中财网身上突然长了很多红包很痒:非谓语动词
来源：百度文库 编辑：中财网 时间：2024/05/02 01:21:19
非谓语动词1
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别
(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验；不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)
Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)
(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别
(1)不定式作表语
1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
3)如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。
The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.
The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．
(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。
Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。
His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。
(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。
People cannot but feel puzzled， for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.
cannot but do1. 不得不 2. 不能不cannot help but do不得不这样He cannot choose but(不得不) stay on.他没法只好待下去cannot help doing不得不；忍不住 ...
His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．
(3)分词作表语
分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：
interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的
exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的
delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的
disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的
encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的
pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的
puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的
satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的
surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的
worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的
Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。
The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。
The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。
They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。
3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别
英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：
(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语
1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语
attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装ask问 dread害怕 need需要agree同意 desire愿望 love爱swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供beg请求 fail不能 plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profess表明claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许start开始 undertake承接 want想要consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝decide决定 learn学习 vow起contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议seek找，寻觅 try试图
2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式
ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒beg请求 induce引诱 report报告compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练cause引起 instruct指示 require要求deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望
(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语
acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕appreciate 感激，欣赏 confess坦白 endure忍受avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟figure描绘，计算 miss错过 resent怨恨finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想
例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。
(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）
2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事
stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5）try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味着
7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）
8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）
proposing doing建议（做某事）
9) like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念
（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：
I should like to see him tomorrow．
10) need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。
Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?
You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。
I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)
I regret to have to do this， but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)
You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。
Let's try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。
I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。
This illness will mean (your) going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。
4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1）不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：
ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿
5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。
6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。
7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave．
他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。
(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点：
1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。
3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from
你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？
Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?
你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？
5．不定式和分词作状语的区别
（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him.
他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.
由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.
在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：
a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。
6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构
（1)疑问词+不定式结构
疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：
When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)
I don't know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)
The difficulty was how to cross the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)
I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）
注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。
B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：
错：While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。
When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.
(3)不带to的不定式
1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：
feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听
On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.
2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如：
Let him do it.让他做吧。
I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。
(注)：
①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：
He was seen to come．
The boy was made to go to bed early.
②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:
He was surprised to find the sheep (to) break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。
3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：
Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。
但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。
The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。
There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。
（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构
1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如：
I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。
(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如：
It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。
2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词。例如：
Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。
He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。
3)某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等
It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。
间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。
It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。
7．非谓语动词中的有关句型
（1）动名词作主语的句型
1）Doing...+ v.
2) It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.
It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。
It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。
It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。
3)It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．
It is useless speaking.光说没用。
It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。
It is good Playing chess after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。
It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。
非谓语动词
1.不定式（infinitive）
I.基本形式：“to+动词原形”。有时to可省略。不能作谓语，没有人称和数的变化。既具有动词的特征----可以有自己的宾语和状语，又具有名词，形容词和副词的句法功能。不定式可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，同位语和宾语补足语
主动语态
被动语态
一般式
to write
to be written
完成式
to have written
to have been written
进行式
to be writing
完成进行式
to have been writing
不定式的否定式为：not+to do
II.不定式的主动语态与被动语态：
a. 一般式：表示谓语动词的动作与不定式的动作几乎同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之后。
We must learn to speak English
I want to be a scientist when I grow up.
b. 完成式： 表示不定式的动作早于谓语动词的动作发生。
I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
It’s a good thing for him to have been criticized.
c.进行式：表示谓语动词的动作发生的时候，不定式的动作正在进行。
He seems to be waiting for somebody.
He pretended to be listening attentively.
注：在某些结构中（尤其做宾语时， 不定式虽然表被动，但是用主动形式表示。
1)在的there be句式中，不定式的主动式可表被动的意思。
There is no matter to drink here.
2)当不定式与前面的名词构成动宾关系，又与另一代词或名词构成主谓关系，这时不定式的主动可以表被动。
We have many difficulties to overcome.
The next thing for them to do is to sweep the floor.
He has no one to take care of.
3)当不定式做表语形容词的状语，又和句中的主语构成动宾关系，这时不定式的主动形式表被动意味。常可这样用的形容词一般有以下几个： easy ,difficult , afraid, hard ,heavy ,pleasant, nice, dangerous, important, interesting, bitter, light 等。
They found the report was hard to understand.
