小腿皮下长了个硬疙瘩:李志宁《大工业与中国》：目录 本书提出的若干问题

本书提出了哪些问题？
(English contents are available)

　　　　　　本书提出的若干问题

( English contents are available )

序幕　　人类走向工业化的脚步

（一）中国古代经济能否自然走向工业化

　1.古代中国有无所谓“资本主义萌芽”？
　2.金属农具的出现是否工业化前中国农业史上仅有的革命？
　3.有人认为：铜器是奴隶制时代，铁器是封建制时代，蒸汽是资本主义时代，电气是社会主义时代。这说法是否正确？
　4.古代中国的造纸、纺织、陶瓷等手工业的发展，能否将古代中国经济引向“工业化”？
　5.古代中国的“官办手工业”和“私营手工业”各有什么样的特点？
　6.古代中国生产力发展的千年迟滞，是否因受到“生产关系”的束缚？
　7.到底是什么束缚了古代中国经济走向“工业化”？
　8.“工业化”对金属材料有什么起码要求？
　9.研究变量和曲线的数学成就，是机器工业产生的决定性因素之一吗？

（二）工业化是怎样出现并征服世界的

　1.机器工业是否仅由一个阶级所创造？
　2.为什么欧洲资本主义时代开始后200年间“机器工业”并没有出现？
　3.为什么“工业化”的故乡在英国？
　4.经典物理学和微积分的出现对“工业化”有什么意义？
　5.“工业化”是如何开始的？
　6.仅只纺织工业的发生能否开创“工业化”的时代？
　7.为什么“工业化”开始后机械、煤炭、钢铁和铁路等都发展起来了？
　8.“工业化”浪潮推向全球是否有地缘特点？
　9.为什么美国成了世界“工业化”的新的中心？
　10.美国“工业化”有何特点？
　11.何谓美国的“大企业”时期？
　12.电气工业的出现是否由“生产关系”或“生产方式”来决定或推动的？
　13.工业革命时期的人文文献对今天有何意义？
　14.“工业化”来到人间是否除了吉祥如意没有别的？

（三）关于工业化的几个理论问题

　1.已极大地改变了世界的"工业化"的力量到底在哪里?
　2.我国经济学家们的“改革药方”到底如何？
　3.所谓“工业进步”的实质是什么？
　4.技术进步的根本标志是什么？
　5.技术进步与“改革”的关系如何？
　6.技术进步有没有所谓“机遇”问题？
　7.为什么有些“革命精神”与“工业革命”背道而驰？
　8.对科技著述和科技创收应有什么样的“国家眼光”？
　9.为什么我国所编任何经济学辞典上均无“生产规模”辞条？
　10.为什么国外的工业化世界里总在追求“大”和“更大”？
　11.“船小好调头”的经济活动有无大缺点？
　12.“基础工业”在工业化中具有什么地位？
　13.“重型结构”和“强大国家”有无关联？
　14.中国是“地大物博”，还是“资源小国”？
　15.“工业化”与大规模运输关系如何？
　16.中国的铁路和公路情况如何？
　17.“流通时间”能否等于零？
　18.为什么英文中“经济”和“节约”是同一个单词？
　19.为什么中国的单位产值的能耗非常之高？
　20.“石油危机”引起了我国的警觉没有？
　21.“专业化”和“社会化”是什么意思？
　22.“家庭经济”能否社会化？
　23.管理，主要是“监督”，还是“协调”？
　24.“投资”和“预付资本”是什么意思？
　25.为什么《资本论》第二卷中认为“由公共团体或国家出资兴办”的企业就不是“资本主义的方式”了？
　26.国家的命脉是系于“大工业”，还是“小暴发户”？
　27.农业的根本出路在哪里？农村的根本出路在哪里？农民的根本出路在哪里？
　28.美国和西欧的农业情况给了我们什么启示？
　29.“离土不离乡”、“小厂办大事”将会给中国带来什么？
　30.“经济腾飞”是否必然伴随着可怕的工业污染？
　31.北京少见蔚蓝的天空，全国少有洁净的水源，这是为什么？
　32.环境保护能否仅仅建立在公民的环境意识上？
　33.“工业化”为什么首先发生在西方？
　34.“工业化”与学校教育的关系如何？
　35.教育发展“超增长”意味着什么？
　36.日本和“四小龙”是怎样从教育起家的？
　37.“先经济后教育”办法是否更好?
　38.人们的物质生活好起来后，精神面貌就自然“会有大变化”吗？

