沂南到青岛的火车:自慰实证（av的科学）

这是我（ Stuart J. Ritchie ）于2011年8月13日在爱丁堡文化艺术节危机怀疑者上的演讲稿。

‘Porn’, to quote journalism professor and anti-pornography activist Robert Jensen, ‘is what the end of the world looks like’. I must admit that, until I read this statement (from this book), I rather thought that the apocalypse would be more of the meteor-striking, sun-exploding, fiery-death kind. Instead, Jensen seems to think armageddon will come in an avalanche of breast enhancements, fake grunting, and peroxide.

　　“AV”，引用一位新闻学教授同时也是反色情产业者 Robert Jensen的话说，“AV里的画面对我来说就像世界末日。”我承认在看到这句话（出处）之前，我以为世界末日更像是气候剧变，太阳爆炸，大量伤亡之类的。不过在Jensen看来，我们的末世大决战面对的是蜂拥而来的大而假的咪咪，装出来的叫床声和迷幻药。

To be fair to Jensen, what I think he meant was that porn is the end of the world because it epitomises uncaring, unfeeling interactions between men and women, and will eventually erase loving relationships from our society. Or something like that. He’s certainly not alone in this viewpoint – I recently read Pornland, by sociology professor Gail Dines, an attempt at an excoriating critique of the porn industry, replete with descriptions of some of the more insalubrious websites Dines has discovered on late-night Google sessions, and tragic anecdotes of people’s lives wrecked by their involvement with, and consumption of, pornography.

　　公平的说，我认为Jensen的本意是，AV体现了男女间对感情的冷漠无视，并且最终会导致爱情在人类社会里消失等等。也并不是只有他有这种观点，最近我看了一本由社会学教授Gail Dines所著的书《AV之地》，书里严厉谴责了色情工业，描述了许多她google到的不健康网站，和很多人们由于沉迷AV给生活带来悲剧的奇闻异事。

I don’t doubt for a second that these anecdotes are mostly true, though one has to wonder if the ‘people who came up to me after one of my lectures’ really worded their stories in quite the perfect, argument-supporting way Dines describes. There are, of course, disgusting and degrading pornographic websites out there, and I’m certain that a significant number of women  - and men –  are exploited and abused by pornographers each year (it would be nice to see some proper studies into this, however). These aren’t really arguments against pornography, though, any more than saying ‘some prostitutes are abused by clients’ is an argument against prostitution. They’re arguments against the way we currently police and regulate the pornography industry (if there is indeed such a thing), and they’re more of legal than scientific interest. As for people who just use porn, the stories Dines provides are next-to-useless, as they aren’t from a large, representative sample, or properly recorded, or linked to any demographic information. There’s a devastating review here in the journal Violence Against Women, which shows Pornland for the unscholarly hatchet job it is.

　　我一点没有怀疑这些故事的真实性，虽然有人会怀疑如“课后找我的人”里说的很有说服力的故事。诚然，确实存在许多恶心无耻的色情网站。我也确信每年都有大量的善男信女被色情产品骚扰利用（如果有这方面的研究就太好了）。但是这些都不是色情产业的问题所在，只是像用“嫖客虐待妓女”的论点来反对卖淫。问题在于我们目前的政策和对色情产业的监管（如果真的存在），因为对那些AV爱好者来说，Dines说的故事几乎是没用的，那些故事不是来自大量有代表性的例子，或真实的记录，也没有任何统计信息的链接。《妇女遭受的暴力》一文提供了惊人的研究，表明《AV之地》的无学术性之处。

While Dines isn’t afraid to compare the porn industry to Nazi Germany (p. 65), or claim – without evidence – that porn users are slowly turning, werewolf-like, into pedophiles (the penultimate chapter in the book, and a lecture you can see here), she does make a big deal of rejecting the simplistic argument that ‘porn causes rape’. This claim has been around for a long time (radical feminist Robin Morgan once famously stated that ‘pornography is the theory and rape is the practice’), and actually, though she distances herself from it, it’s near-impossible to know what Dines is talking about other than ‘porn causes rape’. For instance, in the video I linked above, she can be seen stating that ‘porn gives men a sense of entitlement to women’s bodies. What is rape, if not a sense of entitlement to women’s bodies?’ Thus, her opinions don’t seem to have moved on from the old Morgan dictum. We’ll see below how well that argument holds up when one looks at the evidence.