4) to let（出租）,blame用主动代替被动形式表被动意味。
The car is to let.
III.句法功能：
1)做主语：当主语是个动宾结构时，或动状结构时，这时用不定式做主语。
To learn English well is not easy.
不定式短语做主语时，为了保持句子的平衡，往往以先行词做形式主语，而把不定式短语置于谓语动词之后。
It’s so nice to hear your voice.
It cost us 5 0000 yuan to build the house.
2)作表语：a. 当表语是动宾结构或动状结构时，用不定式做表语。
My job is to raise pigs.
b.当主语是不定式时，表语也要用不定式。
To see is to believe.
c.主语是由动词转化或派生而来的名词，如果原动词要求接不定式，则表语也应当用不定式。
to buy a new car.
My wish/hope/ idea/plan/purpose/intention is to visit
to be a college student
3)作宾语：某些动词后，只能用不定式作宾语。如：
allow ,afford, agree, apply, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, wish, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten等。
We decided not to go with the work.
Einstein once refused to speak on the radio for $ 1,000 a minute.
有些动词既可接不定式作宾语，也可接动名词作宾语， 如：want, begin ,start, remember, need, forget, like, learn等，含义稍有不同。区别将在非谓语用法区别中讲解。
注：a. 如果作宾语的不定式有自己的补语，则一般用先行词it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语不定式后置。
Do you think it better to translate in this way?
They found it impossible to get there everything ready in time.
b. 不定式一般不做介词宾语，只有在极少数介词如：but, except ,besieds等后才行。此时不定式可带to或不带to。But前无动词do时，其后接带to的不定式：but前有动词do时，其后的不定式to常省略。
In very cold winter weather a cold-blooded creature has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
There was clearly nothing left to do but sit down on the little coach and weep.
What do you like to do besides swim.
但 “疑问词+不定式” 结构可以用做介词宾语.
I have no idea about what to do next.
The first was the question of what to call it
4)宾语补足语: 常带有不定式做宾语补足语的动词有
(1). ask, force, expect, encourage, teach, cause, allow, beg, forbid, invite, permit, persuade, remind, want, warn, tell等.
He told me to make a sentence with the word.
(2). see, watch, notice, observe ; let, make, have ; listen to; hear ;feel 这些动词后的不定式宾补,要省略 “to”. 但要变为被动语态时,要加上to
She had the pupils work out the problem.
5). 定语: 放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后.不定式与它所修饰的名词或名词词组之间的关系为 A: 名词或名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语; B: 名词或名词词组为不定式的逻辑主语. C:名词或名词词组与不定式既无动宾关系又无主谓关系
A: He gave me something to eat.
B: He needs someone to help him with his work..
C: I have no time to do it.
He has no money to buy the car.
We must find a place to live.
I have a better way to repair it.
注: 带疑问词的不定式不直接做定语:
(x ) That’s the only way how to solve the problem.
That’s the only way to solve the problem.
不定式做定语时可带逻辑主语,而且常用for引出.
I have a letter for you to read.
不定式一般作定语时,往往含有将来,必须等附加意味,相当一个定语从句.
6) 状语:
目的状语：
Yesterday I went to the station to meet my old brother.
Mr. Smith came to
常用的强调目的的短语in order to; so as to
结果状语：
He returned home to hear that his con has just join the army.
He hurried to the school to find nobody there.
常用的短语：so (such… as to +v.) ; too….to ; enough to +v.
原因状语：（常表示喜怒哀乐等情绪）
We were very excited to hear the news.
I’m glad to see you.
表语形容词状语：结构为 be +adj. +to do sth.
The article is easy to read.
The man is hard to work with.
We likely to attend the class.
7)“疑问词+不定式”结构：
主语： How to get rid of these things is a big question.
宾语：I hardly knew how to write.
表语：The question is where to find the answer.
8)不定式的省略：
A: 当两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起时，第一个不定式带to，后面的不定式往往把to省去。Eg:I wished to finish my task and (to) get away.
但是如果在对照的场合，则不可以省去：It is better to laugh than to cry.
