估计 三、【课文精析】Key sentence:        In 1908 Lord Northcliffe offered a prize of &1000 to the first man who would fly across the English Channel.the first man to fly across...序数词和动词不定式to搭配连用中以代替其后的定语从句She was the only one to survive the plane crash.如果before所引导的时间状语从句之前出现段时间，则最佳翻译方法：才。。。 offer a prize of sth(奖励) to sb 给予某人……奖励Eg: He offered a prize of 1,000 to the first man who fly cross the English Channel. attempt    in one's attemptEg: She failed in her attempt to swim the tunnel.make an attempt on  尝试，试图make an attempt to do 尝试，试图 make no attept 没有……企图，尝试 at that momentfailed: break downfail  失败，忽视She failed to win the prize. be forced to do 被迫做…… pick up with a plane: with 具有、带有 had been making planes  Key sentence:        A week before, he had completed a successful overland flight during which he covered twenty-six miles. during which----during flight It looked as if： 似乎，看起来It looked as if there would be a heavy storm. make a short test flightmake another attempt 介词和关系代词搭配连用，当定语从句的关系代词是介词的宾语时，能够把可移位的介词提前放在关系代词的前面。（正式）在非正式问题和口语当中，介词一般要放在从句的末尾 定语从句中介词位置决定介词位置的4个因素:1．如果是口语，介词位于句尾，同时关系代词可以省略。2．非正式问题，介词位于从句句尾。3．有些动词+ 介词，合成词组被看成是不可分割的语言单位，这个时候介词必须紧跟动词，不可移动take after  account for4．在很多情况下，介词和关系代词构成独立的介词短语，在句中起状语作用，与从句的谓语动词毫无关系，而不是谓语动词的一部分，这时介词始终位于关系代词之前Eg: He described it as a very agreeable situation located within two small hills    In the midst of two small hills, flowed a great river.Eg: He described it as a very agreeable situation located within two small hills in the midst of which flowed a great river.(in the midst of跟后面的谓语动词flow没有任何关系)    Mrs. Ramsay received an anonymous letter in which the writer stated that Rastus was in safe hands. Lesson 21 Daniel Mendoza
丹尼尔?门多萨一、【Text】课文Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago. In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for Prize money. Because of this, they were known as 'prizefighters'. However, boxing was very crude, for there were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match. One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza who was born in 1764. The use of gloves was not introduced until 1860 when the Marquis of Queensberry drew up the first set of rules. Though he was technically a prizefighter, Mendoza did much to change crude prizefighting into a sport, for he brought science to the game. In his day, Mendoza enjoyed tremendous popularity. He was adored by rich and poor alike.Mendoza rose to fame swiftly after a boxing match when he was only fourteen years old. This attracted the attention of Richard Humphries who was then the most eminent boxer in England. He offered to train Mendoza and his young pupil was quick to learn. In fact, Mendoza soon became so successful that Humphries turned against him. The two men quarrelled bitterly and it was clear that the argument could only be settled by a fight. A match was held at Stilton where both men fought for an hour. The public bet a great deal of money on Mendoza, but he was defeated. Mendoza met Humphries in the ring on a later occasion and he lost for a second time. It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion of England. Meanwhile, he founded a highly successful Academy and even Lord Byron became one of his pupils. He earned enormous sums of money and was paid as much as &100 for a single appearance. Despite this, he was so extravagant that he was always in debt. After he was defeated by a boxer called Gentleman Jackson, he was quickly forgotten. He was sent to prison for failing to pay his debts and died in poverty in 1836. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●boxing        n. 拳击●boxer   n. 拳击手●bare     adj. 赤裸的●prizefighter n. 职业拳击手（尤指古时赤手拳击手）●crude   adj. 粗野的●marquis       n. 侯爵●technically   adv. 严格根据法律意义地●science        n. 科学●popularity    n. 名望●adore   v. 崇拜，爱戴●alike    adv. 一样地●fame    n. 名声●eminent       adj. 著名的，杰出的●bitterly        adv. 厉害地●bet (bet, bet; betted, betted)       v. 打赌●academy      n. 专业学校●extravagant adj. 浪费的，奢侈●poverty       n. 贫困 ■boxing n. 拳击■boxer n. 拳击手■bare adj. 赤裸的bare    uncoveredbare (部分的)赤裸bare fist 赤手空拳bare foot 光着脚的bare handed  光着手的bare legged 光着腿的naked 全裸He’s walking in bare feet.He is naked. nude adj. 光秃秃的； n. 裸体（雕象，油画）a nude hillside 光秃秃的山坡 ■prizefighter n. 职业拳击手（尤指古时赤手拳击手）■crude adj. 粗野的be crude to sb 对……粗鲁，无理 , rude语气比 crude 要弱 He is crude to the girl. ■marquis n. 侯爵■technically adv. 严格根据法律意义地■science n. 科学■popularity n. 名望in popularity 受欢迎，受喜爱Instant foods are getting in popularity. 即食食品越来越受欢迎。popular songs are in popularity.popular with 受人喜爱popularity 名望，受人欢迎的状态fame 出名的名声 famous adj.reputation 声誉 ■adore v. 崇拜，爱戴More and more people adore the famous adtress. ■alike adv. 一样地He was adored by rich, and poor alike.The teacher is adored by boy, girl and alike. ■fame n. 名声■eminent adj. 著名的，杰出的eminent scientistdistinguished ■bitterly adv. 厉害地It is blowing bitterly.bitter:苦的、辛酸的、刺骨的bitter pills may have wholesome effects 良药■bet (bet, bet; betted, betted) v. 打赌bet on sth. 以...打赌bet sb. that 跟某人打赌bet one's bottom dollar on somebody 对……孤注一掷He bet his bottom dollar on his last attempt.bet on the wrong horse 对…… 做出了错误的判断I bet 我肯定，我断言 ■academy n. 专业学校■extravagant adj. 浪费的，奢侈extravagant hobitthrifty  frugal  economical ■poverty n. 贫困in poverty 在贫困当中indigence 贫困 (正式)destitution 赤贫penury 诘据 三、【课文精析】 in popularityfought with bare fists: 赤手空拳的打斗 Key sentence:        One of the most colourful figures in boxing history was Daniel Mendoza who was born in 1764. one of the most famous people  introduce: bring inPotatos were introduced into Europe from South America. drew up: 制定，起草Sb. did much to do sth. in his full time   in his good day rise to fame = become famous attract sb.’s sttention  ==  attract the attention of sb. turn against sb   与……反目成仇severely Key sentence:        It was not until his third match in 1790 that he finally beat Humphries and became Champion. as much as 多达 in debt: 欠债 Lesson 22 By heart 熟记台词一、【Text】课文Some plays are so successful that they run for years on end. In many ways, this is unfortunate for the poor actors who are required to go on repeating the same lines night after night. One would expect them to know their parts by heart and never have cause to falter. Yet this is not always the case.A famous actor in a highly successful play was once cast in the role of an aristocrat who had been imprisoned in the Bastille for twenty years. In the last act, a gaoler would always come on to the stage with a letter which he would hand to the prisoner. Even though the noble was expected to read the letter at each performance, he always insisted that it should be written out in full.One night, the gaoler decided to play a joke on his colleague to find out if, after so many performances, he had managed to learn the contents of the letter by heart. The curtain went up on the final act of the play and revealed the aristocrat sitting alone behind bars in his dark cell. Just then, the gaoler appeared with the precious letter in his hands. He entered the cell and presented the letter to the aristocrat. But the copy he gave him had not been written out in full as usual. It was simply a blank sheet of paper. The gaoler looked on eagerly, anxious to see if his fellow actor had at last learnt his lines. The noble stared at the blank sheet of paper for a few seconds. Then, squinting his eyes, he said: 'The light is dim. Read the letter to me.' And he promptly handed the sheet of paper to the gaoler. Finding that he could not remember a word of the letter either, the gaoler replied: 'The light is indeed dim, sire. I must get my glasses.' With this, he hurried off the stage. Much to the aristocrat's amusement, the gaoler returned a few moments later with a pair of glasses and the usual copy of the letter which he proceeded to read to the prisoner. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●run      v. （戏剧、电影等）●lines     n. （剧本中的）台词●part      n. 剧中的角色，台词●falter    v. 支吾，结巴说●cast (cast, cast )   v. 选派……扮演角色●role      n. 角色●aristocrat     n. 贵族●imprison      v. 关押●Bastille .      巴士底狱●gaoler n. 监狱长，看守连演，连映●colleague     n. 同事●curtain        n. （舞台中的）幕布●reveal   v. 使显露●cell      n. 单人监房，监号●blank   adj.  空白的●squint   v. 眯着（眼）看，瞄●dim      adj. 昏暗●sire      n. （古用法）陛下●proceed       v. 继续进行 ■run v. （戏剧、电影等）The film is so successful that it runs for several weeks. ■lines n. （剧本中的）台词■part n. 剧中的角色，台词■falter vi. 支吾，结巴说 stammerHe has practised the poem several times, so he has no cause to falter.falter v. 蹒跚而行（=stgger）He faltered home. ■cast (cast, cast ) v. 选派……扮演角色●role n. 角色The actor was cast in the role of hero. ■aristocrat n. 贵族■imprison v. 关押put sb imprison: 关押He was imprisoned for 10 years.imprisonment：n.sentence sb to life imprisonment：判某人终生监禁监狱：prison, jail, gaol把……送进监狱send sb. to prison == put sb in prison == throw sb into prisonin prison 坐牢the prison 监狱He is in prison / jail. He is behind boars.  ■Bastille . 巴士底狱■gaoler n. 监狱长，看守连演，连映■colleague n. 同事■curtain n. （舞台中的）幕布■reveal v. 使显露The secret hasn’t been reveald.reveal:揭露，揭穿，把什么露出来A curtain was up and revealed the beautiful scenery.disclose:揭发discclose the truthdiscover: 发现uncover: 揭开具体的盖子A very tight dress reveals the beautiful figure. 紧身的裙子露出了漂亮的身段。revealabel adj. 可展现的revealer: 探测器 ■cell n. 单人监房，监号■blank adj.  空白的■squint . 眯着（眼）看，瞄squint one's eyes 眯上眼睛Eg.: He squinted his eyes and looked at the letter.pear at : 眯着眼睛看 ■dim adj. 昏暗The room is too dim so I can;t read the letter.gloomy:(天气，心情)抑郁的The weather is gloomy today.He is in gloomy mood.dusky:(天色)昏暗的Towards evening is getting dusky.murly:（天色）漆黑的，黑暗的I can’t go out at murky night.misty:多雾的，迷蒙的The building is out of sight on such a misty day. ■sire n. （古用法）陛下■proceed v. 继续进行proceed vi. particular after stopping proceed to / with:进行继续某事Let’s proceed to business.You must proceed with your work.proceed from 从什么着手开始继续They proceed from lesson 1.procced from 起诉某人Eg: He decided to proceed against his neighbour. 三、【课文精析】 by heart 熟记台词 on end 1．== continuously: 连续的，位于具体的时间之后Eg: He sat there for hours on end.    We had hardly anything to eat for days on end.2． ==upright 竖着Eg: The cat's fur stood on end.I got a big shock so my hear stood on end.我吓了一大跳，以致于毛骨悚然。 who = actor, 关系代词做主语，不能省略Eg.: The student who was required to recite the poem 100 times is really poor. learn/ know by heart: 把……牢记在心Eg.: The sentence is so important that you must learn it by heart. heart and soul 全心全意的，全身心的Eg: We serve the students heart and soultake heart 鼓起勇气，恢复信心lose heart 失去信心lose heart to sb= give heart to sb: 轻信于某人Eg: The boy lost his heart to the girlput one's heart into sth: 致力于某事Eg: Nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.世上无难事，只怕有心人have one's heart in one's boots提心吊胆Eg: He had his heart in his boots when he went out alone at night. even though = even if = though / althoughat each performance = at every performance insist: 坚决要求，suggest:建议， order:命令，demand:要求，require:要求表示建议/要求/希望，和that宾语从句搭配，that从句必须出现should + 动词原形的虚拟，should 可以省略。 in full==fully=completely play a joke(cheek) on sb: 开某人玩笑on the final act == in the last act with，独立主格结构 hand to == present sth. to == pass to 把……递给某人 as usual look on 旁观anxious,形容词短语做伴随状况状语 stare at 一眨不眨地squinting: ing形式，做方式状语，伴随状况状语 prmptly ==immediately with this 说完这话hurry off much, 用来加强语气  play a joke on 开玩笑; play a trick on 捉弄，单方面取乐have a joke with sb. 和某人开玩笑，强调两人共同取乐Eg.: He laughs best who laughs last. 笑到最后的才是笑得最好的。 Lesson 23     One man’s meat is another man’s poison 各有所爱一、【Text】课文People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten. If you lived in the Mediterranean, for instance, you would consider octopus a great delicacy.You would not be able to understand why some people find it repulsive. On the other hand, your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat----the normally accepted practice in many northern countries. The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and we stick to them all our lives.No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail. Cooked in wine, snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world. There are countless people who, ever since their early years, have learned to associate snails with food. My friend, Robert, lives in a country where snails are despised. As his flat is in a large town, he has no garden of his own. For years he has been asking me to collect snails from my garden and take them to him. The idea never appealed to me very much, but one day, after a heavy shower, I happened to be walking in my garden when I noticed a huge number of snails taking a stroll on some of my prize plants. Acting on a sudden impulse, I collected several dozen, put them in a paper bag, and took them to Robert. Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift. I left the bag in the hall and Robert and I went into the living room where we talked for a couple of hours. I had forgotten all about the snails when Robert suddenly said that I must stay to dinner. Snails would, of course, be the main dish. I did not fancy the idea and I reluctantly followed Robert out of the room. To our dismay, we saw that there were snails everywhere: they had escaped from the paper bag and had taken complete possession of the hall! I have never been able to look at a snail since then. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●poison n. 毒药●illogical adj. 不合逻辑的，无章法的●octopus n. 章鱼●delicacy n. 美味，佳肴●repulsive adj. 令人反感的，令人生厌的●stomach n. 胃●turn v. 感到恶心，翻胃●fry v. 油炸●fat n. （动物、植物）油●abuse n. 辱骂，责骂●snail n. 蜗牛●luxury n. 奢侈品，珍品●associate v. 联想到●despise v. 鄙视●appeal v. 引起兴致●shower n. 阵雨●stroll n. 溜达，散步●impulse n. 冲动●dozen n. 12个，一打●fancy v.喜爱，喜欢 ■poison n. 毒药poison n.& vt.He was poisoned by pesticide. give poison to sb/ give poison to sth.使某人或某事中毒hate each other like poison 彼此互相恨透name one’s poison Name your poison,please. 说出你要喝点什么酒啊。What’s your poison? 你要喝什么酒？ ■illogical adj. 不合逻辑的，无章法的■octopus n. 章鱼■delicacy n. 美味，佳肴Eg.: He considered chicken to be a great delicacy.delicate adj. 美味的，可口的，清淡的delicious adj. 味道美的 ■repulsive adj. 令人反感的，令人生厌的disgusting adj.The dish is repulsive. ■stomach n. 胃■turn v. 感到恶心，翻胃■fry v. 油炸fry v.: be cooked in hot oilfried egg 煎鸡蛋fried breadfring pan 煎锅fry up 加热Fry up the food, please. fry in one's own fat 自作自受have other fish to fry 另有要事要做Eg: Hello,Lucy, let's go have dinner.    That's good idea, but I have other fish to fry. Thank you very         much. ■fat n. （动物、植物）油put on fat 长胖，发胖fat adj. 胖的 运用此adj.时常很不礼貌，因此用large, heavy, overweight 替代。 ■abuse n. 辱骂，责骂Don’t abuse your authority.He greeted his wife with a stream of abuse. 他骂妻子的声音不绝于耳。 ■snail n. 蜗牛■luxury n. 奢侈品，珍品The diamond ring is a luxury to me.luxurious adj. 奢侈的，奢华的a luxurious hotel  ■associate v. 联想到associate v. connect in one’s mindA with B 把……跟……联想到一起= connect with. Eg: I can't associate you with your wife. Can you associate snails with delicious food.associate with ==connect with==link with == be bound up with ■despise v. 鄙视despise vt. regard as worthlessEg.: We despise him for a coward. 我们把他看作一个懦夫。look down upon 鄙视，瞧不起Eg: Don't look down upon anyone.  ■appeal v. 引起兴致appeal to sb 引起某人兴趣Eg: Eating snails never appeals to me. appeal 上诉，呼吁appeal for sth. 为某事而上诉 ■shower n. 阵雨■stroll n. 溜达，散步stroll n. slow walking for pleasure in street or in garden.go for a stroll; take a stroll; == go for a walk; take a walkstroller 散步的人stroll vi.He is strolling along the road.ramble   海岸，林中的漫步The couple are irambling in the forest.roam     不安定的漂泊，徘徊The tramp roams every day.wander 流浪，徘徊He has nothing to do, so he is wandering along the street.■impulse n. 冲动impulse : a sudden wish to do sth.on impulse 冲动的He rushed out to catch up (with) the lady on impulse.be driven by impulse to do sth. 情不自禁的做某事Why did you do it?I should say I was driven by impulse to do it like this.impulsive adj. 冲动的impulsively adv. 冲动地 ■dozen n. 12个，一打dozen: agroup of twelveby the dozen 成打的dozens of  许多的  two dozen eggs，a dozen roses. (其用法和hundred, thousand 一样)a dozen of the (these ) roses 这些玫瑰中的一打数词 +dozen +物品：……打……（物品）Speak nineteen to the dozen 说个不停Eg.: The old lady is speaking nineteen to the dozen. ■fancy v.喜爱，喜欢Eg.: I don’t fancy living in the cold room.fancy 想像，设想（=image） （表示一种惊讶的心情）（其后接动名词做宾语）Fancy meeting you here. 没想到在这儿见到你。fancy oneself 自以为是，自命不凡Do you fancy yourself?三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:        People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten.人们在决定吃什么或者不吃什么的时候，往往变得不合情理。 当涉及到或谈及到叙述客观事实的时候it comes to sth …………it comes to doing sth ……用于when 引导的时间状语从句Eg.:He never complains when it comes to helping his wife with the house work. for instance == for exampleconsider (to be)... on the other hand 转折连接词，表示而另一方面at the idea of: at 介词搭配作状语，表示当......就......；一......就......at the idea of 一想到at the sight of 一看到at the mention of 一提到at the news of 一听到......消息at the touth of 一触摸到......东西at the sound of 一听到......声音at the thought of 一想到Eg.: I was glad at the thought of getting something te eat.     I always love at the mention of ghost story. stick to + 名词==insist on doing sth == persist in doing sth practice 表示习俗，做法habit表示个人习惯custom社会的风俗或习俗Eg.: Early to bed and early to rise is good habit.It is now quite common practice for married women not to take their husband’s second name.The practice of closing shops on Sundays.My practice to study English is to read everyday.the custum of giving present at ChristmasSocial customs vary greatly from country to country.in many northern countries. Key sentence:        The sad truth is that most of us have been brought up to eat certain foods and…that引导表语从句，说明truth的内容bring up抚养Eg.: Joe is born in England, but brought up in France.    She was brought up to beliee that money is the most (great) important thing in life.他从小到大一直认为金钱是生活中最重要的东西。被动语态形式，表自小长大，在成长的过程当中已经习惯于......I’ve been brought up to eat fish, just because my mother is fond of fish as well.He has been brought up to eat fring potatoes just because his parents are fond of that.He gave much attention to bring up his children. stick to = keep to; not give upEg.: We stick to them all our lives.I made my decision and I am going to stick to it. (to介词)stick to the ideastick to the planinsist on doing sth. 坚持做某事persist in doing sth. 坚持做某事 Key sentence:        People become quite illogical when they try to decide what can be eaten and what cannot be eaten. Key sentence:        No creature has received more praise and abuse than the common garden snail.比较级表达最高级的概念Nobody is more beautiflu than you.He is more intelligent than anyone else in my class.The common garden snail often receive more praise and abuse than other creatures. cooked过去分词做定语，与snails构成被动关系。 countless: 无数的，数不尽的 (=numerous)who引导定语从句associate sth. with sth. 把某物与某物相联系 Key sentence:        People there, don’t consider snails to be a great dilicacy. no garden of his own 没有自己的庭院Robert is forn of snails very much.The idea never interested me very much... happened to do 恰巧，碰巧I happened to be out when he called.We both happened to be travelling on the same plane. happen / chanceIt happened that I was out when he called.It chanced that I was out when he called. when表示正在这时突然，通常使用过去进行时，过去完成时等搭配；位于句中He was having a bath when the telephine suddenly rang.We had not ... like this when ... came in.We were about to start when it rained. snails (that were ) taking a stroll...现在分词做定语，修饰snails  on a sudden impulse 一时的，冲动的Acting on a sudden impulse, he went shopping to buy several dresses.Robert was delighted to see me and equally pleased with my little gift. ==Robert was not only delighted to see me, but also pleased with my little gift. be delighted to dobe pleased to do when特殊用法，表示就在这个时候 reluctantly: unwillingly 不情愿的 to our dismay 使我们感到惊愕的是Eg.: Before we came back, all the snails had already escaped from the paper bag and had taken complete possession of the hall. take possession 占据，占有The soldiers took possession of enemies’ fort.The terrorists took possession of the embassy.恐怖分子占领了大使馆。Lesson 24 A skeleton in the cupboard  “家丑”一、【Text】课文We often read in novels how a seemingly respectable person or family has some terrible secret which has been concealed from strangers for years. The English language possesses a vivid saying to describe this sort of situation. The terrible secret is called 'a skeleton in the cupboard '. At some dramatic moment in the story the terrible secret becomes known and a reputation is ruined. The reader's hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel that the heroine, a dear old lady who had always been so kind to everybody, had, in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.It is all very well for such things to occur in fiction. To varying degrees, we all have secrets which we do not want even our closest friends to learn, but few of us have skeletons in the cupboard. The only person I know who has a skeleton in the cupboard is George Carlton, and he is very proud of the fact. George studied medicine in his youth. Instead of becoming a doctor, however, he became a successful writer of detective stories. I once spent an uncomfortable weekend which I shall never forget at his house. George showed me to the guestroom which, he said, was rarely used. He told me to unpack my things and then come down to dinner. After I had stacked my shirts and underclothes in two empty drawers, I decided to hang one of the two suits I had brought with me in the cupboard. I opened the cupboard door and then stood in front of it petrified. A skeleton was dangling before my eyes. The sudden movement of the door made it sway slightly and it gave me the impression that it was about to leap out at me. Dropping my suit, I dashed downstairs to tell George. This was worse than 'a terrible secret'; this was a real skeleton ! But George was unsympathetic. 'Oh, that,' he said with a smile as if he were talking about an old friend. 'That's Sebastian. You forget that I was a medical student once upon a time.' 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●skeleton       n. 骷髅●seemingly    adv. 表面上地●respectable   adj. 体面的，雅观的●conceal        v. 隐藏，隐瞒●vivid    adj. 生动的●dramatic      adj. 令人激动的，扣人心弦的●ruin     v. 毁坏●heroine        n. 女主人公●fiction n. 小说●varying       adj. 不同的●medicine     n. 医学●guestroom   n. （家庭中的）来客住房●unpack        vt. （从箱中）取出●stack    adj. （整齐地）堆放，排放●underclothes       n. 内衣●drawer        n. 抽屉●petrify v. 使惊呆●dangle v. 悬挂●sway    v. 摇摆●unsympathetic     adj. 不表同情的，无动于衷的●medical       adj. 医学的■skeleton n. 骷髅a skeleton in the cupboard==a skeleton in the closet == a family skeleton 家丑It’s time to bring a family skeleton out of the cupboardskeleton key 万能钥匙a walking skeleton 骨瘦如柴的人reduced to too a skeleton 瘦的皮包骨He has nothing to eat for a couple of days so he has been reduced to too a skeleton. ■seemingly adv. 表面上地■respectable adj. 体面的，雅观的respectable  decent, graceful, deserving respect: 体面的，雅观的，可敬的Eg.: He is a most respectable man.The tie is for a respectale man only.respectable: 可敬的respectful : 充满敬意的，尊敬人的A respectable person is respectful to others.respective 各自的Eg.:Our students return to their respective classroom.■conceal v. 隐藏，隐瞒conceal : hide, 比hide更加正式，语气强烈conceal sth. from sb.Eg.: He concealed his disappoint from his friends.He concealed his bets from his wife.When the mother coming, the little girl hid behind the curtain.hide, hid, hidden ■vivid adj. 生动的vivid 生动的，栩栩如生的,鲜艳的，活泼的Eg.: There is a vivid proverb.vivid blue 碧蓝色he is vivid with life. 他是生气勃勃。Yours discription is really vivid.more vivid, the most vivid ■dramatic adj. 令人激动的，扣人心弦的dramatic 比exciting更加强烈The dramatic things is still vivid in his mind.■ruin v. 毁坏■heroine n. 女主人公■fiction n. 小说fiction 和novelfiction (集合名词)不可数  (poetry )novel 某一部具体的小说 (poem)I prefer reading fiction to hearing about real invent. ■varying adj. 不同的=variousdifferent 与......不一样My idea differents from yours. ■medicine n. 医学■guestroom n. （家庭中的）来客住房■unpack vt. （从箱中）取出■stack adj. （整齐地）堆放，排放stack up the booksThe housewife is stacking up the clothing. ■underclothes n. 内衣underclothing, underwear ■drawer n. 抽屉■petrify v. 使惊呆= shock, dumbfoundHeard the news I was petrified. ■dangle v. 悬挂■sway v. 摇摆■unsympathetic adj. 不表同情的，无动于衷的sympathetic 同情的sympathy n. in sympathy 同情地 （= sympathetically ） ■medical adj. 医学的三、【课文精析】 how引导宾语从句has some terrible secret which 引导的定语从句，修饰说明secretseemingly: 9=from appearence )从表面上看来，a seemingly respectable person:表面上受尊重的人 possess:(= have got, own )不定式to作定语，修饰说明vivid saying, 来描述这种场景。 some—表示“某一个”，修饰单数可数名词 ruin      泛指概念，表示毁坏的过程不是一下完成的 （spoil ）The rain ruined / spoiled our holiday.destroy:  把凭借某种外力来破坏和摧毁事物，完全摧毁The earthquake destroyed almost entired city.damage:   侧重强调把…弄坏，但是可以修复one's hair stands on end :某人感到毛骨悚然的I thought I was alone in my room until I heard the mysterious noice again, and my hair stands on end. make/set one's hair stand on end: 使某人感到毛骨悚然的 in her youth:在她年轻时 everyoneevery one of与介词of 连用时要分开 it is all very well but 不赞成不满意的反语，“好倒是好，但是……”Eg: It is all very well for them to ask me to do it, but I am too busy.    It is all very well for you to suggent taking a few days rest, but how can finish our work in time. occur:       某个事件出乎意料的发生（正式）happen:     某个事件出乎意料发生take place:  事件根据安排“举行”Eg.: When did the accident happen / occur?It occured to me that / to do.It occured to me to open the window.When will the wedding take place? To varying degrees: 从不同角度来讲which引导定语从句修饰secret learn: 了解某个事实，学习某种知识、技能know    知道某个事实，具有某方面的知识、技能，认识、了解某个人（状态动词，不能用于进行时态）I learned that I had passed the test.She knows about computers.She is learning about computers.instead of + doing----表示相反、没有、取而代之的是...... stood in front of sth. petrified: 站在…前，目瞪口呆frightened: 在某个特定的场合下，受到惊吓terrified:表示惊吓的程度，更加强烈，感到恐怖afraid (of ): 表示一种状态，永久性的恐惧 it gave me the impression that:给某人以印象make a lasting impression on sb: 给某人以不可磨灭的印象have a false impression of sb:  对某人有错误的看法give sb impression that: 给某人印象impress sb with sth     用…给某人留下印象 be about to do sth.: 即将，就要。暗示动作即将发生（多与when连用）I was about to go to bed when there was a knock at the door. leap out at sb. 跳出来扑向某人 drop----是我所发出的主动动作，所以用-ing形式 as if 引导虚拟语气Lesson 25 The Cutty Sark