　　Dines非常大胆的用纳粹和AV类比，而且她没有证据的声称-AV爱好者会像狼人似地慢慢转变，成为恋童癖（书中的倒数第二章，您还可以在此看到课程视频）。她也强力反对“AV导致强奸”这个简单观点，该观点已经存在很长一段时间（激进的女权主义者 Robin Morgan说过一句著名的话：“AV是理论，强奸是实践”），虽然她不支持该观点，但我们几乎了解不到她所说的其他不同于“AV导致强奸”的观点。譬如说，在上面的课程视频中，我们可以看到她陈述“AV让男人产生占有妇女身体的欲望，强奸难道不是这种欲望吗？”。看来，她的观点并没有比老Morgan的名言进步多少。后面我们将看到在面对证据时这观点还能坚持多久。

And so, skipping daintily over three aspects that have bedevilled previous discussions – a rigorous definition of pornography, boring debates about the difference between ‘pornography’ and ‘erotica’, and the impossible task of working out how much pornography is worth – I’ll make one important point before getting into the science: I’m not going to discuss moral arguments. If you think that porn is by definition degrading, that it’s never okay to have sex on camera, or that getting sex involved with money is always exploitative, that’s fine. There’s nothing I can do for you here. Of course, we should use the data to inform our morals, but there will always be those who are too disgusted (and it’s very clear from recent psychology experiments that disgust influences morals) by the whole idea of pornography to have a science-based argument about it.

　　我们跳过3个令人糊涂的讨论角度。色情产业的严格定义，色情产品和色情艺术的区别，计算色情产业的价值。我在继续之前先阐述一个重要的观点：我们不讨论道德问题。如果你认为AV是恶俗的，在摄像机前做爱是不可接受的，把性和钱联系在一起总是功利的。没问题，但我们也没继续的必要。当然，我们应该用数据来告知我们的道德，但总有那么些人，他们对AV太过厌恶（最近的心理学实验表示厌恶会影响一个人的道德观）以致不愿用科学的眼观来看待AV。

There are, broadly speaking, four different kinds of studies which have looked into the effects of pornography. Here’s a mini-summary of each:

　　总的来说，现在有四种对色情产业影响的研究方法，下面我对每种做个简单说明。

1) Experimental studies

　　1）实验研究

In this type of study, researchers show willing participants porn, and quiz them on their attitudes afterwards. These appear to be quite contradictory, and sometimes strangely reported. For instance, Malamuth and Ceniti claim in the abstract to their 1986 study that watching violent and nonviolent pornography increased aggression in their sample of college students. However, no such result is to be found in the actual paper itself. How odd! Other studies have found a wide variety of effects, and are reviewed by Christopher Ferguson here.

　　研究者先让志愿者观看AV，再调查他们的观后感。研究结果出现了很多矛盾，而且有时候还会出现一些奇怪的结果。譬如， Malamuth 和Ceniti 在他们1986年的研究中声称，理论上，大学生会在观看暴力或非暴力的AV之后增长他们的侵略性。但是却没有在他们实际的论文里找到相关证据。这多奇怪！也有其他研究显示了AV影响的多样性，Christopher Ferguson对此做了总结。

There is, of course, a huge flaw in experimental research of this kind. Think about it: when was the last time you used pornography that was forced on you by a psychologist (by which I mean it wasn’t your choice of movie), all the while in the knowledge that you’d be quizzed afterwards? These problems of ecological validity are pretty devastating when it comes to studies of an everyday activity like using porn. In addition, it’s not at all clear that the ‘aggression’ and ‘likelihood to rape’ measures in these studies actually relate to real-world aggression or likelihood of rape (this is compounded by the fact that a wide variety of measures were used, reducing our ability to compare apples to apples).

　　这种研究方法有个巨大缺陷。试想一下，您上次让心理学家强迫您看的AV是什么时候（还不是您自己选的影片），而且明知道事后会被调查询问？

Ferguson concludes that porn’s ‘…effects appear negligible, temporary, and difficult to generalise to the real world’. (p. 4). From a good look at the literature, it’s hard to disagree.

　　Ferguson 总结道“AV的影响是轻微的，暂时性的，而且很难概括于现实世界。”（第4页）。好好的看一下他的文章，你会同意他的观点。

2) Survey studies

　　2）问卷研究

‘Aha!’ Thought I, as I started looking for non-experimental survey-type studies into pornography. ‘Here’s a recent meta-analysis, where some authors have collected all the relevant studies, and done my job for me!’. And indeed, there is a recent meta-analysis on this topic by Hald, Malamuth, and Yuen. Looking at nine studies which asked people ‘how much porn do you watch?’ and then ‘what are your attitudes to women?’, these authors found that there was a correlation between porn use and attitudes supporting violence against women. The correlation is pretty small for non-violent pornography (r = .13) and somewhat larger for violent pornography (r = .24). Solid, right? Wrong. First off, as noted above, only nine studies were included. Surely more survey studies have been done? Well, turns out they have, and there are at least two glaring omissions from this meta-analysis.