B: 在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice observe, listen to , look at 和使役动词let, make have的复合宾语中，不定式须省去to被动语态中要加上to.
C: 在why引起的句子中省去to: Why not do it right now? Why quarrel with him?
D: 在一些固定搭配后面，如：had better; would/had rather; but等，不用to
E: help sb. (to) do sth.此句式中，可用to也可不用to.
2.-ing form
-ing form 既具有动词的一些特征（可带自己的宾语又可有自己的状语）又具有形容词，副词（现在分词）和名词（动名词）的句法功能。其形式为：v+-ing。现在分词表示动作正在进行和主动意味。
I.（现在分词和动名词）主动语态：一般式：doing 完成式：having done
被动语态：一般式：being done 完成式：having been done
主动语态一般式:表示动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词动作之前发生
eg: I saw her running towards me.
Hearing the bad news, she burst into tears.
主动语态完成式:表示动作发生在谓语动词之前，常做时间或原因状语。
Eg: Heaving finished my homework, I went to bed.
Having been shot by a bullet ,the boy fell down.
被动语态一般式：所表示的动作发生与谓语动词动作同时发生。
Eg: The building being repaired is our library.
被动语态完成式：所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
Eg: Not having been made preparations, they thought it better to put off the meeting until the next week.
否定式为：not +-ing (not having done)
II.句法功能：
3.现在分词：
1) 用做谓语的一部分，和助动词一起够成进行时态
What are you doing here now?
2) 作表语：表示主语的特征和性质。
They situation is encouraging.
The story is interesting.
3) 作定语：相当于一个定语从句。分词单独作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词前。若是分词短语作定语，放在被修饰的名词后。表示：a. 所修饰名词正在进行的动作；b. 所修饰名词的特征和性质。
Don’t read in a moving car or bus.
There was an old man standing beside me.
This is an interesting book.
4）作状语：相当于一个状语从句。
a. 时间状语：Working in factory, we learnt a lot from the workers.
有时前面可加 while, when, as.
He took notes while listening to report.
b. 原因状语： Having worked with him for many years, I know him very well.
Not having received his answer I decided to write another letter to him.
c. 条件状语：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.(这类状语分词前有时可加连词if,unless)
d. 方式状语（伴随状语）：
Holding the note in his hand, he stood there dumfound.
(常用的动词有：sit, stand, go, come, enter, walk, say.)
e.结果状语：
He dropped the plate, breaking it into a hundred pieces.
f. 宾语补足语：分词在复合宾语中可做宾补。
可带这种复合宾语的动词有see, set, want, tart ,watch, feel, hear, find, get, keep, notice, have, leave, catch, look at,
eg.: We hear her sing in her room.
We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.
This news started me thinking.
分词的名词化： 和形容词的名词化情况一样，一些分词前面加上定冠词the可表一类人。
She worked hard to help the sick and the dying.
The wounded were soon taken to hospital.
4.动名词（gerund）：句法功能：
1).主语： 当主语是动宾，动状结构时，用动名词来做主语。
Discussing it is waste of time.
当作主语的动名词结构复杂而又长时，为了保持句子的平衡，须后置，而用先行词作句子的主语。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
It is no good reading such books.
It is a waste of time reading such bad books.
It is fun playing with snow.
It is worth while discussing the question again.
在 there+be+no 句式中用动名词来做主语。
There is no telling what will happen.
2)表语：当主语是动宾或动状结构时，用动名词来作表语。
Her job is washing, leaning and taking care of the children.
What he hated most was resting at home and doing nothing.
注：
(1) 句子的主语常是无生命名词或引导的名词性从句。
(2) 表语动名词与主语是对等关系，表示主语的内容。回答what或dong what的问题。
3) 宾语：动名词可作动词宾语，介词宾语和形容词具有状语性质的宾语。
(1)动宾：有些动词后必须用动名词作宾语。
如：suggest, finish, can’t help, mind, enjoy, advise, miss, practice, put off, excuse, pardon, be proud of, avoid, risk, appreciate, escape 等。
e.g.: He suggested spending the evening with the workers.
I enjoy working with you.
(2) 介词宾语：I have been looking forward to coming Beijing for a long time.
He is afraid of falling behind the others.