“卡蒂萨克”号帆船一、【Text】课文One of the most famous sailing ships of the nineteenth century, the Cutty Sark, can still be seen at Greenwich. She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year. She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past. Before they were replaced by steamships, sailing vessels like the Cutty Sark were used to carry tea from China and wool from Australia. The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest sailing ships that has ever been built. The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae. Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England. This race, which went on for exactly four months, was the last of its kind. It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae, but on the Indian Ocean, the Cutty Sark took the lead. It seemed certain that she would be the first ship home, but during the race she had a lot of bad luck. In August, she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away. The Cutty Sark rolled from side to side and it became impossible to steer her. A temporary rudder was made on board from spare planks and it was fitted with great difficulty. This greatly reduced the speed of the ship, for there was danger that if she travelled too quickly, this rudder would be torn away as well. Because of this, the Cutty Sark lost her lead. After crossing the equator, the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted, but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead. Though the new rudder was fitted at tremendous speed, it was impossible for the Cutty Sark to win. She arrived in England a week after the Thermopylae. Even this was remarkable, considering that she had had so many delays. There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.  二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语●impressive   adj. 给人深刻印象的●steamship    n. 蒸汽轮船●vessel   n. 轮船，大木船●era       n. 时期，时代●Java     n. 爪哇（印度尼西亚一岛）●rudder n. 舵●roll      v. 颠簸，摇摆●steer     v. 掌握方向●temporary    adj. 临时的●plank   n. 大块木板●fit        v. 安装●Equator       n. 赤道●delay    n. 耽误 ■impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的This is a impressive thing.impression n. 印象make a lasting impression on sb: 给某人以不可磨灭的印象have a false impression of sb:  对某人有错误的看法give sb impression that: 给某人印象impress vt.impress sb. 给某人留下印象impress sb with sth     用…给某人留下印象 ■steamship n. 蒸汽轮船■vessel n. 轮船，大木船vessel（正式的词汇）可代替ship,boat. 用于文学体a sailing vessel, a fishing vessel boat 比ship小，可以替换ship(非正式文体)a fishing boat ■era n. 时期，时代era:  “纪元”， 地球、人类社会历史上的一个很长的时期，以特别事物或发展为标志the beginning of new erathe end of old era times:历史上的一个阶段”时代，时期”in ancient timesin classic timesRoman timesage:  特定的历史阶段（大写，构成专有名词）a stone age 石器时代the space age 太空时代This is a beganning of era ■Java n. 爪哇（印度尼西亚一岛）■rudder n. 舵■roll v. 颠簸，摇摆■steer v. 掌握方向steer: 驾驶水路交通工具，强调掌握方向，导航drive: 开汽车，火车pilot: 操纵轮船，飞机He steers the boat suddenly.He piloted his plane. ■temporary adj. 临时的temporary jobs / housetemporarily adv.temporariness n.==transient:短暂的，瞬间的反义：permanent: 永久的contemporary: 当代 的 ■plank n. 大块木板■fit v. 安装■Equator n. 赤道■delay n. 耽误 三、【课文精析】 one of the most famous ...最著名的......之一Key sentence:        She stands on dry land and is visited by thousands of people each year. dry land:陆地 Key sentence:        She serves as an impressive reminder of the great ships of the past.serve as:(=act as )“起…作用”impressive reminder :深刻的印象，作为......的回忆 replace vt. ==take place of stemship:汽船sailing ship /sailing vessel: 帆船 match:( = be equal to )与......相匹敌，相比match in / for  The only other ship to match her was the Thermopylae.动词不定式to作定语，修饰the only other ship Key sentence:        Both these ships set out from Shanghai on June 18th, 1872 on an exciting race to England. Key sentence:        This race, which went on for exactly four months, was the last of its kind. It marked the end of the great tradition of ships with sails and the beginning of a new era.which----指代this race, 引导非限定性定语从句 帆船：ships with sail, sailing ships, sailing vessels marked the end of : 标志…的结束 Key sentence:        The first of the two ships to reach Java after the race had begun was the Thermopylae,...可改为：after the race had begun the first of the two ships to reach Java was the Thermopylae,... take the lead:      处于领先地位== go into the leadlose the lead:      失去领先地位in the lead:        处于领先地位（状态）take over the lead: 取得领先地位 Key sentence:        she was struck by a very heavy storm during which her rudder was torn away....was struck by a very heavy storm... 严重地遇到了雨／雪be caught in the rian/snow  遇到了雨／雪during 介词，用于关系代词which 之前，during the race, during the storm torn away = destroyed , pull down it became impossible to steer her (省略掉for captain) there was a danger that+同位语从句  ……会有危险 the captain called in at a port to have a new rudder fitted,call in at: （船）停靠，（人）拜访to = in order to, so as to “目的是”have sth. done:  but by now the Thermopylae was over five hundred miles ahead.by now = so far at tremendous speed:以极快的速度 considering 连接词，用来引导完整的语句considering that考虑到………So we should forgive him considering that he is ill badly. Key sentence:        There is no doubt that if she had not lost her rudder she would have won the race easily.There is no doubt that...==without any doubt “毫无疑问“There is some doubt + wh- ...Eg.: There is no doubt that he is guilty.There is some doubt whether he is guilty.if ----与过去事实相反的虚拟If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected.If you talked less and ate more, we would both enjoy our dinner. take the leadlose the leadcall in at with great difficultyat tremendous speedIt seemed certain that Lesson 26 Wanted: a large biscuit tin 征购大饼干筒一、【Text】课文No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weaknesses. Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing. An advertisement which begins with the magic word FREE can rarely go wrong. These days, advertisers not only offer free samples but free cars, free houses, and free trips round the world as well. They devise hundreds of competitions which will enable us to win huge sums of money. Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.During a radio programme, a company of biscuit manufacturers once asked listeners to bake biscuits and send them to their factory. They offered to pay $10 a pound for the biggest biscuit baked by a listener. The response to this competition was tremendous. Before long, biscuits of all shapes and sizes began arriving at the factory. One lady brought in a biscuit on a wheelbarrow. It weighed nearly 500 pounds. A little later, a man came along with a biscuit which occupied the whole boot of his car. All the biscuits that were sent were carefully weighed. The largest was 713 pounds. It seemed certain that this would win the prize. But just before the competition closed, a lorry arrived at the factory with a truly colossal biscuit which weighed 2,400 pounds. It had been baked by a college student who had used over 1,000 pounds of flour, 800 pounds of sugar, 200 pounds of fat, and 400 pounds of various other ingredients. It was so heavy that a crane had to be used to remove it from the lorry. The manufacturers had to pay more money than they had anticipated, for they bought the biscuit from the student for $24,000. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●influence v. 影响●pride v. 骄傲●taste n. 鉴赏力●exert v. 施加●subtle adj. 微妙的，难以捉摸的●advertiser n. 做广告的人●classify v. 分类●magic adj. 有奇妙作用的●sample n. 样品●devise v. 设计，想出●capture v. 吸引，赢得●manufacturer n. 生产厂家，制造商●wheelbarrow n. 独轮手推车●boot n. （汽车尾部的）行李箱●ingredient n. 配料●crane n. 起重机●anticipate v. 预期，预料 ■influence v. 影响have effect onEg.: Literature and art have great influence of people’s idelogy.Don’t be influenced by bad examples.under the influence of受…影响Eg.: We are under the influnce of advertisements.have influence over sb 有左右某人的能力Eg.: A teacher has influence over his students.exercise influence on sb's behalf 为某人而尽力on sb's behalf 为某人的利益Eg.: The boss exercises influence on his employee’s behalf.区别：influence / affectinfluence:通过劝说，行为，榜样来改变一个人的行为或思想，是潜移默化的影响力affect: 对......产生不良影响Eg.: The bad examples will affect a lot number of students .influential adj.有影响力的 ■pride v. 骄傲pride vt. & n.pride oneself on  为…感到骄傲、夸耀＝take pride in / be proud of不能用于进行时态或被动语态Eg.:He prided himself on his driving skill.pride n.in the pride of 处于最佳状态（顶峰）Eg: She is still young and in the pride of her beauty.put one’s pride in one’s pocket:控制自尊心 ■taste n. 鉴赏力Eg.: She has excellent taste in dress.have excellent taste in sth 在…上有极高的品位a taste of  尝一口，尝一点Eg: Oh,let me have a taste of your coffee.in good taste: 文雅，得体Eg: The beautiful girl is in good taste.in bad taste: 庸俗，不得体taste: 有什么的味道to one's taste: 合某人的口味，称某人的心愿Eg: He did what he wanted to do to his taste.There is accounting for taste.  人各有所好。He who has never tasted bitter knows not what is sweet.不知黄连苦怎知蜂蜜甜呢。tastabel 可品尝的tasteful 有鉴赏力的tasteless 没有味道的，乏味的taste blindness 味盲taste maker 时尚的首创者Eg.: Are you taste maker? ■exert v. 施加exert sth on sb 对某人施加…（压力）Eg.: His wife exerted a lot of pressure on him to change his job.He likes to exert his authority on us.exert oneself 努力，尽力Eg.: He never exerted himself to study hard.exert every effort 尽一切努力exertion n. ■subtle adj. 微妙的，难以捉摸的Eg.: Advertisements exert subtle influence on us.subtle 敏感的，敏锐的Eg.: He is a subtle observer.subtly adv.微妙地，敏锐地subtleness == subtlety ■advertiser n. 做广告的人advertise: 做广告advertisement 广告 ■classify v. 分类Eg.: The books have been classified according to subjects.classification n.classified adj. 分类的，机密的classifiable adj. 可分类的classifier n. 分类者 ■magic adj. 有奇妙作用的■sample n. 样品■devise v. 设计，想出■capture v. 吸引，赢得Eg.: His wonderful performance captured my attention.capture 捕获，俘获Eg.: The police captured the two thieves. ■manufacturer n. 生产厂家，制造商■wheelbarrow n. 独轮手推车■boot n. （汽车尾部的）行李箱■ingredient n. 配料■crane n. 起重机■anticipate v. 预期，预料anticipate / except anticipate : 预料到Eg.: Our attack failed because the enemy anticipated.anticipate:期待，指望，预料Eg.:We anticipated the enemy would try to cross the river, so we decided to destory the bridge.except: 期待，希望某事发生（不能表示“预料到”这一含义）；期待，指望，anticipate ==exceptEg.: I am not expecting any trouble.We are anticipating ( excepting ) a large crowd of people at tonight’s meeting.He is the man who is always anticipating trouble.anticipate:注重强调的内容以高兴和恐惧的心情，期待所想之事或预料之事的发生Eg.: The students are anticipating a wonderful vocation. 三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:        Advertisements always exert influence on everybody.No one ,avoid, 双重否定No students can avoid being influenced by their teachers. Key sentence:        Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.让步状语从句，though, althoughas引导让步状语从句，句子要采用倒装形式（ adj. / adv. / n. / v.用在as之前）1．adj. + as + 主语+ 谓语Rich as he is, he is not happy.Tired as I was, I try to help them.2．adv. (much ) + as + 从句Much as I like you, I will not marry you.Much as I hate do it, I must stay home and study English.虽然我不愿意这么做，但我今晚必须呆在家里学习英语。3．v. + as + 主语 + 助动词Try as they may, they will never succeed.即使他们很努力，但他们不会成功。Object as my parents may, I decide to do it.不管我父母怎样反对，我都决定要这样做。 采用不同的句子结构形式，不同的词汇表达同一个语义。 effort 1. n. (U) 努力，竭尽全力 （需要花费脑力和体力的事情）Eg.: It took a lot of effort to lift the box.A great deal of effort has gone into this exhibition.2. n. (C) 努力，竭尽全力  make every effortEg.: We are making every effort to study English.in one’s effort to do:为了干好某事，在干好某事的努力过程当中Eg.: The company is selling off some of its buildings in their efforts to save money.In their efforts to learn English well, they spend a lot of time. make a close (careful ) study:对什么做了仔细的研究Advertisers make every effort in order to sell their products. The first paragraph is really wonderful, you’d better keeping your mind Advertisers discovered years ago that all of us love to get something for nothing. get something for nothing ( free ): 免费得到…… The big bell rare goer wrong. these days: 目前 not only…but…as well……不仅……而且…… devise: 设计Eg.: They have devised the best way to have the party. enable sb. to do: 使某人能够做某事Eg.: Hard work will enable you to pass the examinaiton, otherwise, no way. Key sentence:        Radio and television have made it possible for advertisers to capture the attention of millions of people in this way.make it possible for sb to do sth 使……可能Eg.: His fwe material possessions make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease.    The money he won made it possible for him to make a tour around the world. capture(catch, receive, arrest, draw) the attention of sb 吸引某人注意力 Key sentence:        The response to this competition was tremendous.responce = reaction: 反映before long = soon, shortlybiscuits of all shapes (sizes ), shoes of all sizesoccupy = take up, 占据 It seemed certain that...注意：用it 做形式主语表示肯定时，要用certain,而不能用sure.We are sure / certain...It is certain...closed = endedremove = load  Lesson 27 Nothing to sell and nothing to buy 不卖也不买一、【Text】课文It has been said that everyone lives by selling something. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which people perform for us. There are times when we would willingly give everything we possess to save our lives, yet we might grudge paying a surgeon a high fee for offering us precisely this service. The conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.Tramps seem to be the only exception to this general rule. Beggars almost sell themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by. But real tramps are not beggars. They have nothing to sell and require nothing from others. In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity. A tramp may ask you for money, but he will never ask you to feel sorry for him. He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences. He may never be sure where the next meal is coming from, but he is free from the thousands of anxieties which afflict other people. His few material possession make it possible for him to move from place to place with ease. By having to sleep in the open, he gets far closer to the world of nature than most of us ever do. He may hunt, beg, or steal occasionally to keep himself alive; he may even in times of real need, do a little work; but he will never sacrifice his freedom We often speak of tramps with contempt and put them in the same class as beggars, but how many of us can honestly say that we have not felt a little envious of their simple way of life and their freedom from care?   二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●philosopher n. 哲学家●wisdom       n. 智慧●priest   n. 牧师●spiritual       adj. 精神上的●grudge        v. 不愿给，舍不得给●surgeon       n. 外科大夫●passer-by (复数passers-by )       n. 过路人●dignity        n. 尊严●deliberately adv. 故意地●consequence n. 后果，结果●afflict   v. 使苦恼，折磨●ease     n. 容易●nature   n. 大自然●contempt     n. 蔑视●envious       adj. 嫉妒的 ■philosopher n. 哲学家■wisdom n. 智慧cut sb's wisdom teeth 开始懂事了 ●priest n. 牧师■spiritual adj. 精神上的spiritual lifemental：智力的physical:物质的，肉体的spirited:生机勃勃的，精神饱满的，猛烈的Eg.:She is a spirited girl.This is a spirited discussion.spirituous adj. 含酒精的 ■grudge v. 不愿给，舍不得给■surgeon n. 外科大夫■passer-by (复数passers-by ) n. 过路人■dignity n. 尊严with great dignitystand / keep on one’s dignitypocket one’s dignity 放下架子lose one’s dignity 有失体面dignify v.dignified adj. ■deliberately adv. 故意地on purpose: 故意，强调目的性deliberately (强调深思熟虑后)故意的 ■consequence n. 后果，结果 result: 按常规产生的结果effect 效果outcome（比赛）最后结局in consequence  因此, in consequence of 由于什么的缘故take the consequence of 承担……的后果 ■afflict v. 使苦恼，折磨常用于被动语态affliction n.afflictive adj. 苦恼的，悲伤的 ■ease n. 容易with ease 轻而易举at ease, 舒服，宽松He stayed home at ease.ill at ease 不自在put sb. at his ease 不拘束take one's ease 安下心来I took my ease to study English here. ■nature n. 大自然■contempt n. 蔑视in contempt of 轻视hold sb. in contempt = look down upon sb.contemptable adj. 可轻视的，不耻的，卑鄙的■■■contemptuous adj. 轻视的，傲慢的，轻蔑的despite  ■envious adj. 嫉妒的 三、【课文精析】 It has been said that = it is said that据说 live by: to make enough money to feed oneself：依靠某种职业为生live on 依靠某种食物维持生命，或靠某人生活in the light of= according to, taking into account 根据，考虑到in accordance with: 依据(法律) （更加正式） in terms of: 按照，就……而言，关于in respect ofin / with regard to, as regards there are times when 有时grudge后面要和名词或动名词搭配I grudge wasting time on this.He grudge paying so much money for such bad food. require from  In seeking independencein + 动名词搭配，表示“在……的过程中”In speeking to him, I found he is stammers.Eg.: in seeking independenceon + 动名词搭配，表示“一……就……”, 必须注意主语的一致性。Eg.: On seeing the plane coming towards me, I ……In crossing the hall, I ...On entering the hall, I... fully: completely be free from 不受……的影响He’s leading a life free from care and anxieties.The old lady is never free from paining.这位老太太始终病痛缠身。free from errorfree from anxieties. make it possible for sb. to do sth. keep oneself alive 为了生存 with 和名词搭配，表示“具有，带有”Eg.: How many of us can honestly say that we would like to learn Englsh well? Lesson 28 Five pounds too dear 五镑太贵 一、【Text】课文Small boats loaded with wares sped to the great liner as she was entering the harbour. Before she had anchored, the men from the boats had climbed on board and the decks were soon covered with colourful rugs from Persia, silks from India, copper coffee pots, and beautiful handmade silverware. It was difficult not to be tempted. Many of the tourists on board had begun bargaining with the tradesmen, but I decided not to buy anything until I had disembarked.I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring. I had no intention of buying one, but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds. Some of them were as big as marbles. The man went to great lengths to prove that the diamonds were real. As we were walking past a shop, he held a diamond firmly against the window and made a deep impression in the glass. It took me over half an hour to get rid of him.The next man to approach me was selling expensive pens and watches. I examined one of the pens closely. It certainly looked genuine. At the base of the gold cap, the words 'made in the U.S.A.' had been neatly inscribed. The man said that the pen was worth ￡50, but as a special favour, he would let me have it for ￡30. I shook my head and held up five fingers indicating that I was willing to pay ￡5. Gesticulating wildly, the man acted as if he found my offer outrageous, but he eventually reduced the price to ￡10. Shrugging my shoulders, I began to walk away when, a moment later, he ran after me and thrust the pen into my hands. Though he kept throwing up his arms in despair, he readily accepted the ￡5 I gave him. I felt especially pleased with my wonderful bargain----until I got back to the ship. No matter how hard I tried, it was impossible to fill this beautiful pen with ink and to this day it has never written a single word!  二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●wares   n. 货物，商品●anchor v. 停航下锚●deck     n. 甲板●silverware    n.银器●tempt   v. 吸引，引诱●bargain        v. 讨价还价●disembark    v. 下船上岸●assail    v. 纠缠●marble        n. 小玻璃球●inscribe       v. 刻写，雕●favour n. 好处，优惠●gesticulate   v. （讲话时）打手势●outrageous   adj. 出人预料的；令人不悦的●thrust   v. 硬塞给 ■wares n. 货物，商品wares:      货郎随身携带的货物  复合词、表示“器皿、器具”silverware, ironware, glassware, software,hardware, chinawaregoods:      商店里出售的商品commodity: （正式，总称）商品commodity price / economy / market / exchange ■anchor v. 停航下锚■deck n. 甲板■silverware n.银器■tempt v. 吸引，引诱vt.  tempt sb. to do sth. 吸引某人做某事temptation n. 引诱the temptation to do sth.tempting adj. 有吸引力的 ■bargain v. 讨价还价vi. & n.a good bargain 好交易make a bargain 达成协议，做成交易drive a hard bargain with sb 和某人费力的讨价还价bargain with sb for sth  和某人就……讨价还价bargain away : 讨价出售，论价出售 ■disembark v. 下船上岸=debark下船上岸embark 上船 ■assail v. 纠缠vt.He was assailed with worries.afflict:困扰 ■marble n. 小玻璃球■inscribe v. 刻写，雕■favour n. 好处，优惠in favour of     赞成，支持，有利于in one's favour   受某人欢迎，得到欢心out of favour    不利，失宠The situation both at home and aborad is in our favour.无论是国内外的形势均对我们有利。by favour of: 烦请面交do sb. a favour:给某人以恩惠Eg.: Can you do me a favour to dance with me？ 能赏光跳支舞吗？favourite: 受到优惠的，优待的favourable:赞成的，称赞的 ■gesticulate v. （讲话时）打手势■outrageous adj. 出人预料的；令人不悦的He played outrageous joke.outrage n. 暴行rage 盛怒，发怒fly into a rage 勃然大怒 ■thrust v. 硬塞给thrust sth. into 塞进thrust aside 推开thrust oneself forward 向前挤thrust oneself in 探听，干涉==thrust one’s nose intoDon’t thrust yourself in privacy.thrust sth. upon sb. 强加于人Don’t thrust your idea upon me.thrust sb. out 解雇  三、【课文精析】 five pounds too deardear ==expensive, costly Small boats sped to the great liner----主干loaded with----过去分词作定语，“装载，运载” （= filled with ） speed :迅速驶向speed down hill 向山下疾驶speed up        向山上疾驶speed by        迅速驶过Our holiday speed by. anchor:停航下锚 the men from the boats 小船上的人们be covered with 堆满了 Key sentence:        It was difficult not to tempted.(双重否定)It was difficult not to tempted by the beautiful shoes. bargain with 与......讨价还价  on board----介词短语，修饰the tourists not ... until Eg.: I decided not to do anything until I had got home.    They didn’t reach the school until they had already pass to by two villages. Key sentence:        I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring.had no sooner ... than句型 （ no sooner 位于句首，要倒装） 表示“一…就…”的句型有：as soon as, the moment that, on doing, had no sooner than, had hardly when have no intention of doing sth 不打算做某事Eg.: I have no intention of changing my mind.He said that he had no intension of looking for another job. the fact that----同位语从句，不能更改为which I can not conceal the fact that... 我不能隐藏这一事实 impress: 给......极深的印象be most impressed by  某人被留下了极深的印象What impressed me most was 给我印象最深的是Eg.: What impressed me most was beauty here.create / give a bad impression on sb. 给......以不良印象Eg.:If the shop is untidy, it creates a bad impression on potential of customers.    If you don’t work hard, it will create a bad impression on your boss make a quite impression on sb. 给某人留下极深的印象Eg.: Your speech made a quite impression on me.impression n. 印痕Eg.: He made a deep impression in glass. Key sentence:        but I could not conceal the fact that I was impressed by the size of the diamonds. as...as  象......一样 go to great(considerable, any) lengths 竭尽全力，不惜一切代价Eg.: He went to great lenghts to pass the examination. real:     真的，不是捏造出来的，非人工制造的（= genuine）true:     与事实或现实符合 ( ≠false )genuine:  不是伪造的，非人工制造的（常用来修饰金银、字画、古董 ≠fake）real reason, real fears, real / genuine money, real / genuine diamond past ==by 走过 It take sb. sometime to do sth. 花费某人时间做某事get rid of 摆脱，除去；治好=cure He can never get rid of his debts. （~ debt ==pay off:还清）stain ==wash off洗净The next man to approach me:第二个向我兜售的人，靠近我的人at the base of 在……的底部as a special favour 作为一种特殊的优惠for 出价钱 hold up five fingers indicating that...indicating:分词作状语，“意思是说......”Eg.: I held up ten fingers indicating that I was willing to pay $10. Gesticulating: 现在分词作伴随情况状语 act as if (行为、举止)好像as if ==as though outrageous: 感到出乎意料的，令人不能容忍的eventually ==at last shrugging----现在分词作伴随状况状语readily ==willingly 心甘情愿地be pleased with= be satisfied with 对……感到满意No matter how ==howeverfill withto this day==up till now, until now, so far 到目前为止Lesson 29 Funny or not? 是否可笑？
一、【Text】课文Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up. The sense of humour is mysteriously bound up with national characteristics. A Frenchman, for instance, might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. In the same way, a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears.Most funny stories are based on comic situations. In spite of national differences, certain funny situations have a universal appeal. No matter where you live, you would find it difficult not to laugh at, say, Charlie Chaplin's early films. However, a new type of humour, which stems largely from the U.S., has recently come into fashion. It is called' sick humour '. Comedians base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accidents. Many people find this sort of joke distasteful. The following example of 'sick humour' will enable you to judge for yourself.A man who had broken his right leg was taken to hospital a few weeks before Christmas. From the moment he arrived there, he kept on pestering his doctor to tell him when he would be able to go home. He dreaded having to spend Christmas in hospital. Though the doctor did his best, the patient's recovery was slow. On Christmas day, the man still had his right leg in plaster. He spent a miserable day in bed thinking of all the fun he was missing. The following day, however, the doctor consoled him by telling him that his chances of being able to leave hospital in time for New Year celebrations were good. The man took heart and, sure enough, on New Year's Eve he was able to hobble along to a party. To compensate for his unpleasant experiences in hospital, the man drank a little more than was good for him. In the process, he enjoyed himself thoroughly and kept telling everybody how much he hated hospitals. He was still mumbling something about hospitals at the end of the party when he slipped on a piece of ice and broke his left leg. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●largely        adv. 在很大程度上●comic   adj. 喜剧的，可笑的●universal     adj. 普遍的●comedian     n. 滑稽演员，喜剧演员●distasteful    adj. 讨厌的●pester   v. 一再要求，纠缠●dread   v. 惧怕●recovery      n. 康复●plaster n. 熟石膏●console        v. 安慰，慰问●hobble v. 瘸着腿走●compensate v. 补偿●mumble       v. 喃喃而语 ■largely  adv. 在很大程度上Eg.: He success was largely due to luck. ■comic adj. 喜剧的，可笑的■universal adj. 普遍的universal agent 全权代理人universal time 世界时universal joint 万向接头universality n. 普遍性universally adv.Eg.: It universally acknowledged that English is getting more and more important.universe 宇宙 ■comedian n. 滑稽演员，喜剧演员comedy 喜剧tragedy 悲剧tragic 悲剧的comic 喜剧的 ■distasteful adj. 讨厌的Eg.: The idea is distasteful to me.distastefully adv. ■pester v. 一再要求，纠缠==assail (l28)pester sb. to dopester sb. withEg.: He contunually pesters his boss with demands. pester sb. for sth. ■dread v. 惧怕后面可以跟名词、动名词、不定式搭配连用Eg.: We were dreading his arrival.我们正担心他来呢。I dread to think what will happened if she find out.He dread having to meet his parents.dreadful adj.dreaded in dread of fear 一般的恐惧horrify 使恐怖，使极度恐惧 ■recovery n. 康复■plaster n. 熟石膏■console v. 安慰，慰问Eg.: He is consoling his friend in grief for the loss of child. ■hobble v. 瘸着腿走■compensate v. 补偿■mumble v. 喃喃而语     三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:        I found it difficult to finish the work in a day.此句话是文章的topic be based on:以……作为基础It was difficult not to be temptedStem from, come from, arise from, originate fromHis feeling of hate stems from envyHer interest in flowers stemed from her childhood in the countrycome into fashion 开始流行come into being  开始形成come into power 开始执政 Key sentence:        Comedians base their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accidents.Some funny stories are based on tragic situations. Key sentence:        From the moment he arrived at party, he enjoyed himself very much. keep doing sth. 不间断的，不停的做某事keep on doing sth. 反复、重复干某事(中间可以有短暂的暂停) (keep: vi.)Don’t keep on asking silly questions.He kept smoking all the while.He kept on smoking all the while.keep +宾语+动词ing形式，keep on 不能用于该句型He kept me waiting for an hour.I’m sorry to have kept you waiting so long. dread to do ==dread doing a miserable day: a terrible day think of 想到，想起，想着When I saw you I thought of my sister.think of doing sth.He is thinking of setting up a school. spend time doing sth. by 通过某种方式手段dread to do = dread doinga miserable day: a terrible daythink of:想到，想起，想着When I saw you I thought of my sister.think of doing sth.He is thinking of setting up a school.spend time doing sth.by:通过某种方式手段I arrived here by train.