第一章　机器工业的曙光照射中国

（一）悲剧与希望并存的国度

　1.鸦片战争的悲剧是如何发生的？
　2.英国政府是为“平等贸易”而战的吗？
　3.清朝皇帝和大臣的昏庸，在鸦片战争中是否战败的次要原因？为什么说这一点在中日甲午战争中上升为主要原因？
　4.中国人空前的民族自负何时转变为空前的民族自卑？
　5.中国土地上第一声机器轰鸣是否算中国机器工业的开始？
　6.在中国，列强的“帝国主义行径”是20世纪才开始的吗？
　7.上海“开埠”对中国近现代经济史有何影响？
　8.洋人在中国最早经营的“机器工业”情况如何？地位如何？
　9.为什么在中国“船舶修造业”最早出现？
　10.甲午战争前,在华外资在农产品加工、缫丝、制药、制砖茶等方面有所发展，为什么在棉纺、煤炭、铁路等方面没什么作为？

（二）机器来到古老而血腥的土地

　1.为什么西方国家的工业化史以“纺织工业”作为开端,而中国的工业化史却以“杀人武器”开始起步？
　2.军火工业作为中国机器工业的纲领和灵魂，会给中国带来什么？
　3.中国第一个使用机器的生产单位情况如何？
　4.中国机器工业的开创人物们与西方国家的有何不同？
　5.为什么中国机器工业出现后近一个世纪里没有“工业化”？
　6.受到洋务派极度重视的“军火工业”在中国得天独厚，为什么其技术在世界上却遥遥落后？
　7.19世纪90年代前中国工业的最大硕果“江南制造总局”(按今之上海江南造船厂)的情况如何？马尾局和金陵局情况又如何？
　8.创办“天津机器局”有何微妙之处？这对未来的甲午战争是否有影响？
　9.为什么中国军火工业中“大办”和“落后”并存？
　10.中国的军火工业是怎样带动其它机器工业的发展的？
　11.中国军火工业发展的“推动力”是什么？
　12.中国机器工业的长时期落后是“命中注定”的吗？
　13.甲午战争前，中国的煤炭、钢铁、机械、交通运输业情况究竟如何？
　14.只靠培养少数“清国留学生”，靠他们弄到外国工业的一点皮毛来发展中国工业经济，行吗？
　15.中国的轮船航运业为什么也落后？
　16.甲午惨变前后，中国的铁路是何惨象？
　17.跨越时空的经济情况的数量比较有意义吗？
　18.洋务派是否做过“强国梦”？
　19.对中国“工业化”的初创时期究竟应如何评价？

（三）国破方知人种贱　　瓜分惨祸依眉睫　

　1. 洋务派“自强”和“求富”的运动中涌动着怎样的腐败浊流？
　2.为什么一次小的战争一举改变了东亚的格局？
　3.为什么军事力量大致相当的中国败给了凶恶的日本？
　4.空前沉重的战争结果是如何打断了中国工业经济正常时的缓慢发展的？
　5.中国的赔款对于日本工业的暴发有着怎样的意义？
　6.为什么说日本在中国成了最凶恶的吸血恶魔？
　7.为什么列强在甲午之后能发疯般扑到中国身上吸血？
　8.八国联军给中国带来了怎样的灾难？庚子赔款的结局如何？
　9.列强获得的在华“铁路修筑权”与“采矿权”有何不同？
　10.为什么湖北枪炮厂比起江南制造局能够后来居上？
　11.为什么甲午后洋务派举办的民用工业亦处于萎缩状态？
　12.19世纪我国最大的与唯一的现代化钢铁企业“汉冶萍”为什么走向垮台？
　13.开滦煤矿为何能被英帝国主义不明不白吞掉？
　14.中国纺织工业与西方纺织工业相比，功能有何不同？
　15.清政府的纺织垄断政策是怎样被“打破”的？
　16.为什么“生产规模”较大的若干中国企业反而会失败？
　17.为什么“轮船招商局”终为商办企业？
　18.皇权和皇权意识的“惯性”到底有多大？

（四）北洋时期和国民党时期

　1.为何该两个时期“大工业”建设上均无重要建树？
　2.清政府留给民国的工业遗产是什么？为什么它们成了当时中国工业的主体？
　3.为什么中国的私营企业无法充当中国“工业化”的主要推动力量？
　4.中国私人资本主义的第一个“黄金时期”是怎样到来的？
　5.为什么中国私人资本对“基础工业”的建设没有热情？
　6.私人资本进入的各行业中最为成功的是什么？原因何在？
　7.为什么官营资本在北洋时期走了下坡路？
　8.北洋时期的工矿业状况究竟如何？为什么连“汉冶萍”都陷于停顿？
　9.北洋时期的铁路成绩为何逊于清政府时期？成就如何？
　10.为什么第一次世界大战后中国工业经济的发展非常乏力？
　11.“革命”和“解放生产力”是直接相联系的事物吗？
　12.革命对经济发展的意义到底表现在哪里？
　13.孙中山的“三权分立”和袁世凯的“总统选举法”有何本质不同？
　14.帝制闹剧结束后，蒋介石是否建立了新的“皇权”？
　15.国民党时期的所谓国家“统一”到底有多长时间？它是怎样被日本侵略者所打破的？
　16.“官僚资本”到底是什么含义？
　17.皇帝的“国家资本”和总统的“国家资本”有何不同？
　18.抗战前国民党时期的工矿和铁路建设的情况如何？
　19.国民党时期的私人资本是否处于“破产”或“半破产”状态？
　20.日本帝国主义是怎样在中国制造了最典型而残酷的殖民地工业的？
　21.第二次世界大战战胜法西斯的最重要的意义何在？
　22.“庞然大物”蒋介石统治集团的迅速崩塌，是否主要是经济原因？
　23.私营企业中以“官”为背景的企业是否属于纯粹“私营”企业？
　24.为什么战后国民党经济能够膨胀起来？
　25.为什么美国资本在战后成为在中国的主要外资？
　26.台湾经济发展的资本条件和文化条件如何？

