headfirstjava:美音模仿： 连读与弱读

美音模仿：
1.【美音模仿*十二期】美语教程之连读（上）   连读：第1、2招
2.美语教程之连读（下）                   连读：第3、4、5招
3.美语教程之弱读（上）                    弱读：第6招
4.美语教程之弱读（下）
Liaisons
连读
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In American English, words are not pronounced one by one. When you do, you'll end up sounding mechanical and foreign. A phrase that is broken apart in an apparently non-sensible way makes good English when run together. Liaison is a big part of what makes English sounds English. This chapter is going to introduce you to the idea of liaisons, the connections between words.
说美式英语时，并不是把单词一个一个地念出来的。如果这样的话，你说话就会显得呆板，别人也会听得出你是外来人。一个词组被一种看起来不太合理的方法拆开，在念的时候又连在一起，这正是地道的美式英语。连读是美式英语中一个很重要的部分。这一章将向你介绍单词与单词之间的连接，也就是连读。
Listen to the following sentence as it is spoken in different ways.
请听下一句。这句将念两次，但每次都不一样。
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Pick me up this afternoon in front of the bus station.
Did you notice how stiff and chopped up the first sentence sounds?
In the second sentence, notice the y sound between me and up. Also notice how the s on this is attached to the word afternoon. And the s on the end of bus blends right into the s on station. All of these elements work together to demonstrate linking in this sentence.
你注意到了吗？第一个句子听起来显得生硬，而且不连贯。请注意在第二个句子中，在me和up之间有一个y音。this后面的s音与afternoon连在一起。而在bus中后面的s则与station的s连成一体。所有这些因素一起展示了句子中的连读。
第一招
Consonant and Vowel 辅音与元音
When one word ends with a consonant and the next word begins with a vowel sound, take the final consonant off the first word and attach it to the following vowel sound
如果一个单词以一个辅音结尾，紧跟的下一个单词的词首是元音的话，把第一个单词词尾的辅音从第一个单词脱离，使它与紧跟着的元音连在一起。
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had it→
open up→
turn over→
练习：
come in, help out, give up, get up, give in, grab it, hold on, wipe up, map out, take out
I've had it with this business.
Mike is ready now.
Don't give up your job yet.
Do you think you can grab it?
Please wrap it in blue paper.
Please come in.
Let's put the rug over there.
We need some time out tonight.
How much money do you need to live on?
How long is the sale on?
When does the new store open up?
You need to wipe up the milk.
What time do you get up?
I'm glad I could help out tonight.
第二招
Vowel and Vowel 元音与元音
When a word ends in a vowel sound and the next word begins with a vowel sound, they are connected with a glide between the two vowels.
如果一个单词以元音结束，下一个单词以元音开始的话，两个元音之间用一个滑音连在一起。
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Go away.
I also need the other one.
A glide is either a slight y sound or a slight w sound. How do you know which one to use? This will take care of itself-the position your lips are in will dictate either y or w.
连接滑音是一个很轻的y音或w音。那么，到底应该用哪一个呢？顺其自然，因为你嘴唇的位置将决定你是应该用y还是w。
For example, if a word ends in [?u] your lips are going to be in the forward position, so a [w] quite naturally leads into the next sound-go away. After a long [I:] sound, your lips will be pulled back far enough to create a [y]need the other one.
比如说，如果一个单词以[?u] 结束的话，你的嘴唇会处于一个向前的位置，因此会很自然地用[w] 音与下一个音连起来。而你在发完长音[i:]后，你的嘴唇往回收，正好发[y] 的滑音或连读。
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he is→[hi:'iz]
stay on→
I am→
go on→
how about→
who is→
练习：
ray is, way up, we are, she understands, he enters, he ignores, they open, I ask, we appreciate, they apply, my ultimate, who are, vow about, shoe on, so all, bow in, you ask, throw it, allow all, clue about, so on.
That boy is getting tall.
That toy always makes noise.
Be sure to weigh it.
Did they apply already?
Why does he ignore me?
We appreciate your offer.
The balloon is way up there.
My innocence saved me.
I think she understands you.
They uttered good morning.
We all want you to stay on for a few days.
When is this day over?
You take the upper bunk.
They open the doors at ten.