在表达可能性这个语句的时候，经常采用复数形式chances ofMy chances of passing the examination are good.It is quite possible for me to pass the examination.His chances of being dismissed are good.his chances of doing sth. are good. / remote  做……可能性极大/极小remoteHis chances of arriving here by bicycle are remote. slightHe took heart when he got the good news.lose heart :失去信心，失去勇气 The cake is more than I can eat.mecessary, gook, possible, anticipate, expect, feel, suggest, report, require, think He eats more than is good for him.asHe arrived as I expected. / He arrived as was expected.He eats just as much as is good for him.He eats more than is good for him.The man drank just as much was good for him.She is quite fat. ==She isn’t right fat. Yesterday I went swimming. In the process, I had a very good time. I was lookingfor yourhouse and got lostin the process.keep telling ==keep on telling how much ----to what extentHow much can I trust him? when: at that moment   Lesson 30 The death of a ghost 幽灵之死一、【Text】课文For years villagers believed that Endley farm was haunted. The farm was owned by two brothers, Joe and Bob Cox. They employed a few farm hands, but no one was willing to work there long. Every time a worker gave up his job, he told the sam story. Farm labourers said that they always woke up to find the work had been done overnight. Hay had been cut and cow sheds had been cleaned. A farm worker,who stayed up all night, claimed to have seen a figure cutting corn in the moonlight. In time, it became an accepted fact that the Cox brothers employed a conscientious ghost that did most of their work for them.No one suspected that there might be someone else on the farm who had never been seen. This was indeed the case. A short time ago, villagers were astonished to learn that the ghost of Endley had died. Everyone went to the funeral, for the 'ghost' was none other than Eric Cox, a third brother who was supposed to have died as a young man. After the funeral, Joe and Bob revealed a secret which they had kept for over forty years.Eric had been the eldest son of the family, very much older than his two brothers. He had been obliged to join the army during the Second World War. As he hated army life he decided to desert his regiment. When he learnt that he would be sent abroad, he returned to the farm and his farther hid him until the end of the war. Fearing the authorities, Eric remained in hiding after the war as well. His father told everybody that Eric had been killed in action. The only other people who knew the secret were Joe and Bob. They did not even tell their wives. When their father died, they thought it their duty to keep Eric in hiding. All these years, Eric had lived as a recluse.He used to sleep during the day and work at night, quite unaware of the fact that he had become the ghost of Endley. When he died, however, his brothers found it impossible to keep the secret any longer. 【New words and expressions】 生词和短语●labourer n. 劳动者●overnight adv. 一夜之间●hay n. 干草●corn n. 谷物●moonlight n. 月光●conscientious adj. 认真的●suspect v. 怀疑●desert v. （军队中）开小差●regiment n. （军队）团●action n. 战斗●recluse n. 隐士 ■labourer n. 劳动者labourer 特别强调使用体力，而不是技能；户外工作workman    指具有某种工艺技能的半熟练工人worker     泛指，暗示具有更高的技术水平，通常指脑力劳动者farmhand   农场雇工，农业工人; farm labourer ■overnight adv. 一夜之间■hay n. 干草■corn n. 谷物■moonlight n. 月光■conscientious adj. 认真的a conscientious teacherconscious adj. 意识到的，清楚的 ■suspect v. 怀疑suspect vt. 怀疑  to believe to be true or likelyI suspected him of stealing the car.suspected that…He suspected that his girlfriend tried to hide her true feelings.suspect sb. to beI suspect him to be a spy.doubt 怀疑, 表示否定的语意I doubt whether he is a liar. / I suspect that he is a liar.I doubt the truth of his statement.suspicious adj.Cats are suspicious of human beings.suspicion n. 猜疑，怀疑 ■desert v. （军队中）开小差desert vt. run away without permissionThe soldier deserted his army.We sheltered from the storm in a deserted hut.abandon 放弃desert 违背法律、道义、责任、信仰desert the army, desert school, desert his duty, desert his familyabandon 被迫放弃所感兴趣或所负责任的东西。He had to abandon his favorite research because of the war.forsake vt.  放弃，抛弃，与……脱离关系Eg.: He forsook his family.discard v. 放弃，丢弃： give up as uselessEg.: everyday we discard a large amount of rubbish. ■regiment n. （军队）团■action n. 战斗■recluse n. 隐士 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 三、【课文精析】 It is said the public house was haunted.haunt: visit somewhere very oftenHe haunted this cinema. own == possessthe farm was possessed by two brothers.be willing to ==be ready to do every time ==whenever引导时间状语从句Every time I listen to his advice, I get into trouble.Whenever I listen to his advice, I get into trouble. wake up to find that  醒过来的时候，结果却发现……to 不定式做结果状语He woke up to find that he was surrounded by a large crowd of people.He hurried to the post office only to find that it was shut. and 平行句式结构hay 干草 A farm worker, who…, claimed to …句子主干：A farm worker claimed to …claim to have doneclaim to have done 声称做过某事Eg: He claimed to have seen the puma.Seamen claimed to have seen monsters.see sb. doing sth. 看见某人正在做某事who 引导非限制性定语从句，补充说明 a farm workerThese young people, who love the peace of the moutains, always receive a warm welcome at Salnt Bernard Monastery.stay up : not to go to bedI stayed up last nightThe boy sat up to see the film.wait up for/sit up for 为了等待某人回来而不睡觉Don’t wait up for me, I’ll be home very late.burn the midnight oil 开夜车Eg: I have to burn the midnight oil tonight to complete work. in time 最后，终于 It became an accepted fact that…变成一个大家都接受的事实that 引导同位语从句，补充说明fact 同位语补充说明先行词的内涵An idea came to her that she might do the experiment in another way.Everybody had already accepted the fact that the puma is still at large.It becomes an accepted fact that eht puma is still at large. that引导定语从句 No one suspected that…someone else who had neer been seen be astonished = be surprisedastonish, surprise, amaze, astoundbe astonished to do sth.I’m not surprised to see he is still as fat as before. for == as 是对全句的补述 none other than == no other than  强调结构，表示不是别人而正是……Eg: The man who had sent the flowers was none other than the man she had spoken to the night before. It was no other than my old friend Johnson.The man who spoke to her was none other than her husband. nothing else than 仅仅Eg: His failiure was due to nothing else than his own carelessness. a third brother 又一位兄弟who was supposed = who was thoughtHe was supposed to have died 20 years before. keep secret    保密reveal secret   揭露秘密，披露秘密The press revealed the scandal.He kept secret for a long time.he kept it to himself for a long time. very much : much 用来加强语气be obliged to do = be forced to do 被迫做某事He had been in hiding...Fearing the authorities...现在分词引导原因状语in hiding = in concealmenthe remained in hiding at home... the only other people who knew the secret 仅知道的人the only other people who finished the work 仅完成这项工作的人 they thought it their duty to...it 形式宾语I thought it very difficult to pass this examination.We all think it our duty to support our parents.形式宾语it和宾语补足语直接搭配连用，宾语补足语可以是名词或形容词 形容词短语做状语，进一步补充说明全句 quite unaware of the fact that...that 引导同位语从句We amass requisites quite unaware of the fact.amass  收藏，积聚 his brothers found it impossible to do...it形式宾语It is quite impossible to finish the hard work in 2 hours.I found it quite impossible to finish the hard work in 2 hours. Lesson 31 A lovable eccentric 可爱的怪人一、【Text】课文 True eccentrics never deliberately set out to draw attention to themselves. They disregard social conventions without being conscious that they are doing anything extraordinary. This invariably wins them the love and respect of others, for they add colour to the dull routine of everyday life.Up to the time of his death, Richard Colson was one of the most notable figures in our town. He was a shrewd and wealthy businessman, but most people in the town hardly knew anything about this side of his life. He was known to us all as Dickie and his eccentricity had become legendary long before he died.Dickie disliked snobs intensely. Though he owned a large car, he hardly ever used it, preferring always to go on foot. Even when it was raining heavily, he refused to carry an umbrella. One day, he walked into an expensive shop after having been caught in a particularly heavy shower. He wanted to buy a ￡300 watch for his wife, but he was in such a bedraggled condition that an assistant refused to serve him. Dickie left the shop without a word and returned carrying a large cloth bag. As it was extremely heavy, he dumped it on the counter. The assistant asked him to leave, but Dickie paid no attention to him and requested to see the manager. Recognizing who the customer was, the manager was most apologetic and 'reprimanded the assistant severely. When Dickie was given the watch, he presented the assistant with the cloth bag. It contained ￡300 in pennies. He insisted on the assistant's counting the money before he left---- 30,000 pennies in all! On another occasion, he invited a number of important critics to see his private collection of modern paintings. This exhibition received a great deal of attention in the press, for though the pictures were supposed to be the work of famous artists, they had in fact been painted by Dickie. It took him four years to stage this elaborate joke simply to prove that critics do not always know what they are talking about. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●lovable        adj. 可爱的●eccentric      n. （行为）古怪的人●disregard     v. 不顾，漠视●convention   n. 习俗，风俗●conscious     adj. 感觉到的，意识到的●invariably    adv. 总是，经常地●routine        n. 常规；惯例●shrewd        adj. 精明的●eccentricity n. 怪僻●legendary    adj. 传奇般的●snob     n. 诌上欺下的人●intensely      adv. 强烈地●bedraggled   adj 拖泥带水的●dump   v. 把……砰的一声抛下●apologetic    adj. 道歉的●reprimand    v. 训斥●stage    v. 暗中策划●elaborate     adj. 精心构思的 ■lovable adj. 可爱的lovable == worthy of lovelovely = beautiful 可爱的lovable    惹人爱Eg: What he does is lovable.     I like the lovely boy/girl.A large number of eccentrics are lovable. 许多怪人惹人喜爱。 ■eccentric n. （行为）古怪的人eccentric: a person whose behaviou is peculiar, unusual, rather strange.eccentric: adj. peculiar, unusual; strangestrange因为陌生而奇怪Eg.: The modern building looks strange to the villages.eccentric 行为举止古怪Eg.: I can’t get on well with him, because he is eccentric.odd 强调因为少见而多怪Eg.: Look, he is wearing an odd hat.peculiar 奇异的，不同寻常的The house is peculiar.I feel peculiar today. ==I feel uncomfortable / ill. == I’m not myself today.eccentricity n. 怪癖 ■disregard v. 不顾，漠视disregard: ignore; pay no attention toDisregard noise and keep workingdisregard n.have disregard of / forHe has complete disregard of / for my feelings.in disregard ofHe did the work in disregard of my instructions.treat sb. with disregard 怠慢某人Anyway, don’t treat your friends with disregard. ■convention n. 习俗，风俗convention: generally accepted practice.Shaking hands when meeting people is normal convention in China.custom 历史悠久的社会习俗It’s a custom of giving presents at Christmas.He always does exactly what he wants and does not care about convention.practice 某团体的传统做法或令他人无法接受的习俗Eg.: The normal practice in the company is to send bill as soon as the job is done.Your stomach would turn at the idea of frying potatoes in animal fat--the normally accepted practice in many northern countries.(三册L23)tradition  传统Spending Christmas Day is a tradition for western people.habit 个人习惯I have a habit of reading English aloud in the morning. ■conscious adj. 感觉到的，意识到的conscious ==awarebe conscious of / thatbe aware of / thatHe is quite unaware of the danger.He is not conscious of the danger.class conscious 有阶级意识的family conscious 有家庭观念的clothes conscious 注重衣着的stairs conscious  注重地位的aware, conscious的反义词直接加un-unaware, unconscioussubconscious 下意识的consciousness n. ■invariably adv. 总是，经常地■routine n. 常规；惯例routine: the regular fixed way of sth. / doing thingsfollow the routine 墨守常规break the routine 打破常规start the daily routine 开始每天的日常生活 ■shrewd adj. 精明的shrewed: showing good practical judgement 精明的，狡滑的，敏锐的，机灵的He is a shrewed observer.We have got shrewed common sense.Sb. is shrewed. == He has good judgement.shrewed brainedshrewed headed  头脑机灵的shrewed looking 看起来机灵的 L31-02  end  11’26” L31-03  begin  11’00” cunning: clever at deceiving 善于歉骗的sly 用更隐秘的办法来达到目的a sly old fox ■eccentricity n. 怪僻■legendary adj. 传奇般的■snob n. 诌上欺下的人■intensely adv. 强烈地intense adj. very strong ; violent; extreme; sharp; etc.intense cold 严寒intense heat 酷暑intense discussion 激烈的讨论intensify vt. 使增强You must intensify your sense of responsibility.你必须加强责任感。intensity n.Losing jobs are growing in intensity. sth are growing in intensity ……（某种程度）在加强Eg: Losing jobs are growing in intensity. ■bedraggled adj 拖泥带水的■dump v. 把……砰的一声抛下■reprimand v. 训斥reprimand: scold officially and severelyblame     责备(语气程度很弱)Eg.: The teacher blamed him for his coming late.scold       斥责(语气稍重一点)Don’t scold me for a trifle.reproach  斥责 (语气最严重)He often reproached his children.reprimand: scold officially and severelyThe boss reprimanded his employees severely. ■apologetic adj. 道歉的apologize v.He apologized to his boss.The boss apologized to his employees.He was apologetic. 他致以歉意apology n. 歉意make apology to sb. for sth.  ■stage v. 暗中策划He stage a joke. ■elaborate adj. 精心构思的elaborate == carefully worked outan elaborate design 精心的设计elaborate vt.He elaborated a system of computer. 三、【课文精析】 deliberately: on purposeset out to do = set about doing = start doing / to do sth.draw attention to 吸引对......的注意capture/attract/hold/catch/arrest/receive/draw attention to  吸引对……的注意力 He made a mistake without being conscious of the factinvariably = alwaysHer fine character quickly won her the friendship of her colleagues win sb sth 为某人赢得……add colour to 增添色彩Eccentrics add colour to our dull life. up to the time of his death: before he died. 完成时notable: famousthis side of his life 生活的这一面 Dickie disliked snobs intensely / violentlypreferring 现在分词做伴随状况状语 be caught in a heavy shower   遇到瓢泼大雨 be caught in a heavy snow      遇到大雪be caught in a heavy storm   遇到风暴 pay no attention to sb = ignore sb = take no notice of sb = turn a deaf ear to sb对……不予理睬Dickie took no notice of himdickie turned a deaf ear to him.refuse to listen to  request 求见（非常正式而有礼貌的用词，语气相当强烈，假如你request某件东西的话，通常你有权利得到你想要的。）I requested the headmaster.Every student can request assistance of their teachers.’demand 在语气上还要强烈，假如你demand某件东西的话，你坚决认为你有权利得到你想要的，且不愿意接受否定的回答。I demand my rights. 我要求我的权力。ask 口头或写信介到某物I asked to get the book.he asked me for help.realizing or recognizing 在这里现在分词做原因状语most = very much present sb. with sth. or present sth. to sb. 把......交给 insist on doing / insist thatHe insisted that the shop assistant should count the money before he left. receive a great deal of attention in the press 引起了报界广泛注意 simply to prove = only to prove talk nonsense  胡说八道talk sense        说正经话 Lesson 32 A lost ship 一艘沉船一、【Text】课文The salvage operation had been a complete failure. The small ship, Elkor, which had been searching the Barents Sea for weeks, was on its way home. A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship's captain instructing him to give up the search. The captain knew that another attempt would be made later, for the sunken ship he was trying to find had been carrying a precious cargo of gold bullion.Despite the message, the captain of the Elkor decided to try once more. The sea bed was scoured with powerful nets and there was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom. Though the crew were at first under the impression that the lost ship had been found, the contents of the chest proved them wrong. What they had in fact found was a ship which had been sunk many years before.The chest contained the personal belongings of a seaman, Alan Fielding. There were books, clothing and photographs,together with letters which the seaman had once received from his wife. The captain of the Elkor ordered his men to salvage as much as possible from the wreck. Nothing of value was found, but the numerous items which were brought to the surface proved to be of great interest. From a heavy gun that was raised, the captain realized that the ship must have been a cruiser. In another chest, which contained the belongings of a ship's officer, there was an unfinished letter which had been written on March 14th, 1943. The captain learnt from the letter that the name of the lost ship was the Karen. The most valuable find of all was the ship's log book, parts of which it was still possible to read. From this the captain was able to piece together all the information that had come to light. The Karen had been sailing in a convoy to Russia when she was torpedoed by an enemy submarine. This was later confirmed by a naval official at the Ministry of Defence after the Elkor had returned home. All the items that were found were sent to the War Museum. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●salvage        v. 救助，营救；打捞●Barents        n. 巴伦支（海）●sunken        adj. 沉没的●cargo   n. 货物●bullion        n. 金条；银条●scour    v. 彻底搜索●chest    n. 大箱子●contents       n.（复数）所装的东西●belongings   n. （复数）所有物●item     n. 物件●cruiser n. 巡洋舰●find     n. 找到的物品●log book      航海日志●piece    v. 拼成整体●convoy        n. 护航●torpedo       v. 用鱼雷攻击●submarine    n. 潜水艇●naval    adj. 海军的●ministry      n.（政府的）部 ■salvage v. 救助，营救；打捞salvage goods from the firesalvage the patientsalvage your time 节省时间salvage archaelogy 抢救性考古salvage boat 救助船salvage money 救助费，打捞费 ■Barents n. 巴伦支（海）■sunken adj. 沉没的■cargo n. 货物cargo: the goods carried by ship; plane or vehicleEg.:  The ship has a cargo of 1,000 tonscargo vesselgoods: the goods carried by plane or train 也可以做形容词，只能表示铁路运输，常指商店里的的商品。Eg.: Trains are used to carry goods and passengers. A goods train ■bullion n. 金条；银条■scour v. 彻底搜索go throughThe house has been searched / scoured for the hidden bullion. scour / search / hunt  (都可与for 搭配,表示目的)search  指寻找丢失的东西或被认为是存在的东西，比look for更正式hunt    指漫无边际的寻找急需要的东西scour   表示彻底地搜查一个特定范围并暗示花费更大的力气Eg.: I have been searching everywhere, but I can’t find the key.We spent a week hunting for the puma. They scoured the woods for the child.scour / search / hunt  (都可与for 搭配,表示目的) ■chest n. 大箱子chest: a large strong box in which valuable objects are keptcase 衣箱（总称）suitcase 手提箱safe 保险箱trunk 汽车尾箱dustbin 垃圾箱 ■contents n.（复数）所装的东西■belongings n. （复数）所有物■item n. 物件■cruiser n. 巡洋舰■find n. 找到的物品find: Something good or valuableEg.: the little restaurant is quite a find.The garden is a good find. ■log book 航海日志■piece v. 拼成整体part / a piece of cake / a piece of newspiece: put parts together to form a wholepiece together 拼揍Eg.: They piece the log book together.piece up 修补，拼合Please piece up the dress.piece a quilt ■convoy n. 护航in convoy 护航under convoy: 被护航 ■torpedo v. 用鱼雷攻击■submarine n. 潜水艇前缀sub-1. 下subway 地铁substructure 下层建筑subsoil 下层土subnormal 低于正常的2．次；准；亚subtripics subcollegesubcontinent3. 副；分支；下级；下属subeditor 副编辑subagent 副代理人subhead 副标题suboffice 分办事处4．接近的subadult 接近成人的subteen 将近十三岁的subequal 接近相等的5．再subdived 再分sublet 转租subculture 再培养 ■naval adj. 海军的navy 海军naval port 军港naval power 制海权voyage 海上航行navigation 航海术navigate v. 航海，航行 ■ministry n.（政府的）部  三、【课文精析】 The salvage operation had been a complete failure.My examination is a complete failure. 这次考试完全失败了。Their experiment had been a complete failure. Key sentence:        A radio message from the mainland had been received by the ship's captain instructing him to give up the search.The shop’s captain received a radio message from the mainland instructing him to give up the search.instruct sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事The editor sent a fax to the journalist instructing him to get statistics.make another attempt despite ==in spite oftry once more代替了make another attempt There is tremendous excitement 书面语People on board felt excited. (口语)There was tremendous excitement before the game.under the impression that == thinking thatI am under the impression that he is the manager of the store.He is under the impression that you’ll help him. sunken / sunk需定语时用 sunken The ship had sunka sunken shippersonal belongings 个人所属物品together with 还有 salvage as much as possible / salvage as much as they could of value ==valuablevery much interesting == of great interestof great importance / of great significance / of no consequence / of no importance / of no interestnumerous ==countless There were the belongings of ship officer in the chest.learn from 从......得知 parts of the log book it was still possible to read.It was still possible to read parts of the log book. come to light = become known = emerge 被公开，被发现（不及物动词短语，要用主动语态）Eg:  The secret came to light after his death. bring sth to light/ review 把……公布于众Eg: The two brothers reviewed/ brought the secret to light  in a convoy 护航under a convoy 被护航confirmed == made sureLesson 33  A day to remember
难忘的一天一、【Text】课文 We have all experienced days when everything goes wrong. A day may begin well enough, but suddenly everything seems to get out of control. What invariably happens is that a great number of things choose to go wrong at precisely the same moment. It is as if a single unimportant event set up a chain of reactions. Let us suppose that you are preparing a meal and keeping an eye on the baby at the same time. The telephone rings and this marks the prelude to an unforeseen series of catastrophes. While you are on the phone, the baby pulls the tablecloth off the table smashing half your best crockery and cutting himself in the process. You hang up hurriedly and attend to baby, crockery, etc. Meanwhile, the meal gets burnt. As if this were not enough to reduce you to tears, your husband arrives, unexpectedly bringing three guests to dinner.Things can go wrong on a big scale as a number of people recently discovered in Parramatta, a suburb of Sydney. During the rush hour one evening two cars collided and both drivers began to argue. The woman immediately behind the two cars happened to be a learner. She suddenly got into a panic and stopped her car. This made the driver following her brake hard. His wife was sitting beside him holding a large cake. As she was thrown forward, the cake went right through the windscreen and landed on the road. Seeing a cake flying through the air, a lorry driver who was drawing up alongside the car, pulled up all of a sudden. The lorry was loaded with empty beer bottles and hundreds of them slid off the back of the vehicle and on to the road. This led to yet another angry argument. Meanwhile, the traffic piled up behind. It took the police nearly an hour to get the traffic on the move again. In the meantime, the lorry driver had to sweep up hundreds of broken bottles. Only two stray dogs benefited from all this confusion, for they greedily devoured what was left of the cake. It was just one of those days! 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●prelude        n. 序幕，前奏●unforeseen   adj. 意料之外的●series   n. 系列●catastrophe n. 大祸，灾难●crockery      n. 陶器，瓦器●suburb n. 郊区●collide v. 猛撞●learner        n. 初学者●panic    n. 惊慌，恐慌●windscreen n. （汽车的）挡风玻璃●alongside     prep. 在……的旁边，与……并排●slide     v. 滑●stray    adj. 离群的●confusion    n. 混乱●greedily       adv. 贪婪地●devour        v. 狼吞虎咽地吃 ■prelude n. 序幕，前奏a prelude to sth ……的前奏Eg: a prelude to serious trouble  麻烦的前奏introduction 导言，绪论introduction to the book preface 序，前言foreword 序 ■unforeseen adj. 意料之外的foresee == see before handI foresee a bright future for you.foreseeable 可预见的foreseeing 预料之中的unforeseeing 意料之外的foretell 预言，主语可以是人或物predict 预言，预示（语气较强），主语必须是人Eg: He predicted that it would happen in ten years.forecast : 预测，预报（主要指天气的预报）Eg: Timely snow foretells a bumper harvest. 瑞雪照丰年 ■series n. 系列series 单复数形式同形a series ofWe’ve got a series of good harvest.chain 连串，连锁a chain of 一系列a series of reaction 一系列反应a chain of reaction一系列反应chain store 连锁店，chain reaction 连锁反应chain smoker 吸烟很严重的人succession 侧重时间上的连续a suucession of failures 一系列的失败Eg.: We’ve got a succession of successes.string 连续不断相似的事件Eg.: a string of cars 一连串的汽车train   一个接一个发生的事a train of thoughts/ ideas 一个个的想法 ■catastrophe n. 大祸，灾难worldwide catastrophe 世界范围的灾难national catastrophe 波及全国的灾难disaster 灾难，不幸（语气较弱）calamity 灾害，不幸事件nature calamity 自然灾害 ■crockery n. 陶器，瓦器■suburb n. 郊区■collide v. 猛撞■learner n. 初学者■panic n. 惊慌，恐慌panic : uncontrollable quickly spreading fear or terrorget into a panic 陷入惊慌之中He suddenly got into a panic and stop his car.be struck with panic== be seized with panic 惊慌失措He was seized with panic.terror 惊骇horror 恐惧fright 害怕alarm 惊恐■windscreen n. （汽车的）挡风玻璃■alongside prep. 在……的旁边，与……并排■slide v. 滑■stray adj. 迷失的，离群的The dog strayed from home. ■confusion n. 混乱condition out of order in order 秩序井然out of order 混乱in confusion 乱七八糟be covered with confusion 局促不安throw sb into confusion 使某人惊慌失措 ■greedily adv. 贪婪地■devour v. 狼吞虎咽地吃devour: 1. eat like an animalThe dog devoured the cake2. destroy 吞灭，席卷The flames devoured the whole building3. take in eagerly with eyes, ears, or mind 贪婪地看His eyes devoured the scene. 他两眼贪婪地看着。 三、【课文精析】 Every dog has its day 每个人都会有飞黄腾达的日子get out of control 失控uncontrollable, beyond control invariably: alwaysWhat happened yesterday was that he couldn’t deal with the hot potato.precisely: exactly It is as if            It seems as if It looks as if 似乎好象看起来 set up = cause 引起，导致，造成What set up the accident?set up a world record 创世界纪录set up = creat 创立，建立The unimportant event is the prelude to trouble. 不重要的事情是麻烦事的前奏。 keep an eye on tha baby 照料孩子keep an eye on = look after = take care ofPlease keep an eye on my bouse while I am out.keep one’s eyes open 睁大眼睛When I am out, please keep your eyes open.have an eye toeye for eye  以牙还牙have eyes only for 只要，只爱Eg: I have eyes only for you. look sb in the eyes 两眼直视某人eye to eye with sb  与某人看法完全一样Eg: I invariably see eye to eye with my sister. turn a blind eye to sth.  对……视而不见Eg: He even turned blind eye to me. make eyes at sb 含情报脉脉地看着某人Eg: The boy is making eyes at his girlfriend.  