(3) 作形容词 worth, busy, like的具有状语性质的宾语。
be worth doing sth.: This book is worth reading.
be busy doing sth.: He is busy preparing his lesson.
feel like doing sth.: I don’t feel like going there again.
注：如果作宾语的动名词有自己的补语，习惯上要将动名词后置，而用先行词it作它的宾语。 E.g.: I found it pleasant walking along the river.
4）定语：放在所修饰的名词前，与所修饰的名词没有主谓关系，而是表示所修饰名词的用途。 a sleeping car a fishing pole
5) 同位语：That was her desire, going on to college after finishing senior middle school.
5.动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构的形式为：物主代词（或名词所有格）+动名词。其中物主代词或名词所有格为动名词的逻辑主语。动名词的复合结构在句中做主语，宾语和表语。
E.g.: Mary’s coming late made her teacher very angry.
Do you mind my opening the window.
在口语中，如果这种结构作宾语时，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格来代替，用名词的普通格来代替名词所有格。如：Do you mind (me) opening the window?
注：不过动名词的逻辑主语在遇有下列情况时，必须用名词的普通格（或人称代词的宾格）。
(1)无生命词：
The boy were alarmed by the door suddenly shutting.
Fire burns better by oxygen being at work.
(2) 有生命名词但表示 泛指意义。
Have you ever heard of women playing football?
(3) 两个以上的有生命名词并列：
Do you remember my brother and me coming to see you the other day?
6.过去分词(past participle)
I.形式：v.+ed （或特殊形式）表示动作已完成（不及物动词），被动意味和状态。
the exploited class 被剥削阶级 boiled water 开水
II.句法功能：
1.用做谓语的一部分，和助动词一起构成完成时态及被动语态。
We have been friends for many years. His leg was hurt in an accident.
2. 表语：表示主语所处的状态
Don’t be excited!
The door remained locked.
3. 定语：单个过去分词作定语，通常放在所修饰的名词前，若是短语作定语放在所修饰的名词之后。
We enjoyed the play put on by the first years students.
(=We enjoyed the play which was put on by the first year students.
the fallen leaves the excited people
4. 状语：
时间状语: When heated, ice will be changed into water.(=When it is heated,…)
条件状语: Given better instructions, the plants could have grown better.
(=If they had been given…,)
原因状语: Given an apple, the child stopped crying.
5. 宾补： She had his bike repaired yesterday.
在英语中，有些动词即可接不定式作宾语，也可接-ing form（动名词）作宾语。有些意义区别不大，有些区别较大。如：
1.remember：
remember +to do 记住要作某事
remember + doing 记得过去曾经作过某事
Please remember to post the letter for me.
I remember posting the letter.
2.forget +to do 忘记要作的事
forget + doing 忘记了过去作过的事
He forgot to write to me.
He forgot ever having written to me.
3.regret + to do 对现在要发生的事或要做而又不能做的事感到遗憾
regret + doing 对已发生的事表示后悔
I regret to say (that) I cannot go with you.
She regretted missing (or having missed =to have missed )the report.
4.mean +to do 打算…; 想要……;有…的意图
mean + doing 意味着…; 意思是…; 就是…
I didn’t mean to hurt your feelings.
Revolution means liberating the productive forces.
5.stop + to do 停下正在做的事而去做由不定式表示的另一件事
stop + doing 停止正在做的事
They stopped to talk.
They stopped talking.
6.try + to do 设法…; 想法….;
try + doing 试一试…; 试试看
He tried hard to pretend to share in the pleasure of his officials.
If the tears don’t remove the speak, try washing the eyes with boiled, cooled water.
7.want + to do 想要…
want + sb. or sth. + to do 想要某人做…; 希望某人…
want + doing 需要…; 该…(动名词的主动式含有被动意味)
Somebody wants to see you.
I want you to show me with your hearts that here we are all part of one big family.
The matter wants thinking over.
8.need + to do 需要…
need + doing 需要…;该…
You don’t need to leave so early.
His shoes need mending.
9.require + sb. or sth. + to do 要求(需要) 某人(某事) 做
require + doing 需要…; 该…
One of his orders required all the people to bow before him.
These young trees will require looking after.
10.learn + to do 学会做某事
learn + doing 学习(过)
She has learned typing.
She has learned the type