How many rides did you go on?
I sew all my own dresses.
Let's row out to the island.
Pretty soon this will all blow over.
Please throw it in the trash.
Mr. How is my math teacher.
Be careful not to mow over the holes
You must have something to glow about.
My toe is swollen.
Why wrinkle your brow in that way?
You don't need to bow in the US.
Put your other shoe on, please.
楼主
第三招 Consonant and Consonant 辅音与辅音
When a word ends with one consonant, and the next word begins with the same or similar consonant, hold the final consonant as you connect it to the next word.
如果一个单词的词尾是辅音，下一个单词以相同或相似的辅音开始的话，用第一个单词的辅音词尾来连接下一个单词。
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deep pond
bus station?????
this zoo??????
top book
jot down
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take care, car ride, sore ribs, bad dog, sad day, bus station, lace sash, enough air, laugh for, Tom Martin, shame me, wish she, have five, this zoo, what do, top book, laugh very, his son, would Tom, bad boy, hot pool, with those
Just give the tab back to me when you're ready.
When will it rain next?
Tap Paul on the shoulder for me, please.
Grab Bill and have him come here.
How much did the cake cost?
Take care of yourself.
How long is the car ride?
He isn't a bad dog.
The answer is zero.
Why do you want to shame me?
I wish she would stay.
Ann Nolan lives over there.
We wash sheets on Fridays.
Do you have five dollars?
What do you do for a living?
Go out the back gate.
Which show do you wanna see?
Don't let the dog cry.
I wish church weren't so long.
We haven't been to this zoo yet.
I think it's the top book.
Is his son here?
第四招 Consonant Cluster 辅音群
When there are several consonants between the end of one word and the beginning of another, you're linking clustered consonants in two separate words. These are the most challenging of any linked words. You must pronounce three, four, or even five consonants all together. But there are a few things you can do to make this process a little easier.
如果一个单词的词尾与下一个单词的词首之间有几个辅音的话，你就要把这些挤在一起的辅音连起来读。在所有单词的连接中，这是最难的，因为你必须把三个、四个，甚至是五个辅音连在一起来发音。不过，还是有几个方法可以使事情变得容易些。
When the first word of a clustered pair ends with a t or d, you can sometimes drop the t or d.
如果第一个单词以t或d结束，t或d就可以被省略。
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You can also drop the t or d inside of words where there is a cluster of consonants. Instead of saying ['restlis](restless), try saying ['reslis].
如果一个单词里有t或d的话，也可以省略这两个音。这样，我们就不用说['restlis]
而是说['reslis]。
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第五招 T, D, S, or Z + Y T,D,S或Z+Y
When the letter or sound of T, D, S, or Z is followed by a word that starts with Y, or its sound, both sounds are connected. These letters and sounds connect not only with Y, but they do so as well with the initial unwritten [y] sound of syllables and words. They form a combination that changes the pronunciation.
如果字母或发音T, D, S, 或 Z后跟一个由Y或y音开始的单词，两个音就连在一起。这种连接不仅仅在有Y的时候，而且在单词和音节前有一个不写出的[y]时也会发生。这种连接组合会改变单词的发音。?
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楼主
前言：
Reduction and Contraction
弱读与缩读
One of the truly indicative aspects of the American sound is the rapid American English. Rapid English is a combination of liaison, contraction and reduction. Since you probably first became acquainted with English through the printed word, you may find it uncomfortable, and you may even hesitate to use these reductions in your speech. However, it is important that you recognize reductions when you hear them, so that you can understand better what native speakers are saying. Speakers of standard American English use reduced English much of the time. The correct use of reduction in appropriate reduced English would make you sound very American.
美式英语语速快是美国口语的显著特征之一。快速美式英语是连读、缩读和弱读的联合体。一开始，你很可能是通过文字和书本认识英语的，你会对快速口语感到不太自在，而且你在讲话时也不太敢使用弱读。不过，你能否听出弱读是很重要的，只有这样，你才能更好地听懂英语为母语的人说的话。使用标准美语的人都会常常使用英语弱音。如果你能在合适的时候正确地使用弱音，听起来你就很像地道的美国人了。
第六招
Reduction 弱读
Listen to the word photograph and pay close attention as it is read in two different ways.