on teh phone = answer the phone pull off 拉下来pick off 取下来knock off 碰落下来smash half 摔成两半in the process 在这个过程中hang up == put on the receiver attend to == look after == deal withPlease attend to my baby.Excuse me, I have something urgent to attend to. reduce you to tears.reduce sb to + 名词： 迫使某人处于……状态Eg: You almost reduce me to tears. His comforting words almost reduced his wife to tears.His answer reduced me to silence.The bomb reduced the city to ruins. we can draw a conclusion.Everything seems to get out of control suddenly and a great number of things choose to go wrong at precisely the same moment. on a big scale == to a great degree == to great extentas 引导非限制性定语从句（二册已详细说过） Troubles never come single 祸不单行as we know 众所周知As we know, the earth is round.As brane pointed out, giving up smoking is the easiest thing to do in the world.As the headmaster mentioned, one is never too old to learn.as重点突出整个句子的含义，而which有可能指代主句当中的某个词汇，也有可能指代整个句子的含义。As we expected, John was admitted to the university.She married him, which was unexpected.She married him as (was ) unexpected. The material is elastic as shown in the figure.The material is elactic which is shown in the figure. during the rush hour 上下班高峰期It happened that the woman behind the two cars was a learner.happen to do  恰巧I happened to hear the news.It happened that I heard about it the day before yesterday.following 现在分词做定语right ==straightdraw up ==pull up 停车all of sudden ==suddenlywas loaned with == was filled withlead to == causemeanwhile == at the same time 与此同时get the traffic on the move 使得车辆开动起来on the move == move from place to placeon the rise  正在上升on the boil 正在沸腾on the go 正在忙碌中on the watch 正在监视on the turn 正在转变中on thw run 正在逃跑中on thw fly 正在飞行中on the decrease 正在减少 benefit from 从......得益You benefit a lot from your reading.    Lesson 34 A happy discovery 幸运的发现一、【Text】课文Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people. The more expensive kind of antique shop where rare objects are beautifully displayed in glass cases to keep them free from dust is usually a forbidding place. But no one has to muster up courage to enter a less pretentious antique shop. There is always hope that in its labyrinth of musty, dark, disordered rooms a real rarity will be found amongst the piles of assorted junk that litter the floors.No one discovers a rarity by chance. A truly dedicated bargain hunter must have patience, and above all, the ability to recognize the worth of something when he sees it. To do this, he must be at least as knowledgeable as the dealer. Like a scientist bent on making a discovery, he must cherish the hope that one day he will be amply rewarded.My old friend, Frank Halliday, is just such a person. He has often described to me how he picked up a masterpiece for a mere ￡50. One Saturday morning, Frank visited an antique shop in my neighbourhood. As he had never been there before, he found a great deal to interest him. The morning passed rapidly and Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packing case lying on the floor. The dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it. Frank begged him to do so and the dealer reluctantly prised it open. The contents were disappointing. Apart from an interesting-looking carved dagger, the box was full of crockery, much of it broken. Frank gently lifted the crockery out of the box and suddenly noticed a miniature Painting at the bottom of the packing case. As its composition and line reminded him of an Italian painting he knew well, he decided to buy it. Glancing at it briefly, the dealer told him that it was worth ￡50. Frank could hardly conceal his excitement, for he knew that he had made a real discovery. The tiny painting proved to be an unknown masterpiece by Correggio and was worth thousands of pounds.  二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●antique        n. 古玩●fascination   n. 魅力，迷惑力●forbidding   adj. 望而生畏的，望而却步的●muster v. 鼓起●pretentious   adj. 自命不凡的，矫饰的●labyrinth     n. 迷宫●musty   adj. 陈腐的，发霉的●rarity   n. 稀世珍品●assorted       adj. 各式各样的●junk     n. 破料货，废品●litter    v. 杂乱地布满●dedicated     adj. 专心致志的●bargain hunter     到处找便宜货买的人●dealer   v. 商人●cherish        v. 期望，渴望●amply adv. 足够地●masterpiece n. 杰作●mere    adj. 仅仅的●prise    v. 撬开●carve    v. 镌刻●dagger n. 短剑，匕首●miniature     adj. 小巧的，小型的●Composition       n. 构图 ■antique n. 古玩■fascination n. 魅力，迷惑力the power of fascinatingfor / over / onCats have unfailing fascination for most peopleChinese Art has great fascination for mehave fascination for sb.fascinatefascinate: attract or interest very stronglyCats never fail to fascinate human being.English never fail to fascinate students.fascinated by / with sth.He is fascinated with chess.The students were fascinated by his idea.charm The beautiful picture charms me.I am charmed by the beautiful picture.captivateHis idea captivated me.enchant 使...迷惑She was enchanted by the flower you sent her. fascinate, charm, captivate, enchant 后直接加ing, 变成形容词fascinating, charming, captivating, enchanting 表示‘有吸引力的’She is a charming girl.Cats are fascinating animals.The flowers are enchanting.winning 吸引人的（主要指物品）Eg: The beautiful dresses is winning. ■forbidding adj. 望而生畏的，望而却步的having a unfriendly or danger lookHe has got a forbidding appearance.We’d better not visit the forbidding coast.forbidforbid sb to do sth 禁止做某事Eg: The father forbid his children to touch the clavichord.forbid doing sth 禁止做……事Smoking is forbidden here.the Forbidden CityForbidden fruitForbidden zoneforbid, prohibit, interdictforbid: 政府或私人下令以禁止Swimming is forbidden here.prohibit 法律条文或官方明令禁止The law prohibits young people under 18 from going to bar.interdict 法律或教会所不允许 ■muster v. 鼓起collect, summonmuster up / collect up / summon up ==gather / pluck up / keep upHe mustered up his courage and walked up to the girl. ■pretentious adj. 自命不凡的，矫饰的We won’t like to visit the pretentious shop.pretendpretension n. 要求，虚荣，虚荣心 ■labyrinth n. 迷宫■musty adj. 陈腐的，发霉的■rarity n. 稀世珍品■assorted adj. 各式各样的various types mixed together assorted/ different / various / diversedifferent 强调此事物与彼事物完全不同Eg: The word glare is different from that word slare. various = all kinds of 强调种类数目不同Eg: We have got various books.in every part / all parts / various parts of the worlddiverse 强调性质不同We have got diverse opinion.assorted :  various types mixed together. 各种各样的assorted chocolatesHe bought a bag of assorted fruits. ■junk n. 破料货，废品表示“垃圾”的词汇： rubbish / garbage / trash / junk ■litter v. 杂乱地布满■dedicated adj. 专心致志的■bargain hunter 到处找便宜货买的人■dealer v. 商人businessman / trader / merchant / tradesmandealer  "商人"侧重于零售，相当于tradesman.peddler 小贩■cherish v. 期望，渴望entertain or keep hope, love etc. in mind deeplyEg: She cherishes the hope that her son will return.Don't cherish such illusiondon't cherish such illusion that……  别抱有……的幻想Eg: Don't cherish the illusion that your father will always pay your debts.  ■amply adv. 足够地ample/enough / sufficient / adequate enough :  数量，程度足够 (可放在名词前或后)ample :    充足而有余的sufficent 比enough 正式，且只能放在名词前面The bread is just enough for one meal.He is old enough to go to the party.We have sufficient food to last one week.We have enough food / food enough to last one week.sufficiently 只放在被修饰词前old enough / sufficiently oldadequate 数量和质量上的满足The performance is adequate.Don’t be worried. They have gotten ample time.ample / adequate / sufficient / enoughWhatever you do, you must put your heart into it. And then, someday you will be rewarded amply. ■masterpiece n. 杰作■mere adj. 仅仅的■prise v. 撬开■carve v. 镌刻■dagger n. 短剑，匕首■miniature adj. 小巧的，小型的■Composition n. 构图     三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:        Antique shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many people.exert a peculiar fascination on sb 对某人有一种特殊的魅力Antique ships appeak to a great many people.Shoe shops exert a peculiar fascination on a great many ladies.The more expensive kind of antique shop is usually a forbidding place. rare objects 珍品rarity keep sb. or sth. free fromYou can’t keep yourselves free from anxieties like tramps.We put our books in bookcase to keep them free from dust. Key sentence:        The forbidding antique shop is pretentious.The more expensive kind of clothing shop is usually a forbidding place. But no one has to muster up courage to enter a less pretentious clothing shop. There is always hope that …… 人们还常常希望We cherish the hope that ...... Pieces of paper litter the floor. / The floor is littered with pieces of paper. paragraph 1  Key structureexert a peculiar fascination on sb 对某人有一种特殊的魅力keep sb. or sth. free frommuster up couragea less pretentious shopThere is always hope that  …… 人们还常常希望 by chance / by accidentdedicated / concentratedEg: He is a truly dedicated scholar.He is a truly dedicated English learner.above all : most important of allTo do this: in order to discover a rarity be bent on/ bent upon doing sth/ be determined on doing sth/ be devoted to sth. /be engageed in doing潜心于,专心于……Eg: He is bent on winning the game. He is bent on becoming a bridge player. There is always hope that ...cherish the hope that...You must cherish the hope that one day you will be amply reward. Paragraph 2 Key structureby chancea truly dedicated personabove allthe ability to do somethingas knowledgeable asbent on doingcherish the hope that... for 花费a mere : onlyHe found a lot of interesting things.be about to do sth.be about to when…… 正要……的时候……（发生某事）Eg: I was about to leave when the telehone rang.     He was about to lock door when his friend visited him.  bother: troubleDon’t bother / trouble to come here tomorrow.I would not like to be bothered / troubled by you every day.disturbThe news has distured me very muchIt is disturbing to think that a wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.disturbing / disturbedtrouble在含义上介于disturb / bother 之间 apart from 除......之外，还有in addtion toexceptEg: Apart from a slight headache, I feel all right now. Key sentence:        the box was full of crockery, and much of it was broken.Dish is done, he begged his wife not to sweep the floor.She ran into the room, her face covered with tears.He lay in bed, his face exposed. at the bottom of 在底部at the top of 在顶部remind sb. of conceal one’s excitement 掩饰激动心情make a real discoveryhundreds of thousands of 几十万 Key structurefor a mere ￡50im my neighbourhoodhe found a great deal to interest himwas about to do whenThe dealer told him that it had just come in, but that he could not be bothered to open it.prised it openApart frommuch of it brokenat the bottom ofreminded sb. of sth.for he knew that he had made a real discoverywas worth hundreds of thousands of pounds Lesson 35 Justice was done 伸张正义 一、【Text】课文The word justice is usually associated with courts of law. We might say that justice has been done when a man's innocence or guilt has been proved beyond doubt. Justice is part of the complex machinery of the law. Those who seek it, undertake an arduous journey and can never be sure that they will find it. Judges, however wise or eminent, are human and can make mistakes.     There are rare instances when justice almost ceases to be an abstract conception. Reward or punishment are meted out quite independent of human interference. At such times, justice acts like a living force. When we use a phrase like it serves him right, we are, in part, admitting that a certain set of circumstances has enabled justice to act of its own accord. When a thief was caught on the premises of a large fur store one morning, the shop assistants must have found it impossible to resist the temptation to say 'it serves him right'. The shop was an old converted house with many large, disused fireplaces and tall, narrow chimneys. Towards midday, a girl heard a muffled cry coming from behind one of the walls. As the cry was repeated several times, she ran to tell the manager who promptly rang up the fire brigade. The cry had certainly come from one of the chimneys, but as there were so many of them, the fire fighters could not be certain which one it was. They located the right chimney by tapping at the walls and listening for the man's cries. After chipping through a wall which was eighteen inches thick, they found that a man had been trapped in the chimney. As it was extremely narrow, the man was unable to move, but the firemen were eventually able to free him by cutting a huge hole in the wall. The sorry-looking, blackened figure that emerged, at once admitted that he had tried to break into the shop during the night but had got stuck in the chimney. He had been there for nearly ten hours. Justice had been done even before the man was handed over to the police.  二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●justice n. 正义，公正；司法●coust    n. 法院●law      n. 法律●innocence    n. 无辜●undertake    v. 承担，着手做●arduous       adj. 艰苦的，艰难的●abstract       adj. 抽象的●concept       n. 概念，观念●mete out      给予，处置●interference        n. 干涉●accord n. 一致●premises      n. 房屋●convert        v. 转变，改变●disused        adj. 不再用的，废弃的●fireplace      n. 壁炉●muffle v. 捂住，厌抑●chip     v. 砍，削，凿●bkacken       v. 不变黑●emerge        v. （从某处）出现 ●justice n. 正义，公正；司法Justice is done 正义得到伸张bring justice to the criminal 把罪犯缉拿归案do justice to sb 公正地对待某人give oneself up to justice 自首in justice to sth/ sb. 为了对……公正起见Eg: They decided to investigate the case in justice to person.为了对这件案件公正起见，他们决定调查这个案件 injustice 不公平，不公正 ●coust n. 法院●law n. 法律take law into one's own hand 无法无天take the law of sb 控告at law 在诉讼中within the law      合法outside the law    不合法lawyer 律师lawful 有法可依的laefully adv.lawless 无法可依的lawlessly adv. ●innocence n. 无辜inocent adj. 无辜的 ●undertake v. 承担，着手做take upundertake to do 承担，开始做开始做…………start to do sth/ take off doing sth / be engaged in sth / set out to do / set about doing / perform sth.... on the way  在进行中The discuss on the way. ●arduous adj. 艰苦的，艰难的Study English is an arduous job.-ous adj.industrious,laborious,strenuous  ●abstract adj. 抽象的●concept n. 概念，观念●mete out 给予，处置 ●interference n. 干涉●accord n. 一致==agree within accord with       和……一致out of accord with 和……不一致of one's own accord 自然而然的Justice is down of it’s own accord.according to: 依据，根据in accordance with 依据(法律，规章，制度),比较正式 ●premises n. 房屋residence 住处，居留地（正式用法）dwelling   供人居住的地方house      住房housing   房（总称）The housing problem ●convert v. 转变，改变●disused adj. 不再用的，废弃的misused 弄错了的used      用过了的second hand 二手的 ●fireplace n. 壁炉●muffle v. 捂住，厌抑●chip v. 砍，削，凿chop 砍 ●blacken v. 不变黑●emerge v. （从某处）出现  三、【课文精析】 be associated with == be connected with, be related to  与......相联系we might say that: 我们也许会说 beyond prep. 超出某种范围，限度（与名词搭配）beyond believe 难以相信beyond words 难以形容beyond description 难以描述beyond question 难以置疑beyond hope 没有希望beyond recovery 康复无望beyond dispute 无可争议beyond contention 无可争辨beyond imagination 难以想像beyond meature 难以度量beyond understanding 无法理解beyond comparingbeyond one’s +名词   超出了某人的......beyond his power.You are beyond his recognition.Your beauty is beyond my description.The text is beyond the student comprehension. part of 部分(+单数名词)pars of 几部分，若干部分(+单数名词) Those who seek it, undertake an arduous journey and can never be sure that they will find it. however== no matter how judges: There are rare instances when+从句 :   在极个别的情况下There are rare instances when women are not equal to men. cease （正式）彻底的停止，暗示动作的突然性His heart suddenly cease to beat.sease to do stop:(广泛，不正式)不强调方式，只强调结果 quite independent of human interference ----形容词短语做定语，说明主句的状况He deserves it / It serves him right  罪有应得 At such times: 在有的时候we are, in part, admitting thatenabled sb. to doof its own accord Key sentence:        When a thief was caught on the premises of a large fur store one morning, the shop assistants must have found it impossible to resist the temptation to say 'it serves him right'.found it impossible to resist the temptation to say ...（双否）I found it impossible to resist the temptation to buy the beauty dress. come from behind 从后面promptly = immediately located the right chimneyby tapping at the walls and listening for the man’s criesEg: We are listening for the clock to announce the New Year. get stuck 被卡住了 Lesson 36 A chance in a million 百万分之一的机遇一、【Text】课文We are less credulous than we used to be. In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences ---- most of them wildly improbable. Readers happily accepted the fact that an obscure maidservant was really the hero's mother. A long-lost brother, who was presumed dead, was really alive all the time and wickedly plotting to bring about the hero's downfall. And so on. Modern readers would find such naive solutions totally unacceptable. Yet, in real life, circumstances do sometimes conspire to bring about coincidences which anyone but a nineteenth century novelist would find incredible.When I was a boy, my grandfather told me how a German taxi driver, Franz Bussman, found a brother who was thought to have been killed twenty years before. While on a walking tour with his wife, he stopped to talk to a workman. After they had gone on, Mrs Bussman commented on the workman's close resemblance to her husband and even suggested that he might be his brother. Franz poured scorn on the idea, pointing out that his brother had been killed in action during the war. Though Mrs Bussman was fully acquainted with this story, she thought that there was a chance in a million that she might be right. A few days later, she sent a boy to the workman to ask him if his name was Hans Bussman, Needless to say, the man's name was Hans Bussman and he really was Franz's long-lost brother. When the brothers were reunited, Hans explained how it was that he was still alive. After having been wounded towards the end of the war, he had been sent to hospital and was separated from his unit. The hospital had been bombed and Hans had made his way back into Western Germany on foot. Meanwhile, his unit was lost and all records of him had been destroyed. Hans returned to his family home, but the house had been bombed and no one in the neighbourhood knew what had become of the inhabitants. Assuming that his family had been killed during an air raid, Hans settled down in a village fifty miles away where he had remained ever since.   二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●credulous     adj. 轻信的●improbable adj. 不大可能的●obscure       adj. 不起眼的●maidservant        n. 女仆，女佣●presume      v. 假定●wickedly     adv. 心眼坏地，居心叵测地●plot      v. 密谋●downfall      n. 倒台，垮台●na?ve    adj. 天真的●unacceptable       adj. 不能接受的●conspire      v. （事件）巧合促成●incredible    adj. 难以置信的●resemblance        n. 相似●scorn    n. 嘲弄，挖苦●acquaint      v. 使了解●reunite        v. 使团聚●assume        v. 假定，认为 ■credulous adj. 轻信的 (修饰人)credible: 可信的，可靠的 （修饰事物）Eg: The story he told us is credible.incredulousincrediblebelievable Eg; He demanded for believable explanationunbelievable ■improbable adj. 不大可能的■obscure adj. 不起眼的Eg: The bus stopped at an obscure little town令人费解的An obscure figure can be seen through the fog.vague 多用于比喻意，指不明确说明而造成的模糊不清 ■maidservant n. 女仆，女佣■presume v. 假定vt.presume thatpresume: 假定 (根据过去的经验和感觉作出决断)assume : 武断的，把尚未证实的作为依据，与事实不相符合Eg: Let us assume that your words are fact suppose : 最普通的用词，猜想、陈述自己的看法Eg: I suppose that it was my fault.  ■wickedly adv. 心眼坏地，居心叵测地■plot v. 密谋The criminals were plotting to rob the bank.conspire: 众多人合谋做重大的犯法勾当，犹指反叛，不用于修饰单个人scheme: 某人暗中设计狡诈的手段来谋求自己的私利The man is scheme for power. ■downfall n. 倒台，垮台■na?ve adj. 天真的■unacceptable adj. 不能接受的■conspire v. （事件）巧合促成vi. The weather and car trouble conspire to spoil our vacation. ■incredible adj. 难以置信的■resemblance n. 相似likeness: 最普通的用语，比resemblance意味要强bear a strong resemblance to sb. or sth.The girl bears a strong resemblance to her sister.such a resemblanceresemble 特别是指外观或外在性质的相似similarity:性质、特色、程度的相似The two envents which happened at the same time have got similaritysimilar to sth. or sb.They have got close likeness. ■scorn n. 嘲弄，挖苦pour scorn onpour contempt onpour ridicule on 对……嘲弄，挖苦，斥之以鼻 pour heapEg: He poured scorn on his wife’s suggestion. look down upon / think scorn of  藐视 contempt: 蔑视，强烈谴责某人或某事低贱、卑鄙，语气强于scorn despite:  语气较弱，表示嘲弄Eg: His suggestion was dismissed with scorn.His face showed the scorn he felt. ■acquaint v. 使了解be acquainted with sth. 对……有所了解acquaint sb. with sth. / acquaint sb. of sth. 告之某人某事make a person acquainted with sb. 介绍某人同另一个人认识Let me make ... acquainted with you (正式用法)acquaintance n. 熟人■reunite v. 使团聚■assume v. 假定，认为 三、【课文精析】 It is a chance in a million to meet you here.He let out a scream that must can be heard in Peru. We are less credulous than we used to be.We are not so honest as we used to be.谓语动词是be动词的时候用used to be,而不用used to谓语动词是实义动词的时候用used toHe works less hard than he used to. bring sth to a conclusion 结束 == bring sth to a close(更正式)Eg: They decided to bring the meeting to a conclusion.    It was ... who brought meeting to a close.present sb with sth. 向某人提供了……== present sth to sb. who was presumed dead, was really alive all the time and wickedly plotting to bring about the hero's downfall. bring about 产生，影响Modern science has brought about great changes in life. find such naive solutions totally unacceptablefind sth. interesting 觉得某事有趣find sth. beautiful 觉得某物漂亮 Key sentence:        Mrs Bussman commented on the workman's close resemblance to her husband and even suggested that he might be his brother.comment on sth 就……作出评论，评价-- remark on  Hans explained how it was that he was still alive.Eg: I can’t explain how it is that he is still here. make one’s way become of ==happen to 发生遭遇，不幸的事件，多用于疑问句，主语必须是what / whateverEg: Whatever became of that girl?     Please explain what became of you yesterday. 用assuming, 而不用presuming;主观上的臆断、无事实根据的。 Lesson 37 The Westhaven Express
开往威斯特海温的快车 一、【Text】课文 We have learnt to expect that trains will be punctual. After years of conditioning, most of us have developed an unshakable faith in railway timetables. Ships may be delayed by storms; air flights may be cancelled because of bad weather; but trains must be on time. Only an exceptionally heavy snow fall might temporarily dislocate railway services. It is all too easy to blame the railway authorities when something does go wrong. The truth is that when mistakes occur, they are more likely to be ours than theirs.After consulting my railway timetable, I noted with satisfaction that there was an express train to Westhaven. It went direct from my local station and the journey lasted a mere hour and seventeen minutes. When I boarded the train, I could not help noticing that a great many local people got on as well. At the time, this did not strike me as odd. I reflected that there must be a great many people besides myself who wished to take advantage of this excellent service. Neither was I surprised when the train stopped at Widley, a tiny station a few miles along the line. Even a mighty express train can be held up by signals. But when the train dawdled at station after station, I began to wonder. It suddenly dawned on me that this express was not roaring down the line at ninety miles an hour, but barely chugging along at thirty. One hour and seventeen minutes passed and we had not even covered half the distance. I asked a passenger if this was the Westhaven Express, but he had not even heard of it. I determined to lodge a complaint as soon as we arrived. Two hours later, I was talking angrily to the station master at Westhaven. When he denied the train's existence, I borrowed his copy of the timetable. There was a note of triumph in my voice when I told him that it was there in black and white. Glancing at it briefly, he told me to look again. A tiny asterisk conducted me to a footnote at the bottom of the page. It said: 'This service has been suspended.'   二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●express        n. 快车；adj. 高速的●punctual      adj. 准时的; ●condition     v. 使习惯于●unshakable   adj. 不可动摇的●faith     n. 信任●cancel v. 取消●exceptionally      adv. 例外地●dislocate      v. 打乱（计划等）●blame   v. 责怪●consult        v. 请教，查阅●direct   adv. 径直地●odd      adj. 奇怪的，异常的●reflect v. 细想●advantage    n. 优势●mighty        adj. 强大的，有力的●dawdle        v. 慢吞吞的动或做●chug    v. 咔嚓咔嚓地响●lodge   v. 提出●comlaint      n. 抱怨●triumph       n. 胜利●asterisk        n. 星号（*）●conduct       v. 引向，引导 ■express n. 快车；adj. 高速的express way: 高速公路 express train快车special express 特快through express 直快stopping/ local train 慢车 ■punctual adj. 准时的; be punctual in doing sth. 在做……方面非常准时be punctual to the minute 非常准时 Eg: He is a man who’s punctual to the minute.punctually adv.unpunctual ant.punctuality n. ■condition v. 使习惯于==form a habit inEg: This society has conditioned each of us.be conditioned to 习惯了……Eg: Each of us has been conditioned to the society.The plants has been conditioned to the cold weather here.The cold weather has conditioned the plants here. condition 条件on condition that   在……条件下如果on no condition 在任何情况下，用在句首句子要倒装On no condition must you be late.in good/ bad condition 情况良好/情况糟糕change one's condition 结婚in the interesting condition : 怀孕  pregnant ■unshakable adj. 不可动摇的■faith n. 信任keep faith with sb. 对……守信用put one's faith in sth 对……有信心on the faith of  在……的保障下，凭……的信用faith          深信不疑，信仰，比belief 程度重一点belief: 可信赖，可接受conviction  坚定的信念trust         相信，依赖credit       对……完全相信  ■cancel v. 取消call off == cancel 可以互相替换abolish      废除rescind      撤销，废止write off      注销，勾销cross out    划掉 ■exceptionally adv. 例外地■dislocate v. 打乱（计划等）■blame v. 责怪■consult v. 请教，查阅■direct adv. 径直地■odd adj. 奇怪的，异常的■reflect v. 细想reflect on sth 细想……reflect upon oneself 自我反省 ■advantage n. 优势take advantage of sb/sth  欺骗……并利用of great/no advantage to sb/sth 对……有（没有）好处to advantage 更有效地have advantage over sb 胜过某人，比某人有优势 interest 个人的利益，好处benefit  通过正当手段谋求的好处profit    金钱上的获益good    个人或集体的利益 ■mighty adj. 强大的，有力的■dawdle v. 慢吞吞的动或做■chug v. 咔嚓咔嚓地响■lodge v. 提出make/ lodge complaint 提出抱怨 ■comlaint n. 抱怨■triumph n. 胜利■asterisk n. 星号（*）■conduct v. 引向，引导三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:        We have learnt to expect that trains will be punctual.We' ve learnt to expect that ……   我们已经习惯于期盼…… Key sentence:        After years of conditioning, most of us have developed an unshakable faith in railway timetables.develop an unshakable faith in sth  对……产生了……样的信念 Key sentence:        Only an exceptionally heavy snow fall might temporarily dislocate railway services. It is all too easy to blame......too...to句型中，在too前出现了all, only, but, not等词的时候，to就有肯定意义Eg:He was but too eager to get home.   One is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老 be likely to do 有可能 ...Eg: You are likely to get success if you work hard.It is likely that...It is likely that he arrived here in time.probable 不能与不定式搭配 比possible 可能性大Eg: It is probable / possible that...Eg: It is probable / possible that he will speak to you.It is possible for us to finish the work in an hour. strike sb as 给某人以……印象，使某人感到;as后面可以接分词、名词、形容词搭配连用。Eg: The activity atroke me as wasting time. hold up==hold back, hinder, prevent  dawn on sb  渐渐被某人明白barely==only in black and white 白纸黑字 Key structure We' ve learnt to expect that ……   我们已经习惯于期盼……We' ve learnt to expect that ……   我们已经习惯于期盼……It is all too easy to blame......too...to句型中，在too前出现了all, only, but, not等词的时候，to就有肯定意义be likely to do 有可能 ...It is likely that...The first paragraph is importantgo direct from ... to ...strike sb as 给某人以……印象，使某人感到;as后面可以接分词、名词、形容词搭配连用。