　　当在寻找非实验性有关色情产业的问卷调查资料时，我想“哈，最近有份综合分析，研究者已经收集了相关的资料，完成我本该做的事。”实际上，Hald, Malamuth和Yuen确实出了这样一份报告。他们收集了九份资料，问的问题如“您看过多少AV？”，“您对妇女的态度如何？”。研究者发现AV爱好者和对妇女有暴力倾向者存在关联。无暴力AV的相关度比较小（r=0.13）而暴力AV的相关度较高（r=0.24）。结论可靠吗？错。首先，他们只收集了九份资料，难道不存在更多的资料吗。也罢，现在看来他们至少漏掉了两份重量级的资料。

The first one I found was by Garos and colleagues from 2004 (this was mentioned in a recent Scientific American article). In their study, they asked a couple of hundred students about which kinds of porn they used, and measured their attitudes on a wide variety of sexism scales. As far as negative sexism goes (e.g. ‘I hate women’), they found that the more porn people used, the less sexist they were. There was, however, an association with positive (or ‘benevolent’) sexism (e.g. ‘women need to be protected’) and porn use. This type of sexism can, of course, be very damaging (imagine failing to get a job because the interviewer thinks you aren’t up to it as you’re a woman), but it’s not the same kind of hatred that activists like Dines predict porn would engender.

　　第一份资料是Garos和他的同事们发布于2004年（被《环球科学》收录）。在他们的研究中，对两百多位大学生做了调查，例如看过哪些类型的色情作品，对性别歧视的态度。就性别歧视者("我讨厌女人！")而言，看越多的AV，他们的性别优越感越弱。对“好人”（“妇女需要被保护”）来说，也存在这种关联。性别歧视的危害性很大（试想下你在面试中落选只因为面试官任务你是个女人），但是这和Dines所预测AV引起的性别歧视者不同。

Secondly, McKee managed to contact 1023 users of pornography in his large-scale study (much larger than any of the studies in the Hald et al. meta-analysis), by post and online. He failed to find any association between the amount or type of porn people watched and their attitudes towards women (the negative attitudes to women were associated with more predictable things – being old, voting for a right-wing political party, etc). A big advantage of this study is it breaks out of the usual ‘convenience sampling’ problem in social science research, and doesn’t just focus on students (the studies in the meta-analysis tend to).

　　第二份，McKee在他的大型调查里通过邮件和互联网联系了1023位（比Hald报告里收集的任何一份资料都多）AV爱好者。他没有发现观看AV的数量或类别于他们对妇女的态度间有任何相关性（性别歧视者更多的和一些可预见性的事情相关，比如变老，给右翼党派投票等等）。他的研究有一个重大的进步，回避了在社会学调研中经常碰到的“就近抽样”的问题，而且他不单单只关注学生（Hold的报告里倾向使用学生为样本）。

Hald and colleagues may have not included these studies in their meta-analysis because they included information from women. They note that most of the problem with sexism comes from men, so studies which asked women about their attitudes towards their own sex would be muddying the waters. I’m really not sure this is a great reason for not including these studies, especially considering that the results for males are easily separable from the results for females (and even if they aren’t, you’re doing a meta-analysis! Email the study authors and ask for just the male data!).

　　Hald和他的同事们可能是因为这些资料里有来自妇女的调查信息所以才没有收录到他们的报告中。他们发现大多数性别歧视来自男性，所以调查女性对同性的态度无疑是一潭浑水。我不确信这是个好理由把这些调查信息排除在外，特别是就资料而言，来自于男性或女性是很容易区分的（就算区分不开，你也是在做综合分析！也可以向研究者发电子邮件索要只有男性的数据）。

Now, the inclusion of these two studies might not wipe out the correlation between porn and negative attitudes from the meta-analysis entirely, but it would certainly weaken it. In all, we don’t appear to have found much of an effect of porn here, either.