留心听一下photograph这个单词。这个单词会用不同的方式念两遍。
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photograph
This type of reduction makes English flow more smoothly and rapidly. Learning how to use vowel reductions is an important tool in making your English sound natural and easy. There are two areas where vowels are reduced. One is inside words that have two or more syllables. The other area is in the use of the little words that hold your sentence together to make grammatical sense.
正是这种弱读使英语听起来更为流畅快速。要想使你的英语口语听起来自然流畅，就必须学会如何运用元音弱读。元音弱读有两方面内容：一是有两个或两个以上音节的单词；二是如何念一些把句子连在一起、使之合乎语法的短词。
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1. Two-syllable Words
双音节单词
The typical pattern is to reduce the second syllable.
双音节单词中弱化的一般是第二个音节。
April, enter, restful, escape, release, deny
My birthday's in April.
Where do we enter?
Press this button to release the door.
His guilt was hard to deny.
2. Multiple-syllable Words
多音节单词
In multiple-syllable words, one syllable will be stressed. One or two others may or may not get some stress and at least one syllable will be reduced. We've already seen this with our example of photograph.
多音节单词里，有一个音节是重读的，其它的一、两个音节可能会有一些重音，单词里至少有一个音节是弱读的。我们刚听过的photograph就是一个例子。
religion, education, eradicate, entertain, competition, eliminate, instigate
What's your religion?
Where did you get your education?
How can we eradicate all the fleas?
Let's entertain tonight.
Try to eliminate your competition
How can I instigate an investigation?
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3. Some words have a vowel sound that's completely eliminated.
在有些单词里会有一个元音是完全被省略的。
This happens when there's more than one reduced vowel sound following the stressed syllable. The dropped syllable tends to be the one right after the stressed syllable. It happens more commonly before an r.
在重读音节后面跟着不止一个的弱化音节时会出现这种情况。被完全省略的常常是紧跟在重读音节后面的音节。这种情况在字母r前面最常见。
chocolate, restaurant, temperature, family, natural, several, separate
Most people like chocolate.
What's your favorite restaurant?
The temperature gets pretty high in the desert.
Where's your family?
I like to go to natural food stores.
You have several options.
Could we have separate checks?
4. When a word ends with ary, ully or ally, the a or u vowel is often dropped.
如果单词以ary、ully或ally结尾的话，元音a或u常常会被省略。
finally, accidentally, powerfully, elementary
We finally finished painting.
I accidentally cut myself.
I was powerfully affected by the movie last night.
There are two elementary schools in the neighborhood.
5. Vowel reductions occur in the little words
短字里的元音略读
Articles such as a or the, pronouns such as he or it, auxiliary verbs such as is or can, prepositions such as to or for and conjunctions such as and or but are usually reduced sounds.
冠词如a或the、代词如he或it、助动词如is或can、介词如to或for、还有连词如and或but，常常会被弱化。
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○1 Articles 冠词
the the man, the best, the last one, the apple, the egg, the easy way
Where's the classroom?
What's the time?
Let's take the new car.
Where's the electricity?
When's the eclipse?
The eggs are scrambled.
a a girl, a banana, a computer
This is a book.
Where's a restaurant?
I'm watching a movie.
an an orange, an opening, an interview
Eat an orange.
My mother is an Italian citizen.
I have an apple in my bag.
楼主
连读（下）
○2 Prepositions 介词
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to    today, to work, to school, to the store
We have to go now.
He went to work.
He told me to help.
I go to work.
A quarter to two.
The only way to get it.
You've got to pay to get it.
So to speak.
I want to go.
I'm going to the store.
Which way to Nevada?
I went to Illinois.
But I want to. (Exception at the end of a sentence.)
at
I'll see you at lunch.
The meeting's at one.
He's at work.
They're at school.
I live at 3929 River Street.
We have to leave at ten.
Richard's at the store.
for
This is for you.
It's for my friend.
I went to the store for some eggs.
I filled the gas tank for you.
from
It's from the IRS.
Get away from me.
Who's it from? (Exception at the end of a sentence)
Where are you from? (Exception at the end of a sentence)
in
It's in the bag.
What's in it?
He's in America.
He lives in Maine.
He's in the pool.
of
I need a pound of bananas.