hold up==hold back, hinder, prevent dawn on sb  渐渐被某人明白in black and white 白纸黑字Lesson 38 The first calender 最早的日历一、【Text】课文Future historians will be in a unique position when they come to record the history of our own times. They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates. What is more they will not have to rely solely on the written word. Films, videos. CDs and CD-ROMs are just some of the bewildering amount of information they will have. They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action. But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task. He has to deduce what he can from the few scanty clues available. Even seemingly insignificant remains can shed interesting light on the history of early man.Up to now, historians have assumed that calendars came into being with the advent of agriculture, for then man was faced with a real need to understand something about the seasons. Recent scientific evidence seems to indicate that this assumption is incorrect.Historians have long been puzzled by dots, lines and symbols which have been engraved on walls, bones, and the ivory tusk of mammoths. The nomads who made these markings lived by hunting and fishing during the last Ice Age, which began about 35,000 B.C. and ended about 10,000 B.C. By correlating markings made in various parts of the world, historians have been able to read this difficult code. They have found that it is connected with the passage of days and the phases of the moon. It is, in fact, a primitive type of calendar. It has long been known that the hunting scenes depicted on walls were not simply a form of artistic expression. They had a definite meaning, for they were as near as early man could get to writing. It is possible that there is a definite relation between these paintings and the markings that sometimes accompany them. It seems that man was making a real effort to understand the seasons 20,000 years earlier than has been supposed. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●calendar      n. 历法，日历●historian      n. 历史学家●unique adj. 无与伦比的●steadily       adv. 不断地●solely   adv. 唯一地●video   n. 录像●CD-ROM    n. （只读）光盘驱动器●bewilder      v. 令人眼花缭乱●deduce        v. 推断，推理●scanty adj. 不足的，贫乏的●clue     n. 线索●insignificant        adj. 不重要的●shed     v. 使流出，泻●advent n. 出现，到来，来临●agriculture   n. 农业●assumption n. 假定，设想●dot       n. 小圆点●symbol        n. 符号●engrave       v. 雕刻●ivory    n. 象牙制品●mammoth    n. （古）长毛象●phase   n. 月相，天相●tusk     n. 獠牙，长牙、象牙●primitive     adj. 原始的●nomad n. 游牧民●depict   v. 描画，描绘●correlate      v. 使相互联系 ■calendar n. 历法，日历calender 轮压机 ■historian n. 历史学家historic      具有历史意义的This is a historic speech.historical   与历史研究有关系的historical research 历史研究 ■unique adj. 无与伦比的unique: uneaqualedSpeech is a unique human abilityunique 不能接受比较级，可以接受quite, almost, nearly, surely, really等修饰，但不能接受rather,very等词的修饰。unique 独一无二的，因唯一而独特speical     注重性质的特殊especial    强调超过其他的全部Eg: This is a matter of especial importance.This is a especially important matter.particular 特定的，着重同类中某一个所有独特的性质Pineapples have particular flavour. 菠萝有特别的味道。exceptionalextraordinary 特别的，与众不同的Eg: The warm weather is exceptional for Jamuary.■steadily adv. 不断地■solely adv. 唯一地■video n. 录像■CD-ROM n. （只读）光盘驱动器■bewilder v. 令人眼花缭乱bewilder: confuseEg: she was bewildered by so many beautiful dresses.puzzle   某问题因复杂而令人费解Eg: I am puzzled by the problem. perplex  难以理解（包含焦虑不安，不知如何解决的意思）Eg:  He is perplexed for the answer. bewilderment: n.in bewilderment 茫然不知所措 ■deduce v. 推断，推理deduce: determine or decide sth. by given facts.Eg: I deduce the conclusion from the given facts.deduce …from 从…中推论，推断infer 推断（不表示过程） Eg: What can you infer from the text?deduce  ==> (ant.) indece 归纳 ■scanty adj. 不足的，贫乏的scanty: too few, not enoughscanty knowledge 一知半解a scanty crop 欠收be scanty of sth 奇缺be short of      短缺Eg: The village school is scanty of textbooks. 这乡村学校奇缺教材。be want of = in need of 需要…… ■clue n. 线索■insignificant adj. 不重要的■shed v. 使流出，泻shed: pour out shed tears 泪流满面shed light 发光shed light on sb. 启发，启迪shed one’s blood for country 为祖国而流血。shed one's clothes 脱去衣服 ■advent n. 出现，到来，来临advent: coming or arrivalat the advent of winter 在冬天到来的时候at the advent of 在…到来的时候since the advent of 自从…的到来 ■agriculture n. 农业■assumption n. 假定，设想■dot n. 小圆点■symbol n. 符号■engrave v. 雕刻■ivory n. 象牙制品■mammoth n. （古）长毛象■phase n. 月相，天相■tusk n. 獠牙，长牙、象牙■primitive adj. 原始的■nomad n. 游牧民■depict v. 描画，描绘■correlate v. 使相互联系 三、【课文精析】 in the unique position  处于无以伦比，独一无二的情况come to: start, begin Key sentence:        They will hardly know which facts to select from the great mass of evidence that steadily accumulates.select from 从……中进行选择(同类中)choose挑选（凭个人意愿）一、有三种情况choose和 select不能互换：1．当在两者中选一个时只能用choose, 即choose between Eg: We have to choose between leaving early and paying for taxi.2．choose可带 wh从句Eg: I'll let you choose where we should go to eat.3．choose to do 只能用choose.Eg: What invariably happens is that a great number of things choose to go wrong at precisely the same moment.（L33 ）    He has deliberately chosen to lead the life he leads and is fully aware of the consequences. (L27)二、select比choose更正式， 即在许多同类的人或物当中根据客观标准对这两个加以比较，鉴别，认真地挑选出最好的、最喜欢的、最有用的。 great mass of == too much ＝＝ agreat amount of evidence 不可数名词；不能手a great many, a large number ofEg: She selected a blue dress from the wardrobe.You have been selected to present us on the committee. what is more   更有甚者，furthremore,moreover 更是的意思what is worse  更糟糕的是 rely on ==count on ==depend on 依靠，指望Eg: You can’t rely on others.He can’t be relied on. solely adv. 唯一地means: only, just, nearly bewilder 令人眼花缭乱bewildering 令人眼花缭乱的bewildered 感到眼花缭乱的 They will be able, as it were, to see and hear us in action.in action 行动中的，活动中的as it were  可以说，似乎，好像Eg: He is as it were a walking dictionary. 他可以说是一部活字典    Computers can never as it were lead independent lives.   电脑不能过独立的生活as it is=in fact=in really=actually=as a matter of fact 事实上Eg: I thought things would get better,but as it is , they are getting worse.In many ways children lives as it were in a different world from the adults. 在许多方面，孩子们可以说过着一种与大人完全不同的生活。 Key sentence:        But the historian attempting to reconstruct the distant past is always faced with a difficult task.be faced with: be in the position in which one must deal with a problem or unpleasant situation.面临（因境，问题）Eg: Automobile industry is faced with a bad future now. 汽车工业正面临着令人担忧的未来。A great many people are faced with losing their jobs. 许多人面临着失业。In my opinion, you are faced with a problem as it were how to get enough time to study English.The student attempting to learn English well in a year is faced with a difficult task. 企图在一年之内把英语学好的学生面临着巨大的难题。 available adj. 可利用的Eg: I have dictionary availabe for you.Is there a place available for us to have a chat.I know you are in need of help, but excuse me, I don’t have any students available for you. remains ==ruins 遗迹，遗物insignificant==unimportantshed light on=throw light on = cast light on 意思是：make a matter clear or understood 解释，说明，提示Eg: This information shed light on the problem. 这份情报会搞清楚这一问题。Can you shed any light on the case of the fire? 你能够解释这次火灾吗？She will shed light on the case of stolen jewels. 好将能够揭示这次珠宝失窃案。 up to now = so far 到目前为止come into being == come into existence 产生，出现come to power 上台come into use 开始使用 be faced with a real need to do sth. 面临着做某事的真正需要。Eg: We are faced with a real need to learn English well. indicate 揭示 correlate  相互联系 it is connected with == it is associated with  in fact 可以替换为as it is; actually, in reality as near as 接近 Lesson 39 Nothing to worry about 不必担心一、【Text】课文 The rough road across the plain soon became so bad that we tried to get Bruce to drive back to the village we had come from. Even though the road was littered with boulders and pitted with holes, Bruce was not in the least perturbed. Glancing at his map, he informed us that the next village was a mere twenty miles away. It was not that Bruce always underestimated difficulties. He simply had no sense of danger at all. No matter what the conditions were, he believed that a car should be driven as fast as it could possibly go.As we bumped over the dusty track, we swerved to avoid large boulders.The wheels scooped up stones which hammered ominously under the car. We felt sure that sooner or later a stone would rip a hole in our petrol tank or damage the engine. Because of this, we kept looking back, wondering if we were leaving a trail of oil and petrol behind us.What a relief it was when the boulders suddenly disappeared, giving way to a stretch of plain where the only obstacles were clumps of bushes. But there was worse to come. Just ahead of us there was a huge fissure. In response to renewed pleadings, Bruce stopped. Though we all got out to examine the fissure, he remained in the car. We informed him that the fissure extended for fifty yards and was two feet wide and four feet deep. Even this had no effect. Bruce went into a low gear and drove at a terrifying speed, keeping the front wheels astride the crack as he followed its zig-zag course. Before we had time to worry about what might happen, we were back on the plain again. Bruce consulted the map once more and told us that the village was now only fifteen miles away. Our next obstacle was a shallow pool of water about half a mile across. Bruce charged at it, but in the middle, the car came to a grinding halt. A yellow light on the dash- board flashed angrily and Bruce cheerfully announced that there was no oil in the engine! 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●rough   adj. 崎岖不平的●boulder       n. 大石块●pit       v. 使得坑坑洼洼●perturb        v. 使不安●underestimate      v. 低估●swerve        v. 争转变●scoop   v. 挖出●hammer       v. （用锤）击打，锤打●ominously   adv. 有预兆的，不祥的●rip       v. 划破，撕，扯●petrol   n. 汽油●stretch n. 一大片（平地或水）●obstacle       n. 障碍●clump n. 丛，簇●fissure n. （石、地的）深缝●renew   v. 重复●pleading      n. 恳求●gear     n. （汽车）排档●astride prep. 骑，跨●crack    n. 缝隙●zigzag n. “之”字形●shallow       adj. 浅的●grind (ground, ground )  v. 磨擦●halt      n. 停●dashboard    n. （汽车上的）仪表盘 ■rough adj. 崎岖不平的Eg: We’d better not take the rough road.be rough on sb. 对某人苛刻，无礼Don’t be rough on your friends.cut up rough  发脾气 ■boulder n. 大石块■pit v. 使得坑坑洼洼■perturb v. 使不安verp upsetbe perturbed about sth 为…而心神不安 His threats didn’t perturb her in the leastdisturb 并非用心去扰乱Eg:It is disturbing to think that a wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside.plague 因病痛和类似的折磨而使人苦恼Eg:The terrible disease plagued himtroubleEg:Sorry to give you trouble. / Sorry to trouble you.worryEg:He is worried about his son’s safety.fretEg:He freted himself all the time for news of her.upsetEg:I feel upset now because I am afraid I hurt you.dismay 使沮丧辨别：perturb ; disturb ; plague ; trouble ; worry ; fret ; upset ; dismay ■underestimate v. 低估■swerve v. 争转变■scoop v. 挖出Eg:She sccped out some sugar.make a scoop 走运Eg:That guy made a scoop. ■hammer v. （用锤）击打，锤打■ominously adv. 有预兆的，不祥的ominous adj.Eg:Look at those ominous black clouds.omen n.Eg:This is a good / bad omen.Eg:The clouds omen rain. ■rip v. 划破，撕，扯tearrip one's mask away 撕下某人的假面具let things tip==let things be 听其自然rip into    猛攻，抨击rip off     偷窃rip up the back  背后说坏话 ■petrol n. 汽油■stretch n. 一大片（平地或水）at a stretch 连续的，一口气的，不停顿的a stretch of landa stretch of waterEg: He worked for hours at a stretch.We drove fast on a stretch of open field.He is unable to work for long stretches.a stretch of hill 连绵不断的群山vt. He stretched out his hand to get the apple.There are forests stretching for hundreds of miles.Transport was rather stretched in the Spring Festival.  ■obstacle n. 障碍Lack of education is an obstacle to success.constitue an obstacle to 构成…的障碍remove/ overcome an obstacle 克服困难put obstacle in sb's way 妨碍某人的发展obstacle to 介词to  要英语中有好多动词要与介词to搭配：key; answer; shred; advantage; disadvantage; admission; damage to辨别：obstacle; obstruction; hindranceEg: Lake of education is obstacle to success.There must be an obstruction in the pipe.You are more of hindrance than help. ■clump n. 丛，簇■fissure n. （石、地的）深缝■renew v. 重复■pleading n. 恳求■gear n. （汽车）排档■astride prep. 骑，跨■crack n. 缝隙■zigzag n. “之”字形■shallow adj. 浅的■grind (ground, ground )v. 磨擦grind wheat into flourgrind sth to pieces 把……弄成碎片grind one's teeth in anger 气得咬牙切齿 ■halt n. 停==stopThey halt for a few minutes.stop; halt; ceaseEg: The heart will cease to beat when life ceases.pause vi.He paused for a breath.haltThey halted for a few minutes.halt; cease; pause; stophalt n.come to a halt / stop 停下来 ■dashboard n. （汽车上的）仪表盘  三、【课文精析】 get sb. to do sth.: persuade / advise sb. to doPlease get them to finish the work as quickly as possible.Please get him to give up smoking.be littered withbe pitted witheven though: even if not in the least= not at all / not a bit/ not the least bit  一点也不not a little = very much  by no means= in no way =on no account =at no times= under no circumstances 绝不 a mere==only （必须和不定冠词搭配） It was not (to say )…… 这并不是说 dusty track==dusty road look back 回头看wondering 从句做伴随状况状语How relieved we were  give way to 为……所代替Eg: The great clouds gradually broke up and give way to blue sky.He has no intention of iving way to your demands. in response to : in reaction to Key sentence:        Before we had time to worry about what might happen, we were back on the plain again.  hardly ... when...He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house.Before he had hardly had time to worry about what might happen when we were back on the plane again. Lesson 40 Who’s who 真假难辨一、【Text】课文 It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax. Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victims. When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill. As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously. He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people. Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.The student hid in an archway nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on. Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away. When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by force. The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help. Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen. As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill. The workmen struggled fiercely and one of them lost his temper. He threatened to call the police. At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest. Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station. Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a pay phone. Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.   二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●hoax    n. 骗局，戏弄●deception     n. 欺骗，骗局●self-respecting     adj. 自重的●indulge        v. 使沉迷●pneumatic    adj. 气动的●drill     n. 钻●silly     adj. 无意义的，无聊的●advance       adj. 预先的，事先获得的●archway      n.  拱形门楼●remonstrate v. 规劝，告诫●ironically     adv. 讽刺地●permission   n. 许可●grant    v. 同意，准予 ■hoax n. 骗局，戏弄play a hoax on sb. 戏弄某人play a trick on sb. 戏弄某人play a joke on sb. 开某人玩笑Eg: The boy student is thinking how to play a hoax on his classmate. ■deception n. 欺骗，骗局deception 无关紧要的骗局，并不是故意的欺骗Eg: She referred to the pills as sweet, so the harmless deception made it easy for her child to take them.deceit （故意的）欺骗Eg: We are incapable of deceit.fraud 对公众的欺骗行为，多指官方的欺骗或财政舞弊trickery 欺骗（语气上严厉）,着重有步骤地诡计来谋取私利。Eg: He had gained control of the company by trickery. ■self-respecting adj. 自重的■indulge v. 使沉迷indulge oneself in sth. 沉迷于…………== be indulged in Eg: He indulged himself in smoking and drinking.      =He was indulged in smoking and drinking.v. 纵容Eg: She indulges her only son. ■pneumatic adj. 气动的■drill n. 钻■silly adj. 无意义的，无聊的foolish  强调愚蠢的，笨的，不明智的Eg: I remonstrated him not to do anything foolish.silly      无意义的， 无聊的，无知的 Eg: Being called silly is not compliment.    Don’t play such a silly hoax.stupid   人及言行缺乏良好的判断力，天生的迟钝Eg: His son is as stupid as all.dull 迟钝的Eg: the old man’s hearing has become dull.She is a dull girl.■advance adj. 预先的，事先获得的advance information / in advance ■archway n.  拱形门楼■remonstrate v. 规劝，告诫remonstrate sb to do sth 规劝某人做某事 ■ironically adv. 讽刺地■permission n. 许可■grant v. 同意，准予ask sb. for permission请求许可give / grant sb. permission 准予许可 三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:        It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else.Eg: It has never been explained why he seems to enjoy doing it. specialize in. 专门研究Eg: He specialized in biology after graduation. Key sentence:        Inviting the fire brigade to put out a nonexistent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in. except the victims / but the victims tear up == destroy take sb seriously 严肃对待be to do 结构含义：1. should Eg: Such a private thing should be avoided.Such a private thing is to be avoided 2. must Eg: No students must leave school without the permission of the police. No students are to leave school without the permission of the police.3. intend 意图，打算Eg: We intend to start work next week.We are to start work next week. Key sentence:        Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.be grateful to sb. for sth.that went on == that happened he threatened to remove them by force. Key sentence:        The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help.as he pleased 随他的意愿做four more == another four as this 听到At the words,he got angry.With the words, he left the room angrily. Key sentence:        At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest.pointed out ironically  讽刺地指出hardly be necessary 大可不必under 与名词搭配表示一种被动的概念under discussion / arrest / repair Key sentence:        Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station.make a telephone call 打一个电话 Key sentence:        Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a pay phone.Lesson 41  Illusions of pastoral peace
宁静田园生活的遐想一、【Text】课文 The quiet life of the country ahs never appealed to me. City born and city bred. I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window, or something you occasional visit during the weekend. Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country. Though they extol the virtues of the peaceful life, only one of hem has ever gone to live in the country and he was back in town within six months. Even he still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life. He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the gentle pace of living. Nothing can be compared, he maintains, with the first cockcrow, the twittering of birds at dawn, the sight of the rising sun glinting on the trees and pastures. This idyllic pastoral scene is only part of the picture. My friend fails to mention the long and friendless winter evenings in front of the TV -- virtually the only form of entertainment. He says nothing about the poor selection of goods in the shops, or about those unfortunate people who have to travel from the country to the city every day to get to work. Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me. They could be saved so much misery and expense if they chose to live in the city where they rightly belong.If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide you with the best that life can offer. You never have to travel miles to see your friends. They invariably live nearby and are always available for an informal chat or an evening's entertainment. Some of my acquaintances in the country come up to town once or twice a year to visit the theatre as a special treat. For them this is a major operation which involves considerable planning. As the play draws to its close, they wonder whether they will ever catch that last train home. The cit dweller never experiences anxieties of this sort. The latest exhibitions, films, or plays are only a short bus ride away. Shopping, too, is always a pleasure. The latest exhibitions, films, or plays are only a short bus ride away. Shopping, too, is always a pleasure. There is so much variety that you never have to make do with second best. Country people run wild when they go shopping in the city and stagger home loaded with as many of the exotic items as they can carry. Nor is the city without its moments of beauty. There is something comforting about the warm glow shed by advertisements on cold wet winter nights. Few things could be more impressive than the peace that descends on deserted city streets at weekends when the thousands that travel to work every day are tucked away in their homes in the country. It has always been a mystery to me who city dwellers, who appreciate all these things, obstinately pretend that they would prefer to live in the country.  二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●illusion n. 幻想，错觉●pastoral adj. 田园的●breed v. 培育●rapture n. 欣喜●extol v. 赞美，颂扬●superior adj. 优越的●cockcrow n. 鸡叫●twitter v. （鸟）吱吱叫，喊喊喳喳叫●glint v. 闪烁●pasture n. 牧场●idyllic adj. 田园诗的●virtually adv. 几乎；差不多●dubious adj. 可疑的，怀疑的●privilege n. 特权●misery n. 苦难●acquaintance n. 熟人●treat n. 难得的乐事，享受●dweller n. 居住者●stagger v. 摇晃；蹒跚●exotic adj. 寻乎寻常的，外来的●glow n. 白炽光●descend v. 下落，降临●tuck v. 缩进，隐藏●obstinately adv. 固执地，顽固地 ◆illusion n. 幻想，错觉under illusion that / under the impression thatI am under the impression that you are honest.We live under the illusion.I am under the impression that he will help me every day.under no illusion thatWe live under no illusion that country life is beautiful.have illusion about / have no illusion about delusion 幻觉，（精神病人）Eg: He is under the delusion that somebody will kill him tomorrow.He lives under the delusion that he will be killed sometime.vision 憧景Eg: I live under the vision that I have a bright future.illusioned adj.充满幻想的Eg: The world of children is illusioned.illusionary adj. 错觉的，幻觉的Eg: Don’t believe in him. What he said is illusionary picture.illusive adj. 虚假的，不可靠的Eg: What he described was illusive. Don’t depend on him any more.imaginaryimaging Eg: I can’t imagine building Great Wall.imaginary 虚构的Eg: The story is imaginary, Don’t be taken in. imaginaryThe story is imaginary. Don’t be taken in.imaginative 富有想像力的Children are more imaginative than adults.unimaginative 缺乏想像力的imaginable 能想像得出的，（须放在被修饰词之后）This is the idea / way imaginable.imaginary / imaginative / imaginable / unimaginaticeWe are imaginativeillusionary / imaginary 虚构的 ◆pastoral adj. 田园的◆breed v. 培育vt. breed / bred / bred breed / raise / bring up / rearraise /breed petsraise / breed dogs.Do you raise dogs?educate As a mother, you must breed good manners into your child.rear 抚养，I must rear the child because I have the duty.He rears / breeds / raises two dogs.grow / plant treecause / lead / result in / give rise to War breeds misery and ruin. 战争导致毁灭和悲惨。Your carelessness bred the accidentbreed in and in 近亲结婚，同种繁殖breed out and out 非近亲结婚，异种繁殖breed / raise / bring up / cause ◆rapture n. 欣喜great joy / delightAt the news, they are in raptures.At the news, they are great delighted.in raptures(about/ over sth. )   (对……) 欣喜若狂I am in raptures about the new book.go into raptures(over/ about/ at sth. )    (对……)感到非常的高兴！He went into raptures when he heard the good news.joy / happinessWe have a good time and we are full of happiness.delight 高兴，喜悦，程度强于joy, 但不如rapture，也不如rapture那么正式，I feel delighted == I am in rapturesecstasy 入迷；狂喜He is in ecstasy.enchant v  enchantment 入迷，He was enchanted in thoughts.elation 兴高采烈；得意洋洋He has got the feeling of elation.bliss 极乐；无尚的幸福Nothing in the world can make you happier than bliss.A sound sleep is my blissglee 欢乐，高兴，欢心 （诗歌中） rapture / in raptures / go into raptures / joy / happiness / delight / ecstasy / enchantment / elation / bliss / glee ◆◆◆extol v. 赞美，颂扬vt.   praise I can’t find a good word to praise you / your ability.I want to extol the virtues of human beings. compliment v. & n. 恭维Do you often compliment ...?exalt 赞扬，歌颂，吹捧You disgust me. why do you extol such a stupid person.laud 赞美I want to do nothing but laud you.What do you want to laud me?I want to laud your beauty, ability and your wealth. extol / praise / compliment / exalt / laud ◆superior adj. 优越的better than the average无比较级和最高级be superior to 比…优越In my opinion, town life is superior to country life.interiorbe interior to 比…低，不如…Country life is superior to city lifesuperior / interiorsenior  senior high schooljuniorThe word is basicjunior high schoolsenior /juniorposterior / prior 后于/ 先于This work is prior to that one.of no confidence / importance / significanceIt should be inferior to that one. superior / inferior / senior / junior / posterior / prior be prior to ◆cockcrow n. 鸡叫◆twitter v. （鸟）吱吱叫，喊喊喳喳叫◆glint v. 闪烁shine / flash / glitterflash   表示忽明忽暗的闪光，也可以指反光镜反出来的光线Eg: A lighthouse is flashing in the distance.glim    表示透过某种媒介而透出来的光线，比如透过茫茫大雾的光芒Eg: Through the fog, we saw a lighthouse glimming.glint   表示迅速闪烁的微弱的光，比如阳光下闪烁的露水光Eg: The sun glinted through the leaves.glisten 潮湿的物体上所反射的光泽，或是柔弱的光辉Eg: The white snow glistened in all the colors of rainbow.flicker 表示蜡烛或油灯在即将熄灭时的所发出的摇曳的光Eg: On the cold night, I sat in front of the only one candle which was flickering. flash / glim / glint / glisten / flicher ◆pasture n. 牧场◆idyllic adj. 田园诗的He is leading an idyllic life◆virtually adv. 几乎；差不多◆dubious adj. 可疑的，怀疑的doubtful / uncertain / questionable / suspicious / scepticaldubiousbe dubious about/of  对…怀疑,对…不肯定，主要表示不肯定的，不确定的doubt / suspectEg: I suspect that he stole the car last night. 语气较肯定的猜疑I doubt whether he stole the car. 语气不太肯定suspicious / doubtfulCats are suspicious of human beings.I am not sure about your ability to do so.I am doubtful of your ability.I am dubious about your ability.questionable强调质疑，有问题的，值得争议的This is a questionable conclusion / decision.sceptical 怀疑论的，怀疑的 (正式用法)suspiciousYour idea is sceptical. dubious / dubious about ( of ) / doubtful / uncertain / suspicious / sceptical / questionable ◆privilege n. 特权◆misery n. 苦难◆acquaintance n. 熟人◆treat n. 难得的乐事，享受be one's treat  1.…请客 == sb. stand treatEg: Let's go to have dinner. It's my treat treat sb. to take sb. to dinnerEg: It’s my pleasure to take you to dinner.stand treatI stand treat 我作东。2. 对待treat sb. asI treat him as my best friend.treat with sb. 跟某人商谈I can’t bring it to a conclusion. I want to treat with you.treat of sth. / sb. ==speak ofWe speak / treat of tramps contemptuously. 2. 荣幸,享受Eg: Having dinner with you is my treat.treat sb. to 宴请某人…Eg: It's my pleasure to treat you to dinner.treat sb as 按…对待某人Eg: I treat him as my best friend.treat with sb. 跟某人商谈Eg I can't bring it to a conclusion. I want to treat with you.treat of sth./sb. 