　　至此，总结着两份研究也许不会移除AV和性别歧视的相关性，但一定会使它弱化很多。至少我们在那里没有看到AV具有很强的影响性。

3) Criminal studies

　　3）罪犯研究

Ted Bundy had a nasty little secret. Well, quite a few; he was a serial killer, rapist, and necrophiliac who murdered over 30 people. But he was also addicted to porn. You can find unpleasant, homophobic, sterile little Christian websites such as this one who quote interviews with Bundy, and more or less claim ‘if you don’t stop masturbating to porn, you’ll end up just like him!’. Since we all (well, maybe not Gail Dines) know that anecdotes aren’t data, it’s better to take a look at the empirical research into sex offenders and their use of sexually explicit materials.

　　Ted Bundy曾经有个肮脏的秘密，好吧，他有很多。他是一个连环杀手-谋杀了超过30人，强奸犯，奸尸者。同时，他也极度沉迷于AV。你可以找到一些令人讨厌，反同性恋，无聊的小基督徒网站例如这个引用对Ted Bundy的采访。这些网站或多或少都声称，如果不停止对着AV手淫的话，你迟早也会变成Ted Bundy。虽然我们（嗯，不包括Gail Dines）都知道奇闻不是数据，但是我们还是看下有关性侵犯的经验研究和罪犯具体使用的色情材料。

As discussed here (p. 4), the majority of studies into sex offenders and porn use are counter-intuitive in their results. In general, they find that sex offenders use just as much, or sometimes less, porn than the average person. This review briefly discusses evidence that sex offenders may be more likely to have had a repressive religious upbringing than non-sex-offenders.

　　如这里讨论的（第4页），多数对性侵犯者和AV爱好者的研究结果是不符直觉的。总的来说，他们发现，性侵犯者AV的使用率和正常人平均水平差不多甚至更少。报告说有证据表明性侵犯者比之正常人可能经历了更多专制宗教教育。

Perhaps, then, it’s time to move beyond unsupported situational explanations of sex crimes. If sex offenders and the average citizen use the same amount of pornography, but only one sexually assaults someone, there must be something else going on – either innate to that person, or in their background. The lack of effect of pornography on offending does fit into the general trend of evidence of negligible media effects on violence – see Ferguson’s publications for loads of really great reviews in this area. There are definite echoes in the porn debate of the purported videogame-violence link (which as far as I can see, either doesn’t exist or is teeny-tiny).

　　也许，是时候丢掉这些未证实的性罪犯环境形成原因。如果性侵犯者看AV的情况和普通人差不多，那么当他性侵别人时，一定是其他原因在作怪-可能是天生或是后天的背景。色情产品的弱影响性也符合现在对暴力影视弱影响性的证明。我们可以看到Ferguson的著作，对这方面做了很好的总结。讨论AV的影响和暴力电视的影响有很多相似处（据我所知，对人几乎没有影响，有也只有一点点）。

4) Aggregate studies

　　4）聚合研究

These are, I think, the most interesting – and the most consistent – studies in the area. Starting with Berl Kutchinsky’s investigations of what happened in countries like Denmark when porn was legalised, we have a raft of studies which look at country- or state-level data, and try to discern the relationship between pornography consumption (by the way, don’t you just love the idea of someone consuming pornography? Delicious!) and the rate of sexual assaults and rapes. The most recent studies have been carried out by Milton Diamond at the University of Hawaii, who started off by looking at Japan in 1999. We all know that Japanese pornography is particularly fetishistic, and much of it could clearly be seen as degrading to women. So what happened as the availability of pornography rocketed in the latter half of the 20th Century? Take a look at the paper: rape and sexual assault rates plummeted in the same time period.

　　我认为这是在此领域最有趣也最一致的研究方法。开始于Berl Kutchinsky的调查：当一个国家例如荷兰的色情行业合法化后会有什么结果。我们对国家和洲省级别的数据做了大量的研究，想能分辨出色情消费（可以光明正大买AV，多爽啊！）和性侵犯，强奸之间的关系。

Hardcore porn availability and the US rape rate, from Ferguson (2009), Journal of Aggressive Behaviour.

AV和强奸率的关系。来自《暴力行为》 Ferguson（2009）

More recently, Diamond studied an utterly different culture, that of the Czech Republic. Back when it was Czechoslovakia and run by those killjoy communists (the Party ruled from 1948-1989), pornography was completely prohibited. In the paper, Diamond and colleagues document how the crime rates changed after the fall of the regime, and the associated upswing in porn availability (a lovely little natural experiment, one could say). Check out the graphs: in the period of instability after the fall of communism, crime in general increased. But while non-sexual crimes such as murder continued to climb upwards, rape rates returned to similar levels as those under communism after a few years. If you split up the murder data, those murders with something to do with sex in general decreased, while those unrelated to sex increased massively. It’s worth pointing out that these sorts of results are found in a wide variety of other societies, too – see here for a review, and also the graph to the left for a summary of what happened to the rape rate in the US as porn availability increased – spoiler: it’s the same pattern again.