Here's a loaf of bread.
He has a lot of energy.
That's a lot of exercise.
It's the top of the line.
It's a state of the art printer.
He had hands of ice.
Get out of here.
Practice all of the time.
○3 Pronouns 代词
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it
Give it to me.
What is it?
I got it in London.
It's all right.
your
Is this your dog?
I like your new dress.
Where's your wife?
our
Whose our teacher?
I like our new car.
Where's our dog?
them
can be pronounced [e?m] or [?m]
[e?m]
I saw them yesterday.
We fixed them already.
I passed them in the hall.
[?m]
I saw them yesterday.
We fixed them already.
I passed them in the hall.
what
What time is it?
What's up?
What's on your agenda?
What do you mean?
What did you mean?
What did you do about it?
some
Do you want some more?
I'll have some coffee, thank you.
Here's some money.
○4 Conjunction 连词
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and    ham and eggs, bread and butter, you and I, salt and pepper
We have mashed potatoes and gravy.
There are roses and daisies in the garden.
We went to Washington and Oregon.
We need a dish washer and an oven.
or      soup or salad, now or later, more or less, left or right
Do you want cream or sugar?
Are you Mary or Susan?
that
I know that it's true.
I don't think that I know you.
I heard that you were coming.
He said that he liked it.
It's true that I'm English.
as
This is as good as it gets.
That is as it should be.
but
I don't know, but I think so.
John is well, but Larry is sick.
I like her but she doesn't like me.
than
This is better than that.
The older child behaves better than the younger one.
It's warmer than yesterday.
○5 Be 系动词
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are
What are you doing?
Where are you going?
How are you?
Those are no good.
is
This is it.
How is it?
Why is it cold?
How is it going?
Where is your house?
Why is it so cold?
was
What was it?
When was your birthday?
I was just leaving.
Reduced vowels are often undetected if you're not accustomed to listening for short vowel sounds. The best way to eliminate this problem is to practice saying them. This will help remind you that they're there. It's also helpful if you know grammar well. This will help you to assume that they're there even if you don't hear them.
如果你不习惯听短元音的话，那些弱化的元音是不容易被察觉的。解决这个问题的办法是自己练习发这些音，这样做，你就会知道这些被弱化的元音的位置。如果你熟悉语法，你即使听不到那些弱化的元音，也可以假设它们的存在。
楼主  第六招 Reduction 弱读
1. Two-syllable Words
双音节单词
The typical pattern is to reduce the second syllable.
双音节单词中弱化的一般是第二个音节。
April, enter, restful, escape, release, deny
2. Multiple-syllable Words
多音节单词
In multiple-syllable words, one syllable will be stressed. One or two others may or may not get some stress and at least one syllable will be reduced. We've already seen this with our example of photograph.
多音节单词里，有一个音节是重读的，其它的一、两个音节可能会有一些重音，单词里至少有一个音节是弱读的。我们刚听过的photograph就是一个例子。
religion, education, eradicate, entertain, competition, eliminate, instigate
3. Some words have a vowel sound that's completely eliminated.
在有些单词里会有一个元音是完全被省略的。
This happens when there's more than one reduced vowel sound following the stressed syllable. The dropped syllable tends to be the one right after the stressed syllable. It happens more commonly before an r.
在重读音节后面跟着不止一个的弱化音节时会出现这种情况。被完全省略的常常是紧跟在重读音节后面的音节。这种情况在字母r前面最常见。
chocolate, restaurant, temperature, family, natural, several, separate
4. When a word ends with ary, ully or ally, the a or u vowel is often dropped.
如果单词以ary、ully或ally结尾的话，元音a或u常常会被省略。
finally, accidentally, powerfully, elementary
5. Vowel reductions occur in the little words
短字里的元音略读
Articles such as a or the, pronouns such as he or it, auxiliary verbs such as is or can, prepositions such as to or for and conjunctions such as and or but are usually reduced sounds.
冠词如a或the、代词如he或it、助动词如is或can、介词如to或for、还有连词如and或but，常常会被弱化。
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○1 Articles 冠词
○2 Prepositions 介词
○3 Pronouns 代词
',32)">○4 Conjunction 连词
',33)">○5 Be 系动词
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