关于…，提及到…，＝＝speak ofEg: We treat of tramps contemptuously. ◆dweller n. 居住者◆stagger v. 摇晃；蹒跚◆exotic adj. 寻乎寻常的，外来的◆glow n. 白炽光◆descend v. 下落，降临Eg: darkness descends very soon because winter is coming.descend from 从 ...... 传下来Eg: The watch descended from his grandfather.descend on / upon 突然袭击，He visited me suddenly.He looked me up suddenly.He called on me suddenly.Yesterday, my best friend descended on me. descend to 传给......descend from...to descend / descend from / descend to / descend on / descend upondropI dropped the glass onto the floor.ascend ant.The aeroplane is ascending at tremendous speed. ◆tuck v. 缩进，隐藏◆obstinately adv. 固执地，顽固地obstinate adj. 顽固而不易被别人所改变Eg: If you are an obstinate person, nobody can change your mind.stubbom 倔强Eg: He is such a stubborn person that he insists on finishing what he wants to do.Don’t try to persuade him because he is an obstinate person.persistentpersistEg: If you always follow your friends around, I should say, you are a persist person.strong minded 顽强的，意志力强Eg: If you are a strong minded person, you can do everything well.obstinate / stubborn as stubborn as mule 像牛一样倔强 (骡子)  三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:        The quiet life of the country has never appealed to me. city born and city bred ==as One was born and bred in a city 独立主格结构regard as think of ...as / refer to ...as go into raptures 变得欣喜若狂起来 Key sentence:        Most of my friends live in the city, yet they always go into raptures at the mere mention of the country.at the mere mention of 一提到at the sight of 一看到at the touch of 一触及到at the news of 一听到at the sound of 一听到at the nemtion of 一提到 exalt / laudhypocritical 虚伪Key sentence:        The country life never appeals to me, and never appeals to others, either. keep on doing sth. Key sentence:        Even he still lives under the illusion that country life is somehow superior to town life.under the illusion thatlive under the illusion thatCountry life is somehow superior to town life. Every picture has got two sides. 凡事都有两方面 Key sentence:        Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me. be beyond me = is beyond my understanding …是我无法理解的 stand / bear / put up with / endure / tolerate privilege: advantage dubious : doubtful / uncertain Country life never appeals to me. Key sentence:        If you can do without the few pastoral pleasures of the country, you will find the city can provide you with the best that life can offer.There are advantages of living in the country, but there are few advantages living in the country than living in the big city. Key sentence:        There is so much variety that you never have to make do with second best.never have to ==need not ==don’t have todo withoutmake do with 凑合者用 do without / manage without / go without 没有......也行I can do / manage without a car. available : able to be used anytime 随时可以应用的主语做表语或定语，做定语时要放在被修饰词的后边。I am availble to have a chat with you. The books in our classroom are available for you.be available for sb.I have a dictionary available for you. inconvenience of living in the countrymajor : great / demanding draw to its close = near its end 临近结束／尾声 Key sentence:        The city dweller never experiences anxieties of this sort.We can keep ourselves free from the anxieties of this sort which afflict the country dweller.Eating food with different tasts is also a pleasure. run wild 发疯 Key sentence:        Country people run wild when they go shopping in the city and stagger home loaded with as many of the necessities of life as they can carry. nor ... without 双重否定The city has got its own beauty. Don’t shed blood deserted : enpty all these things: all the pleasures of the city / all the advantages of living in the cityThere are fewer advantages of the country than in the city.There are more disadvantages of the country than those of the city. extol the virtuesextol = praise highly praise 比extol 的语义要弱得多virtue 美德 = advantage illusion 幻觉，错觉 = false idea superior 比......有优势， ==better than maintain == holdglinting 闪烁 = glisten tolerate 忍受 == endure, bear, stand, put up with, suffer without complaining beyond me == can not be understood by me                beyond my understanding Lesson 43 Fully insured  全保险一、【Text】课文 Insurance companies are normally willing to insure anything. Insuring public or private property is a standard practice in most countries in the world. If, however, you were holding an open air garden party or a fete it would be equally possible to insure yourself in the event of bad weather. Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes, the higher the premium you will have to pay. It is not uncommon to hear that a ship ping company has made a claim for the cost of salvaging a sunken ship. But the claim made by a local authority to recover the cost of salvaging a sunken pie dish must surely be unique.Admittedly it was an unusual pie dish, for it was eighteen feet long and six feet wide. It had been purchased by a local authority so that an enormous pie could be baked for an annual fair. The pie committee decided that the best way to transport the dish would be by canal, so they insured it for the trip. Shortly after it was launched, the pie committee went to a local inn to celebrate. At the same time, a number of teenagers climbed on to the dish and held a little party of their own. Dancing proved to be more than the dish could bear, for during the party it capsized and sank in seven feet of water.The pie committee telephoned a local garage owner who arrived in a recovery truck to salvage the pie dish. Shivering in their wet clothes, the teenagers looked on while three men dived repeatedly into the water to locate the dish. They had little difficulty in finding it, but hauling it out of the water proved to be a serious problem. The sides of the dish were so smooth that it was almost impossible to attach hawsers and chains to the rim without damaging it. Eventually chains were fixed to one end of the dish and a powerful winch was put into operation. The dish rose to the surface and was gently drawn towards the canal bank. For one agonizing moment, the dish was perched precariously on the bank of the canal, but it suddenly overbalanced and slid back into the water. The men were now obliged to try once more. This time they fixed heavy metal clamps to both sides of the dish so that they could fasten the chains. The dish now had to be lifted vertically because one edge was resting against the side of the canal. The winch was again put into operation and one of the men started up the truck. Several minutes later, the dish was successfully hauled above the surface of the water. Water streamed in torrents over its sides with such force that it set up a huge wave in the canal. There was danger that the wave would rebound off the other side of the bank and send the dish plunging into the water again. By working at tremendous speed, the men managed to get the dish on to dry land before the wave returned. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●insure v. 投保●fete n. 游园会●premium n. 保险费●recover v. 使......得到补偿，弥补●admittedly adv. 公认地●purchase v. 买●annual adj. 一年一度的●teenager n. （13至19岁的）青少年●capsize v. （船）翻●shiver v. 打颤，发抖●dive v. （头向下）跳水●haul v. 拖曵●hawser n. 粗缆绳●rim n. （圆形物品的）外沿，边●winch n. 绞车●agonizing adj. 精神紧张的，提心吊胆的●perch v. 处于●precariously adv. 危险地，不稳固地●overbalance v. 失去平衡●clamp n. 夹钳，夹板●vertically adv. 垂直地●torrent n. 激流，洪流●rebound v. 弹回 ◆insure v. 投保insure== make a contract that promises to pay a sum of money in case of accident, damage, loss, etc.insure sb/sth against  给…上保险以防…insurance n.insurance company 保险公司assure 向......保证，使确信，它的宾语一定是人。I assure you that I’ll bring you happiness. 我向你保证能给你带来幸福。ensure v. 保证，确保 宾语可以是物Hard work can ensure our success.guarantee 担保（指担保人的优秀品质，视之某物的质量I can guarantee the watch for ten months. ◆fete n. 游园会◆premium n. 保险费◆recover v. 使......得到补偿，弥补recover vi 康复 recover fromrecover vt. ==make up for, compensate forEg: Nothing can recover our health.regain 经过努力而获得......regain one’s courage 重新获得勇气recover one’s courage 恢复勇气He regained / recovered his enthusiasm. 他又恢复了他的热情。restore vt. 恢复健康, 恢复原状He has been restored.heal 治愈伤口His wound has healed. 他的伤口已经痊愈了。 ◆admittedly adv. 公认地inevitably 不可避免地Admittedly he is a great person.admittedly == we are admitting that ◆purchase v. 买buy vt.purchase 比buy 要正式，主要用于书面语，还可以是名词Can you purchase fredom with money?purchase money 买进的价格purchasing power 购买力Not worth a day’s purchase 危在旦夕Eg: His life is not worth a day’s purchase.  ◆annual adj. 一年一度的 ◆teenager n. （13至19岁的）青少年 ◆capsize vi. （船）翻Eg: The ship capsized because of the rough wave. ◆shiver v. 打颤，发抖shiver == tremble整体的颤抖用shiver, 部分的用tremble Eg: His hands are trembling.     He is shivering with cold.Eg: His trembling voice betrayed his secret. 他颤抖的声音泄漏了他的秘密。Shudder 因为寒冷害怕的因素导致的全身抖动 ◆dive v. （头向下）跳水◆haul v. 拖曳haul == pull with effort our force 强调用力去拉Eg: They hauled the boat up the beach.pull 连续不断地拉 （应用范围最广泛） drag 拖拉(两者之间有摩擦力)Eg: The stone was so heavy that I had to drag it into the room.    After a day’s hard work, I dragged myself home. 工作了一天我拖着疲惫的身躯回了家Drag oneself to 拖着疲惫的身躯去……tug 强调飞快的拖拉Tow 借助外力拖拉较大较重的物体 ◆hawser n. 粗缆绳◆rim n. （圆形物品的）外沿，边◆winch n. 绞车◆agonizing adj. 精神紧张的，提心吊胆的agonize v. 使精神紧张，使极度痛苦agonized 感到精神紧张agony n. == great pain 极度痛苦He couldn’t carry out his resolution so he was so agony. 他不能实现他的坚定的决心而感到极度痛苦。At the news he is in an agony of joy. 听到消息他感到极度的高兴。（agony 加强语气） ◆perch v. 处于（高处）locate, situate 是正式用词，vt.perch vi. A bird perched on the branch of the tree for the moment.perch on 栖息The little village perches among the hills.这个小山村高高地位于群山之中。Knock sb off his perch 打败、击败Eg: I knocked him off his perch yesterday.come off one’s perch 不再骄傲自大＝put your pride in your pocket. put your pride in your pocket. ◆◆◆precariously adv. 危险地，不稳固地 Precarious = unsafe, unsteady, not firm 强调不安全，不稳定，不稳固而导致的危险An actress’s life would be too precarious for me. 不稳定dangerous  危险的常用词Eg: Playing with matches is dangerous.hazardous  碰运气的，冒险的 而导致的危险Climbing the high mountain is hazardous.adventruous  爱冒险的，胆子很大的perilous    语义程度比dangerous 要高的多，强调被伤害或被杀害的危险Eg: It is perilous to do so. 这么做有可能会丢了性命。 ◆overbalance v. 失去平衡◆clamp n. 夹钳，夹板◆vertically adv. 垂直地vertical adj. 反义词： horizontlly 平行地horizon 地平线I draw a line vertically / horizontally. ◆torrent n. 激流，洪流torrent = rough wave◆rebound v. 弹回Eg: The ball is rebounded. 球被弱回来了。 三、【课文精析】 In the event of == in case of 以防万一; 如果发生；倘若 In the event of being sick, you’d better not go to the party.in the event thatYou must work harder and harder in the event that you get the frustration.In the event that you will get the frustration you must work harder and harder. Key sentence:        Needless to say, the bigger the risk an insurance company takes, the higher the premium you will have to pay. Take the risk 冒险，承担风险 Key sentence:        It is not uncommon to hear that a ship ping company has made a claim for the cost of salvaging a sunken ship.双重否定：1，Not + 否定 形容词 :  Is not unreasonable 2，not + without        I can’t live without you 3, no + not/ no + no    There is no cat that doesn’t like fish                          There is nothing he can’t do.There is no rule that has no exception / that doesn’t have exception. Make a claim 提出索赔要求 unique ==very much particular 独一无二需要作出艰苦努力的自我约束： Self-discipline required a sedulous work.to == in order toFrom finding a right place to put the latest edition.From finding the right place for us to put the latest edition. 这是一项可以使你学好英语的计划。This is a good plan for you in order to learn English well. (×)This is a good plan for you to learn English well. (√) the best way to do sth. 做某事的最好方法progress 进展 Key sentence:        Dancing proved to be more than the dish could bear, for during the party it capsized and sank in seven feet of water. prove (to be ) Key sentence:        The pie committee telephoned a local garage owner who arrived in a recovery truck to salvage the pie dish. Shivering in their wet clothes, the teenagers looked on while three men dived repeatedly into the water to locate the dish.difficulty 不可数名词， 费力          可数名词， 各种困难的事情have much difficulty 很费力 haul 从下往上拖drag 平行的拖拉，接触面的拖拉 Key sentence:        it was almost impossible to attach hawsers and chains to the rim without damaging it.attach toattach == tie 栓，系rim ==  the sides of the dish Eventually == at last 语气比at last 强烈得多，终于：强调失败的结果用in the end  表示成功用at last, eventuallyeventually 重点强调经过努力而终于……finally   只表示顺序的最后 put into operation =  usedraw 表示连续不停地拉 For one agonizing moment, 在令人忐忑不安的瞬间precariously == unsteady, unfirmly be obliged to do == be forced to do so that== in order thatlift 提起，吊起，由低到高的动作 Key sentence:        There was danger that the wave would rebound off the other side of the bank and send the dish plunging into the water again. send 造成，使得，+ v-ing (作宾语补足语)什么使得你这么做呢？ What sent you doing so?如果大浪从对岸折回来的话，这个盘子就会重新落入水中。 Key sentence:        pie dish would have been sent to waterIf the hoge wave had rebounded off the other side of the bank, it would have sent dish plunging into the water again. manage to do == be able to do, succeed in doing Lesson 44   Speed and comfort 又快捷又舒适
一、【Text】课文People travelling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air. Hardly anyone can positively enjoy sitting in a train for more than a few hours. Train compartments soon get cramped and stuffy. It is almost impossible to take your mind off the journey. Reading is only a partial solution, for the monotonous rhythm of the wheels clicking on the rails soon lulls you to sleep. During the day, sleep comes in snatches. At night, when you really wish to go to sleep, you rarely manage to do so. If you are lucky enough to get a sleeper, you spend half the night staring at the small blue light in the ceiling, or fumbling to find your ticket for inspection. Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted. Long car journeys are even less pleasant, for it is quite impossible even to read. On motorways you can, at least, travel fairly safely at high speeds, but more often than not, the greater part of the journey is spent on roads with few service stations and too much traffic. By comparison, fferry trips or cruises offer a great variety of civilized comforts. You can stretch your legs on the spacious decks, play games, meet interesting people and enjoy good food--always assuming, of course, that the sea is calm. If it is not, and you are likely to get seasick, no form of transport could be worse. Even if you travel in ideal weather, sea journeys take a long time. Relatively few people are prepared to sacrifice up to a third of their holidays for the pleasure of travelling by sea.Aeroplanes have the reputation of being dangerous and even hardened travellers are intimidated by them. They also have the disadvantage of being tan expensive form of transport. But nothing can match them for speed and comfort. Travelling at a height of 30,000 feet, far above the clouds, and at over 500 miles an hour is an exhilarating experience. You do not have to devise ways of taking your mind off the journey, for an aeroplane gets you to your destination rapidly. For a few hours, you settle back in a deep armchair to enjoy the flight. The real escapist can watch a free film show and sip champagne on some services. But even when such refinements are not available, there is plenty to keep you occupied. An aeroplane offers you an unusual and breathtaking view of the world. You soar effortlessly over high mountains and deep valleys. You really see the shape of the land. If the landscape is hidden from view, you can enjoy the extraordinary sight of unbroken cloud plains that stretch out for miles before you, while the sun shines brilliantly in a clear sky. The journey is so smooth that there is nothing to prevent you from reading or sleeping. However you decide to spend your time, one thing is certain: you will arrive at your destination fresh and uncrumpled. You will not have to spend the next few days recovering from a long and arduous journey.  二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●positively adv. 绝对地，完全地●compartment n. 列车客车厢内的分隔间（或单间）●cramped adj. 窄小的●stuffy adj. 憋气的，闷气的●monotonous adj. 枯燥的，乏味的，单调的●rhythm n. 有节奏的运动●click v. 发出咔哒声●lull v. 催人欲睡●snatch n. 短时，片段●sleeper n. 卧铺●fumble v. 乱摸，摸索●inspection n. 检查●inevitably adv. 必然地，不可避免地●destination n. 目的地●exhaust v. 使精疲力尽●motorway n. 快车道●ferry n. 渡船●cruise n. 巡游船●civilize v. 使文明；civilization n. 文明；civilized adj. 文明的●spacious adj. 宽敞的●seasick adj. 晕船的；airsick adj. 晕飞机的；carsick adj. 晕车的●intimidate v. 恐吓，恫吓●disadvantage n. 短处，缺点●exhilarating adj. 使人高兴的，令人兴奋的●escapist n. 逍遥者●sip v. 呷，啜●champagne n. 香槟酒●refinement n. 精心的安排●breathtaking adj. 激动人心的；不寻常的●soar v. 高飞，翱翔●effortlessly adv. 不费力地●landscape n. 景色●fresh adj. 精神饱满的●uncrumpled adj. 没有跨下来 ◆positively adv. 绝对地，完全地in a positive waydoubt; doubtful; uncertain; dubious 表示不是很肯定The food is positively uneatable.Can you really do it positively?在这儿相当于sure, of cause, certainly, no problema piece of cake, no sweat, it’s a snack 都表示不成问题I bet 我肯定 ◆compartment n. 列车客车厢内的分隔间（或单间）◆cramped adj. 窄小的◆stuffy adj. 憋气的，闷气的== airlessThat classroom must be stuffy. ◆rhythm n. 有节奏的运动◆click v. 发出咔哒声roar 车辆飞快行驶发出的声音bark 狗叫Don’t bark your order at me. ◆monotonous adj. 枯燥的，乏味的，单调的tedious, dull, uninterestingmonotonous == lacking varietyEg: I don’t like the way of your teaching, it is monotonous.I hate the monotonous rhythm of travelling by train.tedious 乏味的（重点突出long and uninteresting 冗长乏味的 ）Eg: Your article is tedious.dull 语意比较弱，= uninteresting Eg: I can’t get along well with Mary, she is a dull girl.    Look at that dull person.Tiresome == tiring 由于疲劳而厌倦tiredEg: He is tired of sleeping on the floor, because he has done so for ten years.Long lasting meetings are tiring .You are tiresome.You are a little bit tiresome.handsomebore v.bored adj.boring adj. 持续时间过长而厌倦Eg : I am tired of doing so.I am bored with doing so. 我厌烦这么做。be tired ofbe bored with ◆lull v. 催人欲睡vt. ==cause sb. to sleepEg: The mother lulled her baby to sleep.lull sb to sleep 催人入睡lull vi.风和日丽What a good day, the wind lulled.lullaby 催眠曲 ◆◆◆snatch n. 短时，片段catch, seize, grab, in snatches 断断续续地Eg: On the train, we sleep in snatches. ◆sleeper n. 卧铺◆fumble vt. 乱摸，摸索Eg: He fumbled the door open. 他摸索着把门打开了。He put his hand into his pocket to take the key out.He fumbled in his pocket for the key.search for ◆inspection n. 检查◆◆◆inevitably adv. 必然地，不可避免地Eg: Human beings are mortal, so inevitable we make mistakes, no matter how wise and eminent you are. ◆destination n. 目的地 ◆exhaust vt. 使精疲力尽exhausted adj.exhausting adj.tire outEg: I’m exhausted. 我精疲力尽了。What exhausts you? 什么使你精疲力尽呀？I’m tired out.wear out 使疲劳，使磨损wornworn outEg: Look, your dress is worn out. 瞧，你的衣服穿坏了。After a day’s work hard, I am worn out.knock outKnock sb out 1，把某人打晕，2，某人筋疲力尽 Eg: The arduous work knocked me out. 这项艰难的工作使我精疲力尽。Fatigue 使筋疲力尽，使疲劳（书面）Eg: The piece of work fatigues me. Does your work fatigue you? ◆motorway n. 快车道express way, highway ◆ferry n. 渡船◆cruise n. 巡游船◆civilize v. 使文明◆spacious adj. 宽敞的Eg: Is your classroom spacious?Our classroom is not so spacious as that one.I would like to lie in the spacious classroom instead of sitting here.==roomya roomy housecapacious 容量大的capacity 容量commodious 宽敞的，便利的 (== roomy and convenient )Eg: The cinema is both roomy and convenient.The cinema is commodious.expansive 易膨胀的，广阔的Eg: I’d like to appreciate expansive sea / ocean. 我喜欢欣赏浩瀚的海洋。vast 幅员辽阔的Eg: The desert in our country is vast, that is a major problem.extensive 广泛的，广阔的extensive reading 泛读intensive reading 精读Eg: You can enlarge you vocabulary by intensive reading.widespread 流传广的，分布广的Eg: The kind of news is widespread.far-reaching 触及很远的，流传久远的Eg: I have a good idea and it is far-reaching. ◆seasick adj. 晕船的airsick 晕飞机的carsick 晕车的bicyclesick 晕自行车的bussick晕公交车的homesick 想家的分别在词尾加上后缀-ness变成名词homesickness 思乡之情 ◆intimidate v. 恐吓，恫吓frighten, horrify, terrifyEg: Nothing can intimidate me. ◆disadvantage n. 短处，缺点◆◆◆exhilarating adj. 使人高兴的，令人兴奋的exhilarate vt. == very much excite 比excite 语义强烈得多，正式得多Eg: I’m exhilatated by your visit. 对于你的来访我是高兴极了。stimulate 刺激，激励stimulate sb to do sth 激励某人做某事Eg: Your courage stimulated me to do so.inspire激励（通过言辞）Inspire sb to do 激励某人做某事（通过言辞）Stir 鼓动，鼓舞Eg: Who stired you to do it like this? You should look before you leap. 谁鼓动你这么做？你应该三思而后行。spur 刺激Eg: His rude remarks spured me.encourageEg: He always encourages me to study hard when I’m unwilling to do so. ◆escapist n. 逍遥者◆sip v. 呷，啜vt & n.== drink a little at a time.take a sip of sth  喝一点Eg: I’m really thirsty, would you mind my taking a sip of your coffee?have a taste of sth 尝一点Eg: I’m so hungry that I want to have a taste of your cake.You can take a sip of my coffee, but my cake only belongs to me. ◆champagne n. 香槟酒◆◆◆refinement n. 精心的安排refine 使人精力充沛Eg: Coffee always refined us.Coffee always made us fresh. ◆breathtaking adj. 激动人心的；不寻常的Eg: The picture takes my breath. 这幅画太美了。The girl takes my breath.The beautiful dress takes my breath.decide to go for a trip 决定旅行Eg: We decided to go for a breathtaking trip. ◆soar v. 高飞，翱翔Eg: We can’t soar in the blue sky without wings.soar effortlessly 自由翱翔 ◆effortlessly adv. 不费力地◆landscape n. 景色landscape 指从高处或远处远望高看的这种大地的漂亮的风光spectacle == extroordinary sightscenery 自然风光scene   场面view    透过窗户看到的景色Eg: Our classroom doesn’t have a good view.The rising sun in the Tai Mountain is a spectacle / landscape. ◆fresh adj. 精神饱满的a fresh man Eg: Look at that guy, he is really fresh.他很帅 ◆uncrumpled adj. 没有跨下来Eg: He went home fresh and uncrumpled. 三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:        People travelling long distances frequently have to decide whether they would prefer to go by land, sea, or air.现在分词短语修饰peoplepeople who travel long distance frequentlyfrequently 定期地，经常地 quite oftenhave to decide== have to make up their mindwould rather; would sooner 要和动词原形搭配had better do 最好地would prefer to dowould rather do hardly + anyone 等不定代词时不倒装，在这相当于nobody; 或 nearly nobody, virtually nobody Key sentence:        You concentrate your mind on the journey itself, nothing can help you to keep away from it. take your mind off sth 把某人注意力从…转移开Eg: A holiday can take your mind off your anxiety.Do keep your mind off your unhappiness.I can’t take my mind off my examination, because examination day is coming. partial solution == one part of solution Inevitably you arrive at your destination almost exhausted.exhausted 在这里是形容词做状语wear out; tire out; fatigue; knock out 筋疲力尽 Key sentence:        Long car journeys are even less pleasant, for it is quite impossible even to read.The writer emphasize disadvantage of travelling by train.Travelling by car is moeunpleasant than travelling in the train. fairly 的语气是最弱的more often than not 主要用在书面语言当中，means very often, usually, frequetly By comparison 通过对比offer == providecomforts 在这儿指代service Be likely to do 有可能……== it is probable thatcould not be + 形容词比较级， can not be +形容词比较级，no… could be 表示“没有什么比…”Eg: Nobody can be more beautiful than you.No place can / could be better. 没有什么地方比这儿更好。  relatively 相对来讲Eg: A large number of people are prepared to sacrifice their higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar. Relatively, few people are prepared to sacrifice their holiday time for the dubious pleasure of travelling by sea.dubious == uncertain == doubtful Aeroplanes are famous / well-known for its being dangerous.have the disadvantage ofhave the reputation of match sb. forbut nothing can be equal to them. 第二部分当中是采用对比法It is almost impossible to take your mindoff the journey.You don’t have to / needn’t devise ways of taking your mind off the journey. hardly… whenYou had hardly had time to feel tired when you arrived at your destination.on some services 在这里指代on airplane Keep one’s mind off 转移注意力Keep sb. occupied  集中注意力 however == no matter how Key sentence:        If you can do without the few pleasures of travelling by land, you will find aeroplanes provide up with the best.  关于写作中衔接词的使用 1．  起 （开篇，引出论点）： at first, first, firstly, in the beginning(起初)， first of all, at present(目前), nowadays, currently, to start with, to begin with ,for one thing(首先), for another(其次), in one hand 一方面， in the other hand 另一方面2．  承： to start with, at the same time, at any rate无论如何， besides此外，除了…之外还有，apart from, in addition, in addition to, furthermore, in fact 事实上，actually, as a matter of fact, in reality , moreover, no doubt, without any doubt, similarly 同样地， in the same way , meanwhile,  in the meantime, obviously明显地，particularly, such as, for example, for instance, consequently, as a consequence, as a result, what is more, what is worse, what is betterabove all3．折： after all 毕竟，终究, all the same 虽然，但是， anyway 无论如何, somehow, but, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, by the time 到这个时候，此时，conversely, on the contrary, despite, in spite of , in contempt of, in disregard of, by contrast, by comparison, fortunately, in other words 换句话说，on the other hand, unlike 和……不同，不像, whereas然而，         Eg: He made a mistake, after all he is a child aged 5.            Even though you are not of most help, I’m grateful to you just the same.            I had expected myself to pass the examination, somehow I failed.            I don’t have the ability to do the work, fortunately my friends romise me to help me.4．