　　近期，Diamond研究了另一个完全不同的文化，捷克共和国。在捷克斯洛伐克时期，色情产业是完全被禁止的。论文中，Diamond和他的同事记录在联邦分裂后犯罪率及AV取得难度的变化（可以算是蛮有趣的经验）。让我们看示意图：在分裂后的一段不稳定期里，犯罪率上升，主要是一些非性犯罪如谋杀犯罪率上升，性犯罪率和分裂前差不多。再来，如果把谋杀分成两类，和性相关的谋杀率呈下降趋势，但是和性无关的谋杀案却大量增多。值得一提的是，这些研究结果在其他社会中也是成立的，这里可以看到一些总结。如下图，当美国的AV变得越来越容易取得时，强奸率发生了什么样的变化呢？

These studies are, of course, vulnerable to a variety of criticisms. First off, correlation doesn’t prove causation. Anybody claiming that these decreases in sexual crimes are caused by pornography is incorrect, because we don’t know that the crime rates wouldn’t have decreased faster if porn hadn’t been in the picture. But what these studies do show pretty convincingly is that there’s no linear association between porn and sex crimes. It seems we’ll have to look elsewhere to explain sex offences.

　　这些研究，理所当然受到了许多抨击。首先，相关度不能证明因果关系。任何人都可以说AV增多不可能导致强奸率下降，因为我们不能证明如果没有AV，强奸率会上升。但是这研究有很强的说服力证明性犯罪和AV之间没有直接连系。我们似乎应该从其他方面去找寻性侵犯的形成原因。

Another criticism is this: rape is notoriously under-reported, and conviction rates for it are extremely low, so how do we know these rape rates are accurate? Well, There’s a genuine debate over whether people would be more or less likely to report rape in a society with more porn availability. However, in Japan study cited above, Diamond provides evidence suggesting that, as Japanese society became more liberal (with the associated increased in porn), more rape counselling centres and public awareness campaigns were set up, raising consciousness of the problem. It stands to reason that other countries have had similar changes, though this remains an important criticism of the aggregate studies. To close, though, it’s worth remembering that this increase in porn and decrease in sex crimes has been found in pretty much every country/state ever studied; the consistency of the data is impressive, and seems to go beyond any culture-specific changes in rape victim support or attitudes towards rapists.

　　另一种批评是，众所周知强奸的报案率非常的低，我们怎么能确定这些数据就是真实的？呵呵，这里就产生了一个辩题，人们是更愿意举报强奸呢还是更愿意自爆自己喜欢AV。然而，以对日本的研究来说，Diamond提供的证据表示，随着日本社会变的更加自由（AV越来越容易获取），建立了越来越多的强奸心理咨询中心和公共意识运动，提高人们对这个问题的意识。其他国家出现这种变化也是合理的，虽然这使得聚合研究受到重大批评。可是，AV和性犯罪率的负相关性在许多国家/洲都得到证实；其数据的一致性令人难忘，而且似乎超过了任何文化对受害者支持或对强奸犯态度的变化。

So that’s it for our tour of the Science of Porn. What can we conclude? Well, while there’s a wide variety of not-so-informed opinion on porn, there is rather a lot of evidence. Some of it is contradictory, but on taking a step back we realise just how difficult it has been for researchers to show a connection between porn use and, well, any negative outcomes. If effects have been found, they’re generally weak, and there are methodological issues with many of the studies. On the basis of the above evidence, then, you might think that we should go easy on porn. I’d agree with you, to some extent. But of course, this isn’t the end of the story; a wide variety of other questions remain relatively unanswered:

　　好，这就是今天我们AV科学之旅的内容。我们的结论是什么呢？嗯，对AV的看法多种多样，也出现了许多证据，有些还是互相矛盾的。不过回过头看，我们认识到研究者要把观看AV和一些负面影响联系起来是很困难的。即使发现联系，通常也都是微弱的，而且许多研究都存在方法上的问题。通过以上的证据，你我也许都会觉得我们应该不需要太在意AV。当然，在一定范围内，研究还未结束；还有许多问题等待解决。

Perhaps pornography decreases sexual satisfaction? Well, according to the small amount of research I could find, probably not.