合： 主要是用来小结上文的或是用作结尾段: accordingly于是，因此，as has been noted (above) 如前所述的，as has been mentioned, as has been talked of, at last, finally, lastly, at length, briefly简而言之，in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, in sum, in summary, to sum up, to summarize, to conclude, on the whole 总起说来          no doubt 毫无疑问， undoubtedly, truly, certainly, positively, surely, obviously,  Lesson 45  The power of the press   新闻报道的威力一、【Text】课文In democratic countries any efforts to restrict the freedom of the press are rightly condemned. However, this freedom can easily be abused. Stories about people often attract far more public attention than political events. Though we may enjoy reading about the lives of others, it is extremely doubtful whether we would equally enjoy reading about ourselves. Acting on the contention that facts are sacred, reporters can cause untold suffering to individuals by pub- lishing details about their private lives. Newspapers exert such tremendous influence that they can not only bring about major changes to the lives of ordinary people but can even overthrow a government.The story of a poor family that acquired fame and fortune overnight, dramatically illustrates the power of the press. The family lived in Aberdeen, a small town of 23,000 inhabitants in South Dakota. As the parents had five children, life was a perpetual struggle against poverty. They were expecting their sixth child and faced with even more pressing economic problems. If they had only had one more child, the fact would have passed unnoticed. They would have continued to struggle against economic odds and would have lived in obscurity. But they suddenly became the parents of quintuplets, four girls and a boy, an event which radically changed their lives. The day after the birth of the five children, an aeroplane arrived in Aberdeen bringing sixty reporters and photographers.The rise to fame was swift. Television cameras and newspapers carried the news to everyone in the country. Newspapers and magazines offered the family huge sums for the exclusive rights to publish stories and photographs. Gifts poured in not only from unknown people, but from baby food and soap manufacturers who wished to advertise their products. The old farmhouse the family lived in was to be replaced by a new $500,000 home. Reporters kept pressing for interviews so lawyers had to be employed to act as spokesmen for the family at press conferences. While the five babies were still quietly sleeping in oxygen tents in a hospital nursery, their parents were paying the price for fame. It would never again be possible for them to lead normal lives. They had become the victims of commercialization, for their names had acquired a market value. Instead of being five new family members, these children had immediately become a commodity. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●democrat 民主的●restrict v. 限制●abuse v. 滥用●contention n. 论点●untold adj. 数不尽的，无限的●South Dakota 南达科他州 （美国）●perpetual adj. 永久的●quintuplet n. 五胞胎之一●obscurity n. 默默无闻●radically adv. 彻底地，完全地●exclusive adj. 独占的，独家的●nursery n. 育婴室，保育室●commercialization n. 商品化●commodity n. 商品 ◆democrat 民主的 ◆restrict v. 限制keep within a certain limitEg: The prisoners’ activity is restricted within marrow limits.limit: 表示时间、空间、程度等方面的限定，且限定到某一个点restrict: 只说明限定范围Eg: Land development must be limited.He restricts himself to two cigarettes a day.restrict sb. to 限制在......范围内confineconfine sb. toEg: The boy is confined to the dark room.The boy is restricted to the dark room.cramp 限制（限制某人的活动或是限制动植特的生长）Eg: No body can cramp children.You can not cramp my activity.hamper 限制，妨碍;困累Eg: What hampered you to do so?The housewife has a lots to do every day, because she is hampered by poverty.My limited vocabulary hampered my reading.I am hampered by my limited vocabulary.★★★impede 限制；妨碍impede doing sth.Eg: Nothing will impede my studying English.bound 限定，以......为界限 ◆abuse v. 滥用Eg: Don’t abuse your authority. 不要滥用职权。We shouldn’t abuse our rights.不能乱用自己的权力。For VIP, they shouldn’t abuse their privilege. ◆contention n. 论点◆◆◆untold adj. 数不尽的，无限的==too many to be countedEg: There are untold stars in the sky.I am afflicted by / with untold anxieties.numerous 无数的countless anxieties 无数的烦恼Eg: As human being, we can’t keep ourselves free from countless anxieties.countable: can be counteduncountablenumbernumberless 无数的，没有房号的Eg: This is a numberless room.这是一个没有房号的房间。numberable 数得清的innumberable 不能数得清的 ◆South Dakota 南达科他州 （美国）◆◆◆perpetual adj. 永久的permanenteternallasting for a long timeeverlasting perpetual : 不休止的，一直持续下去的，不易受阻的Eg: They are as poor as church mouse, they have to struggle against perpetual poverty.constant 连续的，不断的constactly Eg: It is raining constantly. 雨不停地下着。continuous 连续不断的Eg: They have continuous discussion.They have continuous attempt.They made great success in their continuous attempt.continual 频繁的continually adj.Eg: It rains continually.最近频繁地在下雨。It is raining continuously / constantly.lastingeverlasting 持久的，耐久的Eg: The pair of trousers is lasting.Generally speaking, jeans are lasting.endlessEg: You can appreciate endless unbroken clouds.Studying English is our perpetual task.eternal adj. 永恒的，永久的，不朽的immortalEg: His name is immortal because the longest suspension bridge was named for him.temporary  temporary job. permanent 非临时的，永久的Eg: In a big city, sometimes we can not get permanent job. constant; continuous; everlasting; lasting; endless; eternal; permanent; perpetual ◆quintuplet n. 五胞胎之一◆obscurity n. 默默无闻in obscurity Eg: He is in obscurity.obscure adj. 不起眼的Eg: The bus stopped at a obscure bus stop. ◆radically adv. 彻底地，完全地completely, entirely, thoroughly, fully, inclusive ◆◆◆exclusive adj. 独占的，独家的exclusive 独占的，独家的 （not share with others ）Eg: The swimming pool is for my exclusive use.exclusive right 独权Eg: The newspaper offered a large sum of money to the person to get exclusive right to publish his article.exclusive 排外的，排它的inclusive 包括在其中的Eg: The school is exclusive, only very clever children can go to it. 这所学校很排外，只有特别聪明的孩子可以在这儿上学。The store is exclusive, only very wealthy people can visit it. 这个商场很排外，只有特别有钱的人才能光顾。 ◆nursery n. 育婴室，保育室◆commercialization n. 商品化◆commodity n. 商品commodity economy 商品经济commodity market  商品市场goods, wares 三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:        In fact, the power of the press is beyond our description.any efforts are rightly condemned. effort 企图try; attempt 尝试make every effort; spare no effort; make every endeavorgo to great lenghtsblamescoldreproachreprimandcondemn 正式的谴责 deed行为，行径Eg: Your deeds should be rightly condemned. forest authorities  森林当局education authorities 教育当局the authorities 有关当局the authorities of the press 新闻当局 According to this sentence, we know we are much more interested in private stories.Sometimes some people even want to smell out people’s secrets or particular scandals. lives of others: 替代story about people extremely doubtful == extremely uncertain == extremely dubious.Eg: If a family skeleton is reviewed, one’s reputation will be damaged / destroyed / spoiled / ruined immediately. equally == in the same way = alileWe wouldn’t like our secret to be reviewed. Acting on 以......来行事，遵循......来行事that引导的部分是contention 的同位语从句Key sentence:        When stories published in details by the press are wonderful, you will become famous very soon.If the story is terrible, your reputation will be ruined immediately. exert... on sth.bring about 带来，导致lead tocauseresult in major: great, considerableIn the first paragraph the writer illustrate how powerful the press is in the general way. acquire: gain == obtainacquire fortune: 发财acuire fame 出了名make fortune the city dweller 城市居住者the country dweller 乡村居住者 expect a babyin the interesting conditionin the family waypregnantbe faced with 面临The window faces the south. 窗户朝南In the process of studying English, We are faced with a great many problems, which should be surmounted.surmount 克服solve problem 解决问题In teh process of studying English, we are faced with a great many problems, which should be surmounted / got rid of / removed as quickly as possible. economic: problems = povertypressing 紧迫的unnoticed 形容词做状语odds n. 各种让人烦的小事 bear 容忍；生育 born 是bear的过去分词attract the attention of the pressThe rise to the fame is swift==Their being famous was rapid.huge sums ==huge sums of moneycare for 关心press for == demand形象地表达出不停的催问 Eg: The students kept pressing for examinations.Lesson 48 The silent village 沉默的村庄
一、【Text】课文In this much-travelled world, there are still thousands of places which are inaccessible to tourists. We always assume that villagers in remote places are friendly and hospitable. But people who are cut off not only from foreign tourists, but even from their own countrymen can be hostile to travellers. Visits to really remote villages are seldom enjoyable -- as my wife and I discovered during a tour through the Balkans.We had spent several days in a small town and visited a number of old churches in the vicinity. These attracted many visitors, for they were not only of great architectural interest, but contained a large number of beautifully preserved frescoes as well. On the day before our departure, several bus loads of tourists descended on the town. This was more than we could bear, so we decided to spend our last day exploring the countryside. Taking a path which led out of the town, we crossed a few fields until we came to a dense wood. We expected the path to end abruptly, but we found that it traced its way through the trees. We tramped through the wood for over two hours until we arrived at a deep stream. We could see that the path continued on the other side, but we had no idea how we could get across the stream. Suddenly my wife spotted a boat moored to the bank. In it there was a boatman fast asleep. We gently woke him up and asked him to ferry us to the other side. Though he was reluctant to do so at first, we eventually persuaded him to take us. The path led to a tiny village perched on the steep sides of a mountain. The place consisted of a straggling unmade road which was lined on either side by small houses. Even under a clear blue sky, the village looked forbidding, as all the houses were built of grey mud bricks. The village seemed deserted, the only sign of life being an ugly-looking black goat on a short length of rope tied to a tree in a field nearby. Sitting down on a dilapidated wooden fence near the field, we opened a couple of tins of sardines and had a picnic lunch. All at once, I noticed that my wife seemed to be filled with alarm. Looking up I saw that we were surrounded by children in rags who were looking at us silently as we ate. We offered them food and spoke to them kindly, but they remained motionless. I concluded that they were simply shy of strangers. When we later walked down the main street of the villager, we were followed by a silent procession of children. The village which had seemed deserted, immediately came to life. Faces appeared at windows. Men in shirt sleeves stood outside their houses and glared at us. Old women in black shawls peered at us from doorways. The most frightening thing of all was that not a sound could be heard. There was no doubt that we were unwelcome visitors. We needed no further warning. Turning back down the main street, we quickened our pace and made our way rapidly towards the stream where we hoped the boatman was waiting.                             二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●inaccessible adj. 难接近的,达不到的 ●hospitable adj. 不好客的●hostile adj. 不友好的,有敌意的 ●vicinity n. 周围,近邻●architectural adj. 建筑的 ●fresco n. 壁画●abruptly adv. 突然地,意外地 ●tramp v. 徒步行进●moor v. （用绳、链、锚）系（船） ●ferry v. （用渡船）运●straggle v. 蔓延，散乱分布 ●sardine n. 沙丁鱼，沙丁鱼罐头●dilapidated adj. 陈旧破烂的，倒塌的●rag n. 破烂衣服 ●motionless adj. 不动的●procession adj. 不动的●shawl n. 披巾，围巾 ●peer v. 凝视，盯着●quicken v. 加快 ◆inaccessible adj. 难接近的,达不到的 access n. 通路，通道entrance 入口accessible adj.: easy to get to / easy to understandEg: The book is accessible to learners / beginners.The facts are accessible to all of us. 易于得到的/ 易于理解的Eg: Heavy snow made the village inaccessible to traffic.approach: v. 接近approachableunapproachable 无可匹敌的；难以接近的Eg: He has got unapproachable beauty.access: opportunity 机会Eg: Only high officiales have access to him.Only teacheres have access to the head master. ◆hospitable adj.好客的amiable 亲切的cordial 热诚的，热心的faithful 忠诚的friendly 友好的neighborly 和睦的receptive 善于接受的，接纳的 ◆hostile adj. 不友好的,有敌意的 unfriendlybe hostile to / be unfriendly toantagonistic: 对抗性的，敌对的effensive: 进攻性的Eg: I took notice of his evvensive remarks.aggressive; 挑畔的 ◆vicinity n. 周围,近邻in the vicinity / in the nerborhood 比后一个正式 （书面用词）I often visit the fair in the vicinity.vicinity: aboutin the vicinity ofHe is in thevicinity of fifty. 他大约50岁吧。the inhabitant of the vicinity ◆architectural adj. 建筑的 ◆fresco n. 壁画◆abruptly adv. 突然地,意外地 ◆tramp v. 徒步行进◆moor v. （用绳、链、锚）系（船） ◆ferry v. （用渡船）运◆straggle v. 蔓延，散乱分布 ◆dilapidated adj. 陈旧破烂的，倒塌的dilapidate vt. 使倒塌，便破损dilapidation n.batter v. 撞坏，撞击battered adj.Eg: It is easy to recognize the battered car.broken-downrun down 渐渐变糟，恶化; run-down: 渐渐被恶化的Eg: The doctor had not to do with his run-down renew. ◆sardine n. 沙丁鱼，沙丁鱼罐头◆rag n. 破烂衣服 ◆motionless adj. 不动的◆procession adj. 不动的◆shawl n. 披巾，围巾 ◆peer v. 凝视，盯着◆quicken v. 加快 三、【课文精析】 be accessible / inaccessible to sb.  是......难以达到的not only from / but from 强调介词cut off from: separate from / isolate from 与......隔绝 Key sentence:Visits to really remote villages are seldom enjoyable  Eg: He is cut off from all his friends after he went abroad.Such people who are hostile to travellers are ones who are cut off from the society. of great interestbeautifully-preserved  Key sentence:On the day before our departure, several bus loads of tourists descended on the town.Key sentence:Taking a path which led out of the town, we crossed a few fields until we came to a dense wood.Key sentence:The village seemed deserted, the only sign of life being an ugly-looking black goat on a short length of rope tied to a tree in a field nearby.Key sentence:The village which had seemed deserted, immediately came to life.Key sentence:The most frightening thing of all was that not a sound could be heard. there is no doubt that / without any doubts 毫无疑问 trace its way make one’s way out offight one’s way 杀出一条路来feel one’s way 摸出一条路wind one’s way 碗延一条路 Key sentence:but we had no idea how we could get across the stream. a boat moored to the banka boatman fast asleepfast asleep 熟睡 Key sentence:The path led to a tiny village perched on the steep sides of a mountain.Key sentence:The place consisted of a straggling unmade road which was lined on either side by small houses.on either side == on both sides   all at once == almost immediately Key sentence:I concluded that they were simply shy of strangers. Lesson 49 The ideal servant 理想的仆人一、【Text】课文It is a good thing my aunt Harriet died years ago. If she were alive today she would not be able to air her views on her favourite topic of conversation: domestic servants. Aunt Harriet lived in that leisurely age when servants were employed to do housework. She had a huge, rambling country house called 'The Gables'. She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long after her husband's death. Before she grew old, Aunt Harriet used to entertain lavishly. I often visited The Gables when I was boy. No matter how many guests were present, the great house was always immaculate. The parquet floors shone like mirrors; highly polished silver was displayed in gleaming glass cabinets; even my uncle's huge collection of books was kept miraculously free from dust. Aunt Harriet presided over an invisible army of servants that continuously scrubbed, cleaned, and polished. She always referred to them as 'the shifting population', for they came and went with such frequency that I never even got a chance to learn their names. Though my aunt pursued what was, in those days, an enlightened policy, in that she never allowed her domestic staff to work more than eight hours a day, she was extremely difficult to please. While she always criticized the fickleness of human nature, she carried on an unrelenting search for the ideal servant to the end of her days, even after she had been sadly disillusioned by Bessie.Bessie worked for Aunt Harriet for three years. During that time she so gained my aunt's confidence that she was put in charge of the domestic staff. Aunt Harriet could not find words to praise Bessie's industriousness and efficiency. In addition to all her other qualifications, Bessie was an expert cook. She acted the role of the perfect servant for three years before Aunt Harriet discovered her 'little weakness'. After being absent from the Gables for a week, my aunt unexpectedly returned one afternoon with a party of guests and instructed Bessie to prepare dinner. No only was the meal well below the usual standard, but Bessie seemed unable to walk steadily. She bumped into the furniture and kept mumbling about the guests. When she came in with the last course -- a huge pudding -- she tripped on the carpet and the pudding went flying through the air, narrowly missed my aunt, and crashed on the dining table with considerable force. Though this caused great mirth among the guests, Aunt Harriet was horrified. She reluctantly came to the conclusion that Bessie was drunk. The guests had, of course, realized this from the moment Bessie opened the door for them and, long before the final catastrophe, had had a difficult time trying to conceal their amusement. The poor girl was dismissed instantly. After her departure, Aunt Harriet discovered that there were piles of empty wine bottles of all shapes and sizes neatly stacked in what had once been Bessie's wardrobe. They had mysteriously found their way there from the wine cellar! 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●rambling adj. 杂乱无章的 ●sentimentally adv. 感情上，多情地●lavishly adv. 慷慨地，大方地●immaculate adj. 清洁的，无污点的 ●parquet n. 镶木地板 ●gleam v. 发亮，闪光●preside v. 指挥 ●invisible adj. 看不见的，无形的●scrub v. 擦拭，刷洗 ●enlightened adj. 开明的●fickleness n. 变化无常 ●unrelenting adj. 不屈不挠的，不松懈的●disillusion v. 使幻想破灭●industriousness n. 勤奋●qualification n. 资格，能力●mirth n. 欢笑，高兴 ●stack v. 整齐地堆放●cellar n. 地窖 ◆rambling adj. 杂乱无章的ramble vi. 1. 闲逛，漫步strollgo for a walk / have a walkgo for a stroll / have strollThey rambled through the ferast.2. 漫谈，聊开Eg: The old lady began to ramble about her youth.3. 植物的蔓延生长Eg: The wild roses ramble over the fance. ◆sentimentally adv. 感情上，多情地sentiment n.sentiments 情操The sentiments of pity: 恻陷之心emotion 感情（总称）out of sentiments: 出于同情sentimental adj. emotional ◆◆◆lavishly adv. 慷慨地，大方地lavish adj. 慷慨的，大方的eg: Are you lavished to your friend.extravagant 挥霍的，奢侈的lavish money on sth. /sb.lavish praises on sb.grudge 舍不得给Eg: Do you lavish praises on your friends? 你总是大肆吹捧你的朋友吗？lavish care on sb. 过度的关心或庞爱generous 慷慨大方的liberal: 开明的prodigal: 浪费的，挥霍无度的wasteful反义词：thrifty, economical, frugal, not wasteful ◆immaculate adj. 清洁的，无污点的 spotless ◆parquet n. 镶木地板 ◆gleam v. 发亮，闪光◆preside v. 指挥 vi. preside atEg: Who will preside at the party?Yesterday my friend visited me so I preside at tea. 招待 ◆invisible adj. 看不见的，无形的visible  ◆scrub v. 擦拭，刷洗 polish: 润色 ◆enlightened adj. 开明的◆fickleness n. 变化无常 ◆unrelenting adj. 不屈不挠的，不松懈的strong-mindedcontinuous ◆disillusion v. 使幻想破灭◆industriousness n. 勤奋◆qualification n. 资格，能力◆mirth n. 欢笑，高兴 (书面化，文学中或诗歌中)happiness, joy, merriment, fun, amusement, entertainment, delight, rapture◆stack v. 整齐地堆放◆cellar n. 地窖 三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:If she were alive today she would not be able to air her views on her favourite topic of conversation: domestic servants.air one’s views on sth. / sb. 对......发表意见Key sentence:lived in that leisurely age whenKey sentence:She was sentimentally attached to this house, for even though it was far too big for her needs, she persisted in living there long after her husband's death.attach toKey sentence:she persisted in living there long after her husband's death.persist in doing sth.long aftershort afterlong beforeshort beforeKey sentence:even my uncle's huge collection of books was kept miraculously free from dust. Key sentence:She always referred to them as 'the shifting population', for they came and went with such frequency that I never even got a chance to learn their names. refer to / regard sb. as Key sentence:While she always criticized the fickleness of human nature, she carried on an unrelenting search for the ideal servant to the end of her days, even after she had been sadly disillusioned by Bessie. carry onDuring that timeput sb. in charge of 安排某人负责 in addition to act the role: play the role be absent from: be away from not only 位于句首，引导完整的语句，部分倒装 below, above常用的修饰词是well bump into: knock oneself into / onto reluctantly came to the conclusion that...come to the conclusiondraw a conclusionarrive at conclusion reach conclusionjump to conclusion have a difficult time doing sth. : have trouble / difficulty in doing sth Key sentence:They had mysteriously found their way there from the wine cellar! Lesson 50 New Year resolutions 新年的决心一、【Text】课文The New Year is a time for resolutions. Mentally, at least, most of us could compile formidable lists of 'dos' and 'don'ts'. The same old favorites recur year in year out with monotonous regularity. We resolve to get up earlier each morning, eat less, find more time to play with the children, do a thousand and one jobs about the house, be nice to people we don't like, drive carefully, and take the dog for a walk every day. Past experience has taught us that certain accomplishments are beyond attainment. If we remain inveterate smokers, it is only because we have so often experienced the frustration that results from failure. Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out. We also make the fundamental error of announcing our resolutions to everybody so that we look even more foolish when we slip back into our bad old ways. Aware of these pitfalls, this year I attempted to keep my resolutions to myself. I limited myself to two modest ambitions: to do physical exercise every morning and to read more of an evening. An all-night party on New Year's Eve provided me with a good excuse for not carrying out either of these new resolutions on the first day of the year, but on the second, I applied myself assiduously to the task.The daily exercises lasted only eleven minutes and I proposed to do them early in the morning before anyone had got up. The self-discipline required to drag myself out of bed eleven minutes earlier than usual was considerable. Nevertheless, I managed to creep down into the living room for two days before anyone found me out. After jumping about on the carpet and twisting the human frame into uncomfortable positions, I sat down at the breakfast table in an exhausted condition. It was this that betrayed me. The next morning the whole family trooped in to watch the performance. That was really unsettling, but I fended off the taunts and jibes of the family good-humouredly and soon everybody got used to the idea. However, my enthusiasm waned. The time I spent at exercises gradually diminished. Little by little the eleven minutes fell to zero. By January 10th, I was back to where I had started from. I argued that if I spent less time exhausting myself at exercises in the morning, I would keep my mind fresh for reading when I got home form work Resisting the hypnotizing effect of television, I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes glued to a book. One night, however, feeling cold and lonely, I went downstairs and sat in front of the television pretending to read. That proved to be my undoing, for I soon got back to my old bad habit of dozing off in front of the screen. I still haven't given up my resolution to do more reading. In fact, I have just bought a book entitled How to Read a Thousand Words a Minute. Perhaps it will solve my problem, but I just haven't had time to read it!                            二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●resolution n. 决心 ●mentally adv. 内心里 ●compile  v. 编辑，编制●formidable adj. 令人畏惧的 ●recur v. 再发生，又出现●regularity n. 规律性 ●accomplishment n. 成就●attainment n. 达到 ●inveterate adj. 根深蒂固的●self-improvement n. 自我完善 ●scheme n. 简单的计划，方案●ambitious adj. 雄心勃勃的 ●pitfall n. 意外的困难，易犯的错误●modest adj. 要求不过分的 ●assiduously adv. 刻苦地●self-discipline n. 自我约束 ●frame n. 躯体●betray v. 暴露，显露 ●troop v. 成群结队地走动●unsettle v. 使不安 ●taunt n. 嘲笑，奚落人的话●jibe n. 嘲弄，挖苦 ●good-humouredly adv. 和气地，心情好地●wane v. 逐渐变小，变弱 ●diminish v. 减少，缩小●hypnotize v. 使欲睡，使蒙胧●undoing n. 祸根，毁灭的原因 ●screen n. 电视机屏幕 ◆resolution n. 决心 resolution 1. the quality of being resolute / formal decision 决心，决议  take resolution to do sth. / make up one’s mind to do sth.be determined to do sth. / decide to do sth.resolve / resolve to do sth.resolve sb. on sth. 使某人做某事Eg: Before we came here, we resolved to learn English hard.I resolved him on English study.Nobody resolved him on this decision. 没有人使他做这样的决定。resolute adj. 坚决的，果断的resolution / resolve / resoluteEg: We must be true in word and resolute in deed. 我们必须是言必信，行必果。 ◆mentally adv. 内心里 ◆compile  v. 编辑，编制compile compile / edit vt.editorcompile: collect information and arrange in a book (great book / dictionary )edit: collect information and arrange in newspaper or magazineEg: The editor is busing editing the newspaper. ◆formidable adj. 令人畏惧的 ◆recur v. 再发生，又出现recur v. occor: happenoccur to A good idea occurred to me. / It occurred to him that he should open the door.recur: occur againincur: vt. 导致，招致，造成 （ lead to / result in / give rise to / cause）Eg: Air pollution incurs some terrible dissease. ◆regularity n. 规律性 ◆accomplishment n. 成就◆attainment n. 达到 accomplish 成功地达到目的accomplish one’s purpose / goal / dream / aim /work / taskHe accomplished his journey.attain:得到，获得（经过艰苦努力）attain one’s ambitionget sccess / attain successachieve : 达到一定目的时的表现及努力Eg: This is what he achieved after ten years of hard work.treasure / cherish / volue / prize 珍惜Eg: We always cherish what we have achieved.I feel very happy because you accomplish your dream.accomplishment: 成就（修养，才艺，本领方面）attainment 获得，得到Eg: Such accomplishment is beyond your attainment.His attainment is beyond my understanding.His accomplishment is unexpected to me.achievement / accomplishmentattain to / attainattain to : 某人希望达到的成就attain: 某人已经达到的成就Eg: He has attained heights that I can never attain to.This is the height that I hope to attain to.This is the height that I have attained. ◆inveterate adj. 根深蒂固的◆self-improvement n. 自我完善 ◆scheme n. 简单的计划，方案◆ambitious adj. 雄心勃勃的 ambition Eg: Everybody in the modern society must be ambitious.If you work hard, you can attain your ambition. ◆pitfall n. 意外的困难，易犯的错误◆modest adj. 要求不过分的 Eg: I make New Year resolution and I think them modest.Eg: Being modes is one of our virtues. ◆assiduously adv. 刻苦地assiduously==diligentlyEg: If you study English assiduously, nothing is difficult. ◆self-discipline n. 自我约束 self-improvement 自我完善 ◆frame n. 躯体body ◆betray v. 暴露，显露 Eg: I don’t know who betrayed me.Her face betrayed her nervousness. ◆troop v. 成群结队地走动◆unsettle v. 使不安 ◆◆◆taunt n. 嘲笑，奚落人的话taunt vt.  taunt sb. with sth. 因为某事而讥笑某人Eg: They taunt him with being poor / poverty.make fun of / laugh atEg: He is wearing a strange hat, so we make fun of him.jeer vi.jeer at 嘲笑，戏弄Eg: We know he is eccentric, but anyway don’t jeer at himmock / mock at Eg: Mocked (at ) by others, he had my sympathy.When the teacher is writing on the blackboard, naughty boy student mocked at him.scoff at / pour scorn onEg: Don’t scoff at those students who don’t have good accomplishment / mark.gibe gible at sb. / sth.taunt: try to make sb. angry or upset by saying unkind remarks.Eg: They taunted him with being poor, so he felt angry.gibe: say sth. that is intended to make the person look silly.Eg: I gibed at him because, in my opinion, he was dull. ◆jibe n. 