　　色情作品是否会降低性满足度？嗯，根据我找到的小样本研究，也许不会。

Perhaps it makes women view themselves differently? I couldn’t find any studies directly looking at this, but I’d caution that media effects on female self-perception aren’t necessarily as strong as one might think.

　　会改变妇女对自己的看法吗？我没有找到这方便的研究，不过我注意到影视作品对妇女自我认知产生的影响没有大家想象的那么大。

Perhaps, as suggested in Pornland, porn perpetuates racist stereotypes, encouraging us to view, say, Asian women as subservient and Black men as animalistic? I think Dines may have a point here, but there’s no hard evidence of the effects on porn consumers. Possibly, however, this reflects the ‘underground’ nature of porn. If these stereotypes were in regular films or TV, there’d be dozens of complaints to the producers. Another argument, maybe, that better regulation of the porn industry might help.

　　《AV之地》中说道，AV让种族歧视得以传承，鼓励我们去看去说如：亚洲女人都是卑微的，黑人都是有兽性的？我认为Dines有自己的观点，但是没有证据表明AV会对它的使用者产生影响。也许，这是因为AV的隐蔽性。如果这些观点出现在电影电视中，那肯定会给制片人带来大量抱怨。从另一个角度说，规范化的色情产业也许会改善这些。

Perhaps porn actually has positive effects, such as being a kind of substitute sex education? Well, there isn’t really any direct research on this, either, but evidence so far isn’t impressive.

　　也许AV还存在正面的影响，如可以作为性教育的代替品？嗯，目前没有这方面的研究，不过就现在的证据来看也不会太令人意外。

Perhaps newer, more rough and violent ‘gonzo’ porn might have effects that the studies discussed above didn’t pick up? Only time will tell if this is the case, but as described above, other studies of violent porn vs. non-violent porn haven’t shown a great deal of difference in effect, and it isn’t all that clear that mainstream porn is becoming more violent anyway.

　　我们之前的研究也许不包括“重口味”AV的影响，只有时间能告诉我们答案了。不过就上面说的，暴力和非暴力AV的影响性差别并不大，而且也没有迹象显示现在的主流AV变得越来越暴力。

Lastly, it’s worth pointing out that arguments that porn is ‘taking over the internet’ have been addressed here, and shown to be false.

　　最后，值得指出的是AV会占领互联网的说法也被证明是错的。

But what does any of this matter? In Pornland, Dines states: ‘The studies provide some indication of effects, but what I find most compelling are the stories I hear from women who have been raped by men who use porn’ (p. 95). Clearly, Dines’s mind is made up. And yet, she must know that anecdotes are unconvincing to anyone with a bit of scientific or sociological training.

　　但是，哪些是有用的呢？在《AV之地》中，Dines说：“研究提供了一些影响性的指示，但是最令人信服的故事都来自被AV使用者强奸的妇女们”（见95页）。显然，Dines的想法是虚构的。她应该知道，奇闻异事对任何有一点科学或社会学基础的人来说是不可信的。

In the end, it’s a bit like the whole ‘Intelligent Design’ thing. Just like the Discovery Institute, anti-porn campaigners have money (from book sales, if nothing else), and they must know in their heart of hearts that scientific studies are the most convincing way to change people’s minds about topics like this. So why aren’t they funding any research? Why aren’t they suggesting any particular research designs? It’s deeply patronising to your audience to imagine they’ll be satisfied with anecdote after anecdote and little by way of peer-reviewed hard data.

　　最后，有点“智能设计”的意思，就像探索协会。反AV的社会运动人士有钱（至少从他们卖的书），他们内心深处也知道，科学研究是最有说服力的方法来改变人们对AV的观点。但是，他们为什么不赞助任何这方面的研究？他们为什么不建议任何具体的研究计划？。。。。

…argh, I said it. ‘Hard’ data. I’ve been constantly fighting against adding puerile sex-and-masturbation innuendo to this post, and now I may have reached the limit of my inhibitory abilities. To sum up: it’s important to discuss the effects porn might be having on us, but it’s equally important to stick to the empirical data that’s been gathered. This has been, and remains, a serious problem for anti-porn campaigners. Until more solid evidence appears, we can only conclude that porn really isn’t the end of the world.

　　哎，我说过。“硬”数据。我一直反对在课题中说一些关于性-手淫的风凉话，但现在已不是我力所能及的了。总而言之：讨论AV对我们的影响是十分重要的，同样重要的是，忠于数据。对那些反AV的社会运动人士，数据是一个大问题。在找到更多的硬性证据之前，我们只能说AV并不是世界末日。