嘲弄，挖苦 ◆good-humouredly adv. 和气地，心情好地◆◆◆wane v. 逐渐变小，变弱 wane: becoming less or weakerEg: He exerts suttle influence on his children, but his children are growing up, so his influence is waning.wane: showing a decreasing bright area after full moon.The moon will wax, the moon will wane. 月有阴晴园缺 ◆diminish v. 减少，缩小diminish: vt. make smaller in size, amout, number and so on.Eg: The Second World War diminished the country’s wealth.diminish vi. Eg: Time will never cause our friendship to diminish. 我们的友谊决不会因时间的流逝而淡薄。reduceEg: If you reduce the price to 10 dollars, I will take it.reduce to / reduce by   The shop assistant reduced the price by 10 dollars.lessen 数量，价值，可能性的降低sharp / sharped wide / widen quick / quickenEg: I agree to your idea that you can climb the tree, but anyway, please lesson the rick of being hurt / injoured   I agree to your idea that you can climb the tree, but anyway, please lessen the risk of being hurt / injured.increase / decreaseEg: Our interest in English / clothes is increasing. lessen 可能性的降低wane 渐渐地衰退 ◆hypnotize v. 使欲睡，使蒙胧lull 催人欲睡  lull sb. to sleep ◆undoing n. 祸根，毁灭的原因 ◆screen n. 电视机屏幕  三、【课文精析】 Key sentence:The New Year is a time for resolutions.a time for The spring Festival is a time for gathering.Mentally: at heartWe become illogical when we decide what can be eaten and what can not be eaten. Key sentence:The same old favorites recur year in year out with monotonous regularity.favourite: resolutionrecur: happen / take placeyear in year out: one year after another / year by yearday by day / one day after another / day in day out resolve to : 下定决心 Key sentence:Past experience has taught us that certain accomplishments are beyond attainment.It is hard for us to attain some certain accomplishment inveterate: deep rooted Key sentence:If we remain inveterate smokers, it is only because we have so often experienced the frustration that results from failure. Because we have too often experience the frustration, it means nothing to me.result from : 由 ...... 产生的result in: lead to / cause Failure will result in frustration. 失败会导致挫败心理。 Key sentence:Most of us fail in our efforts at self-improvement because our schemes are too ambitious and we never have time to carry them out.carry out: carry offfail in our efforts / attemptEg: We accumulate clutter in an attempt to avoid waste. Key sentence:We also make the fundamental error of announcing our resolutions to everybody so that we look even more foolish when we slip back into our bad old ways.Eg: If you often make some common mistakes, you will get the frustration.slip back into: return to the normal way Key sentence:Aware of these pitfalls, this year I attempted to keep my resolutions to myself.keep my resolutions to myself: keep my resolutions secretEg: We arrived at our destination exhausted.Exhausted, we arrived at our destination.Aware of the importance, I attempt to carry it out. 由于意识到了此事的重要性，我竭尽全力来把它实现。 limit oneself toambitions: New Year resolutionslimit: 限定到点restrict: 限定到范围 Key sentence:but on the second, I applied myself assiduously to the task.apply oneself to / apply one’s time to / apply one’s mind / energy tobe devoted / dedicated toIn 2002, I shall apply myself to learning English. propose to do / I decided to doThe self-discipline required to study English hard is considerable as well.nevertheless: however Key sentence:I sat down at the breakfast table in an exhausted condition.in an exhausted condition: exhaustedIt...that... 句型It was exhausted condition that betrayed my secret.troop in: went / came into the room in groupunsettle: upset fend off: defeatwane: diminish step by stepargue: got a good excuse keep one’s mind fresh for doing sth. Key sentence:Resisting the hypnotizing effect of television, I sat in my room for a few evenings with my eyes glued to a book.the temptation to do slip back into our bad old ways / I was back to where I had started from / got back to my old bad habitdozing off: half sleepI soon got back to my old bad habit of nodding.a book entitled: a book which is entitled We must be true in word and resolute in deed.Lesson 52 Mud is mud 实事求是
一、【Text】课文My cousin, Harry, keeps a large curiously-shaped bottle on permanent display in his study. Despite the fact that the bottle is tinted a delicate shade of green, an observant visitor would soon notice that it is filled with what looks like a thick, grayish substance. If you were to ask Harry what was in the bottle, he would tell you that it contained perfumed mud. If you expressed doubt or surprise, he would immediately invite you to smell it and then to rub some into your skin. This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might have. The bottle really does contain perfumed mud. How Harry came into the possession of this outlandish stuff makes an interesting story which he is fond of relating. Furthermore, the acquisition of this bottle cured him of a bad habit he had been developing for years.Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist. He would invent fanciful names on the spot. On entering a shop, he would ask for a new perfume called 'Scented Shadow ' or for ' insoluble bath cubes'. If a shop assistant told him she had not heard of it, he would pretend to be considerably put out. He loved to be told that one of his imaginary products was temporarily out of stock and he would faithfully promise to call again at some future date, but of course he never did. How Harry managed to keep a straight face during these performances is quite beyond me. Harry does not need to be prompted to explain how he bought his precious bottle of mud. One day, he went to an exclusive shop in London and asked for 'Myrolite', the shop assistant looked puzzled and Harry repeated the word, slowly stressing each syllable. When the woman shook her head in bewilderment, Harry went on to explain that 'myrolite' was a hard, amber-like substance which could be used to remove freckles. This explanation evidently conveyed something to the woman who searched shelf after shelf. She produced all sorts of weird concoctions, but none of them met with Harry's requirements. When Harry put on his act of being mildly annoyed, the assistant promised to order some for him. Intoxicated by his success, Harry then asked for perfumed mud. He expected the assistant to look at him in blank astonishment. However, it was his turn to be surprised, for the woman's eyes immediately lit up and she fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect. For once, Harry had to admit defeat. He picked up what seemed to be the smallest bottle and discreetly asked the price. He was glad to get away with a mere twenty pounds and he beat a hasty retreat, clutching the precious bottle under his arm. From then on, Harry decided that this little game he had invented might prove to be expensive. The curious bottle, which now adorns the bookcase in his study, was his first and last purchase of rare cosmetics.                            二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●permanent adj. 永久的 ●tint v. 给……染色●delicate adj. 淡色的 ●shade n. 色度●observant adj. 观察力敏锐的 ●greyish adj. 浅灰色的●dispel v. 驱散，消除●outlandish adj. 稀奇古怪的 ●acquisition n. 获得●cosmetic n. 化妆品 ●outrageous adj. 无理的，令人不能容忍的●fanciful adj. 想像出来的 ●insoluble adj. 不可溶解的●prompt v. 敦促，激励 ●exclusive adj. 专售高档商品的●syllable n. 音节 ●bewilderment n. 迷惑，糊涂●freckle n. 雀斑 ●evidently adv. 显然的，明显地●weird adj. 奇异的，古怪的 ●concoction n. 调制品●intoxicate v. 陶醉，得意忘形 ●blank adj. 无表情的，茫然的●discreetly adv. 谨慎地 ●clutch v. 抓住●adorn v. 装饰，打扮 ◆permanent adj. 永久的 permanent job / house temporary 临时的 ◆tint v. 给……染色tint the paper yellow 把纸染成黄色 （双宾语） ◆delicate adj. 淡色的 Eg: I like the delicate dress. 我喜欢淡颜色，比较雅致的裙子。 ◆shade n. 色度shade 荫凉in the shade 在荫凉处shady adj. in the shady street 在有荫凉的街道上in the shady spot 在有荫凉的地方 ◆◆observant adj. 观察力敏锐的  ◆greyish adj. 浅灰色的light grey ◆dispel v. 驱散，消除 ◆outlandish adj. 稀奇古怪的 oddstrange fantasticqueerpeculiarweirdeccentric outlandish: queerstrange and unpleasantweird: strange and unnaturaldifficult to understand ◆◆◆acquisition n. 获得acquireacquire confidenceacquire courageacquire knowledgeacquire skillsacquisition: the act of acquiringEg: He devotes his time to the acquisition of knowledge.他把全部的精力都用在知识的获得上。the acquisition of sth. (通常形式)Eg: Acquiring confidence is essential.The acquisition of confidence is essential.The acqisition of skills is necessary in the modern society.acquirement: 仅指精神上的获得acquisition: 可以指泛泛的概念the acquisition / acquirement of knowledge 知识的获得the acquisition of money 金钱的获得Eg:The acquisition of money is what a large number of people run after. ◆cosmetic n. 化妆品 ◆outrageous adj. 无理的，令人不能容忍的He found my offer outrageousunreasonableirrationalillogicalridiculousunpleasantunpleasing ◆fanciful adj. 想像出来的 imaginableimagining doingfancying doing ◆insoluble adj. 不可溶解的solve 解决insolve  不可溶解 ◆◆◆prompt v. 敦促，激励 vt. urge sb. to do sth.persuade sb. to do sth.prompt sb. to doEg: What prompted him to be so generous.Our discussion prompted some questions. 我们的讨论引出了几个问题。lead to; cause; result in; Eg: What prompts you to study English so hard?promptly adv.prompt: quicktake measure 采取措施Eg: He took a prompt measure. 他作出了一个果断的决定。He made a prompt decision.swift 没有任何干扰，一点也不费力地连续不断地迅速，形容相当快Eg: His rise to fame was swift.The car is going fast.The car is going swiftly.He made rapid / swift progress.rapid 迅速的 （某事发生的速度快）rapid recovery 快速康复Eg: He is still young, so his recovery is rapid.speedydon’t do it in such a speedy way.haste more haste less speed. 欲速则不达hasty 匆匆忙忙，草率Eg: Sometimes we make a decision hastily.Sometimes we make a decision in a haste way. ◆exclusive adj. 专售高档商品的◆syllable n. 音节 ◆bewilderment n. 迷惑，糊涂bewilder : puzzle Eg: Your question puzzled me.bewilder: 令人眼花缭乱Eg: Yesterday I went shopping, but countless beautiful dresses bewildered me.in bewilderment ◆freckle n. 雀斑 ◆evidently adv. 显然的，明显地evident 显眼的，突出的Eg: She is evident at party.in evidence 相当于evident, 也相当于evidently ◆weird adj. 奇异的，古怪的 ◆concoction n. 调制品◆intoxicate v. 陶醉，得意忘形 excite greatly beyond self-controlbe intoxicated by be intoxicated withEg: When we pass out important examinations, we are intoxiacated with our success.intoxicate 喝醉Eg: If you drink too much whiskey, you will get intoxicated.get drunkbecome intoxicated.intoxicating 令人陶醉的Eg: He failed in his examination, but he was intoxicated with that, and his intoxication was beyond my understanding. ◆blank adj. 无表情的，茫然的◆discreetly adv. 谨慎地 discreet ==careful in speech and actionEg: He’s discreet in giving his opinion.He’s discreet in airing his views.When you have to make a big decision, particularly in front of a large number of people, you must be discreet.be discreet in doing sth.careful 细心的 （不表示谨慎）Eg: Whatever we do, we must be careful.Be careful, a car is rushing towards you.cautious 谨慎的 （既表示细心，又表示谨慎）Eg: He is a cautious person, so whatever he does, he is not only discreet but careful as well.considerate: 考虑周到的，细心的 （thoughtful）Eg: You will live easily if you have a considerate friend with you.prudent 慎重的Eg: You must make a prudent decision.wary 小心翼翼的tactful 机智的，考虑周全的tact 机智discreet / careful / cautious / considerate / prudent ◆clutch v. 抓住snatchseizegraspclutchclasp ◆adorn v. 装饰，打扮well decorated walls 装饰得很漂亮的墙壁adorn 打扮，佩戴Eg: We adorn our rooms with flowers.decorate: 装修Eg: Newly weds embark on the task of decorating their new house.新婚夫妇忙着装修自己的新房子。adorn 装点Eg: He adoned his story with all sorts of adventures that never happened.She adorned her dress with a lace.ornament v. 增添细节或装饰物Eg: The dress is ornamented / adorned with lace.a woman adorned in jewelry and fur 一位珠光宝气、穿着皮衣的妇女in jeans 穿着牛仔裤in jewelry 佩戴首饰in fur 穿着裘皮大衣a miss adorned in mink coat 一位穿着貂皮大衣的小姐a beautifully adorned rooma beautifully decorated house 三、【课文精析】 keep sth. on permanent display duriously-shaped 形状奇怪的wine bottles of all shapes and sizesdespite the fact that 尽管事实如此in spite of the fact thatused to 过去常常而现在不would现在有可能存在Eg: He would often have clas in the morning.if you should 和 if you were to 可以互换should + 动词原形 可能性大were to + 动词原形 可能性极小Key sentence:If you expressed doubt or surpriseKey sentence:This brief experiment would dispel any further doubts you might have.brief:  简单的  simpledoes 用来加强语气Key sentence:How Harry came into the possession of this outlandish stuff makes an interesting story which he is fond of relating.come into the possession of sth. 获得的过程Eg: How harry married his beautiful wife makes an interesting story. 哈里是怎么样娶了这样一位漂亮的妻子还有一段有趣的故事。he is fond of relating == he is fond of talking aboutstuff==material == substancefurthermore == what is more == moreoverKey sentence:the acquisition of this bottle cured him of a bad habit he had been developing for years.own habits by heart 积习难改，本性难移 Key sentence:Harry used to consider it a great joke to go into expensive cosmetic shops and make outrageous requests for goods that do not exist.consider it a great joke to do sth. 把做某事看作是巨大的乐趣consider it great funconsider it great amusementconsider it a great joy He would invent fanciful names on the spot. == He would invent names imaginable on the sopt.on the sopt 当场，当时on entering a shop== as soon as he enters a shop Key sentence:he would pretend to be considerably put out.pretend to do 装做......put out == upset == annoyEg: He was put out by my rude words.imaginary 虚构的，想象的out of stock 脱销 Key sentence:he would faithfully promise to call again at some future datefaithfully permise 信誓旦旦地说at some future date == some day == one day Key sentence:How Harry managed to keep a straight face during these performances is quite beyond me. keep a straight face == keep seriousis quite beyond me == is quite beyond my understanding == is quite beyond my imagination how引导主语从句keep sth. on permanent display 永远展示，陈列Eg: We don’t know how he came into ( the ) possession of the farm. of his own accord 自然而然地，相当于willingly Key sentence:Harry does not need to be prompted to explainexclusive shop: only wealthy people can visit such expensive shopexclusive right to publish their storiesexclusive: 独家的，独占的；不相容的The school is exclusive. exclusive shop 专售高档商品的商店 Key sentence:the shop assistant looked puzzled and Harry repeated the word，slowly stressing each syllable.puzzled 茫然不知所措bewilderedstressing 加重每一个音节 go on to do sth. 继续做别的事情cat-like; dog-likeamber-like 象琥珀一样的be used to do 被用来干 ......be used to doing 习惯于做...... Key sentence:This explanation evidently conveyed something to the woman who searched shelf after shelf.shelf after shelf == one shelf after anotherproduced == showedHe produced a cigaret to me. 他拿出了一颗烟给我。 Key sentence:She produced all sorts of weird concoctions, but none of them met with Harry's requirements.meet with sb’s requirments / need 满足某人的需要requirments == demands When Harry put on his act of being mildly annoyedput on his act of doing 装模作样put on == pretendEg: She said that she felt ill, but she was just putting it on.He put on the act of understanding me / what I said. 他装出理解我的话的样子。He pretends to be wealthy.He put on an act of being wealthy. Key sentence:Intoxicated by his success, Harry then asked for perfumed mud. in blank astonishment 茫然惊奇地 Key sentence:However, it was his turn to be surprised, for the woman's eyes immediately lit up and she fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.surprised == amazed 惊奇地Eg: The custom officer’s face lit up as soon as he saw the tiny bottle on the bottom of my suitcase.inspect ==choose == selectadmit defeat == take a beating 认输My aunt Harriet found piles of bottles of all shapes and sizes in what had been Bessie’s wordrobe.what was in those days enlighted policy 当时所谓的开明政策seemed to be == looked like discreet 言行小心 Key sentence:He was glad to get away with a mere twenty pounds and he beat a hasty retreat,不定式to 表示原因retreat 撤退beat a retreat 溜走hasty == speedyEg: He left the shop as quickly as possible. clutching现在分词做伴随状况状语Eg: I got away with pricious chalk marks on my luggage. pay the price 付出代价 ‘The curious bottle, which now adorns the bookcase in his study, was his first and last purchase of rare cosmetics.’非限制性定语从句Eg: The girl studies English well who lives in my neighbourhood.The girl, who lives in my neighbourhood, studies English well. 重点结构表达：admit defeat 认输beat a hasty retreat 匆忙溜掉stress each syllable 加强音节in bewilderment in blank astonishment Lesson 53 In the public interest为了公众的利益一、【Text】课文The Scandinavian countries are much admired all over the world for their enlightened social policies. Sweden has evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from high-handed or incompetent public officers. The system has worked so well, that it has been adopted in other countries too.The Swedes were the first to recognize that public official like civil servants, police officers, health inspectors or tax-collectors can make mistakes or act over-zealously in the belief that they are serving the public. As long ago as 1809, the Swedish Parliament introduced a scheme to safeguard the interest of the individual. A parliamentary committee representing all political parties appoints a person who is suitably qualified to investigate private grievances against the State. The official title of the person is 'Justiteombudsman', but the Swedes commonly refer to him as the 'J.O.' or 'Ombudsman'. The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure. He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society. As complaints must be made in writing, the Ombudsman receives an average of 1,200 letters a year. He has eight lawyer assistants to help him and examines every single letter in detail. There is nothing secretive about the Ombudsman's work, for his correspondence is open to public inspection. If a citizen's complaint is justified, the Ombudsman will act on his behalf. The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint. He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law the altered. The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work. A foreigner living in a Swedish village wrote to the Ombudsman complaining that he had been ill-treated by the police, simply because he was a foreigner. The Ombudsman immediately wrote to the Chief of Police in the district asking him to send a record of the case. There was nothing in the record to show that the foreigner's complaint was justified and the Chief of Police strongly denied the accusation. It was impossible for the Ombudsman to take action, but when he received a similar complaint from another foreigner in the same village, he immediately sent one of his layers to investigate the matter. The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions. The fact that the policeman was prejudiced against foreigners could not be recorded in the official files. It was only possible for the Ombudsman to find this out by sending one of his representatives to check the facts. The policeman in question was severely reprimanded and was informed that if any further complaints were lodged against him, he would be prosecuted. The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed. 二、【New words and expressions】 生词和短语 ●evolve v. 逐渐形成 ●high-handed adj. 高压的，专横的●incompetent adj. 不够格的，不称职的 ●over-zealously adv. 过分热情地●safeguard v. 保护 ●parliamentary adj. 国会的●qalified adj. 合格的 ●grievance n. 不平，冤屈●Justiteombudsman n. （瑞典的）司法特派员 ●ombudsman n. （瑞典和英国的）司法特派员●secretive adj. 保密的 ●correspondence n. 来往信件●alter v. 改变 ●accusation n. 谴责，指控●ascertain v. 查出，查明 ●prejudiced adj. 有偏见的，不公平的●prompt adj. 即时的 ◆evolve v. 逐渐形成 vt. develop graduallyEg: He has developed / evolved a new system for running the factory.evolve a system for doing sth.Man has evolved from the ape. 人类是从类人猿进化而来的。（演化）evolve fromevolution 发展，演变Eg: The evolution isn’t unexpected.-ism / socialism / evolutionism 进化论evolutionist 进化论者evolutional 发展的， 进化的resolve (L50) / resolve to do sth. 下定决心做某事resolution / revolveEg: The earth is round, and every day and night it is revolving.involve vt. 卷入，牵涉 / be involved inEg: He is involved in the case. ◆high-handed adj. 高压的，专横的◆incompetent adj. 不够格的，不称职的 competent: having ability / qualification to do sth.be competent to do sth.be competent for sth.qualified / fitEg: He is competent / qualified / fit for the job.incompetent / unfitcompetent: sufficient / enough adequateEg: He has a competent knowledge of French.He is competent to teach the language.competnece / qualification for / to the competence for / toEg: He has the ability to do the job.He has the capability / capacity of doing the job.He has the competence to do / for the job.qualification ◆over-zealously adv. 过分热情地over- zealous / zealously ◆safeguard v. 保护 safequard: n. / vt. (书面用语，比较正式)protectEg: We must safeguard our motherland.We must safegiard our state territorial integrity.Keeping clean is a safeguard against disease.safeguard / guard 保安Eg: We need several safeguards.protectsafeguard / protect our eyes ◆parliamentary adj. 国会的◆qalified adj. 合格的 ◆grievance n. 不平，冤屈griefEg: I can’t go to the cinema with you tonight because I have to comfort my friend in grief.grieve: cause grief toEg: It grieves me to see him in such bad health.grieve for / about / overgrieve / in griefgrieve / it grieves me ◆Justiteombudsman n. （瑞典的）司法特派员 ◆ombudsman n. （瑞典和英国的）司法特派员◆secretive adj. 保密的 secritive letters ◆correspondence n. 来往信件keep up correspondence 保持通信联系keep in touch with sb. by writing lettersEg: We keep up correspondence recently for several years.by / through correspondenceby writing letterscorrespondence school 函授学校correspondence course 函授课程correspondence: agreement / similarity 相似，一致in correspondence with sb. 与......一致 / 保持通信联系bring sth. into correspondence with sth. Eg: We must bring your idea into correspondence with mine.correspondent 通信员，通信者 ◆◆◆alter v. 改变 alter / changealter: change in character, appearance etc. partlyEg: The shirt must be altered. It is too large.change: 完全、彻底的变化Eg: Great changes have taken place in our country.He changed a lot after so many years of hard work, so I even can’t recognise him.convert: 改变（态度上）;变化Eg: He converted to Buddhism.The new house is converted from an old one.transform: 形态或性质上发生变化，主要指物理能量上的转变，或电压的改变Eg: We can transform one form of energy into another.vary: 由于改变而使多样化Eg: Customs vary with the timesturn ◆accusation n. 谴责，指控◆ascertain v. 查出，查明 find out / get to know / make certain / make sureEg: Let us ascertain when we will hold the party.读音：certain / ascertain ◆prejudiced adj. 有偏见的，不公平的prejudicePride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见 ◆prompt adj. 即时的 三、【课文精析】 for: because ofbe admired forEg: He is admired by us for his humor.worldwide Key sentence:evolved an excellent system for protecting the individual citizen from..evolve a system for doing sth.protect / safeguard fromEg: I can’t conceal my amusement. 我不能够掩饰我幸灾乐祸的心情。Your excitement is beyond me. 你的激动的表现/心情是我难以理解的。evolve an excellent system for doing sth.has worked so well: workableadopt / adaptadopt  采纳adapt  改编，以适应（指修改或改变以适应新条件） unsuitable mistakeswere the first / secone / last / only to do sth.public officials: public officers in the belief that: believe inEg: He turned to me for help because he believed that I could help him.He turned to me for help in the believe that I could lend him a hand.He turned to me for help believing that I could lend him a hand.in the hope: hopingin the thought: thinkingEg: We come here in the hope that we will learn English well.We come here hoping to learn English well.Judges, however wise or eminent, are mortak and can make mistakes.as long ago as 1809: dating back to 1809date back to / date from introduce : bring in 引入Eg: He introduced science to the game boxing.He brought science into the game boxing. scheme 制度Eg: Sometimes, you need to find a right place to put your latest addition. representEg: The statue represented a goddess.A monitor representing his classmates. be qualified to do sth. / be competent to do sth. refer to sb. as 把某人称之为...... Key sentence:The Ombudsman is not subject to political pressure.be subject to sth. 易受......的影响 (to 介词); 隶属于Eg: He is subject to cold during winter.be likely to do (不定式to)Eg: He is likely to catch cold during winter.be prone toEg: He is prone to flu during winter.be liable to do 隶属于Eg: Your plan is subject to my approval. We have a good plan, but the plan must be subject to our teacher’s approval. Key sentence:He investigates complaints large and small that come to him from all levels of society.complaints large and small 形容词短语做定语，放在被修饰词之后grievancesEg: A great many students, boy and girl, went to the party yesterday.Many people, old and yound, visit the shop. be made in writing: be written downan average of 平均I work for 8 hours every day.I work for an average of 8 hours a day.We have got 15 students in each class.each 二个的平均every 三个以上的平均Eg: We have got an average of 15 students in each / every class.in detail / in detailsjustified: justiceon his behalf: in his interest vary / varied / various 名词前加定冠词the表示“这一类”时，名词就不要加表示复数的-s, 否则则表示这部分。Eg: The refrigerators are useful during hot summer. (错)The refrigerator is useful during hot summer. Refrigerators are useful during hot summer.A refrigerator is useful during hot summer. nature: charactera law (should) be alteredsuggest to sb. Key sentence:The following case is a typical example of the Ombudsman's work. The following case is a typical example of it you can judge by yourself. Key sentence:        A foreigner living in a Swedish village: A foreigner who is living in a Swedish village.A foreigner wrote a letter to the Ombudsman complaining...The editor sent a fax instructing the journalist to get statistics.simply because: only because / just because accuse sb. of doing sth.the matter: the case Key sentence:The lawyer ascertained that a policeman had indeed dealt roughly with foreigners on several occasions.ascertain that / sth.made sure that / made certain thatdealt roughly with: ill-treatedbe prejudiced against sb. / sth.Eg: If you are prejudiced against sth. , you must take objection to it.find this out: to discover itcheck the facts: verify the facts It is only possible for us to learn the language well if we study hard.representative / representa committee representing all political partieslawyer assistantsin question: 当事的，所涉及的practice: what the policeman did / the way that he treated with foreignersput an end tostoppreventYou prevent me from doing the work Key sentence:The Ombudsman's prompt action at once put an end to an unpleasant practice which might have gone unnoticed.which might have gone unnoticed: which might have gone without being noticedEg: If they had had only one more child, they would have lived in obscurity unnoticed.