第二章 工业化的春天到了

（一）中国共产党的工业化思想

　1.为什么刘少奇提出：如果我们搞得不好，“别人也能推翻我们的”；如果我们没有做好工业化这件事，“那我们的革命就没有什么大的意义了，我们的革命就不能说是已经胜利了，相反，我们还要遭受可耻的失败。”
　2.领导工业工作是何时提到全党的议事日程的？
　3.革命时期长时间脱离“大工业”对于革命胜利有无影响？
　4.为什么说东北地区给党的工业化思想提供了最初的重要实践依据？
　5.国公营企业中的工人和职员是否“都是工人阶级”？
　6.资本主义的剥削是否“有功劳”？
　7.以主要力量先发展农业轻工业，再以更大力量发展重工业的“工业化过程”，是否全党的思想？

（二）旧中国留下的工业遗产

　1.对于中国经济,还有比“战争破坏”更可怕的因素吗？
　2.旧中国战争前后的工业经济究竟如何？
　3.旧中国煤炭工业的主要问题是什么？产量低？设备差？破坏资源严重？牛马式劳作？事故频发？
　4.中国钢铁工业的恢复为什么困难重重？
　5.旧中国机械工业的产值比重奇低意味着什么？
　6.为什么旧中国400余家中国电厂的发电量总和不及10家在华外资发电厂？
　7.建国初比重最大和最有基础的纺织工业情况究竟如何？
　8.旧中国纺织工业对外棉的依赖意味着什么？
　9.被外资和官资夹着过活的中国商人最关心的是其企业的生产和产品质量吗？
　10.为什么“四大发明”的中国在建国初的人均纸张消费量仅及欧洲人的百分之一还弱？
　11.旧中国各门各类的工业的基本状况如何？
　12.为什么说旧中国工业的“脉搏”是随着外国帝国主义的“心脏”而跳动的？
　13.建国初中国现代工业在全国经济中的比重，究竟是10％、12.3％、还是17％？
　14.旧中国工业布局的“畸形状态”是如何形成的？其形成有无道理？
　15.中国私营工业的“面目”是否姣好？究竟如何？
　16.中国的私营资本主义是否于建国初期进入第二个“黄金时代”？

（三）统一与和平创造了历史的机会

　1.1949年的革命胜利，仅只是一个党的胜利吗？
　2.建国初的国内战争情况如何？
　3.美蒋对上海工业设施的轰炸，其结果如何？
　4.抗美援朝战争的发生对国内重工业建设有什么影响？
　5.朝鲜战争“刺激”了中国工业经济的发展吗？
　6.经济在现代战争中有什么意义？
　7.建国初期工矿交通企业的“民主改革”是怎么一回事？
　8.“民主改革”中有些什么样的经验教训？
　9.什么“提前完成”、“超额完成”、“超过了原设计的生产能力”……都是好事情吗？
　10.“生产运动”是否应是工矿企业的经常的“生活方式”？
　11.建国初的工业经济恢复有些什么特点？
　12.在中国，基础工业不若轻纺工业“赚钱”，这是否合乎“价值规律”？
　13.建国初的铁路恢复和新线建设情况如何？
　14.为什么建国初的大街上连“国骂”都悄然消失？

（四）从苏联引进“工业化”

　1.只靠中国自己，能够实现“工业化”吗？
　2.鲁迅为什么说面子是“中国精神的纲领”？
　3.引进技术，是否实现“工业化”的捷径？
　4.苏联是否承担了在法西斯魔爪下拯救人类的主要战斗？
　5.在战云密布的时侯，优先发展重工业的“苏联传统经济体制”发生了什么作用？
　6.50年代的苏联是否有能力帮助中国建立大工业经济体系？
　7.美国是否打击日本罪恶战争机器的主要力量？
　8.为什么许多美国在华军政人员对蒋介石非常气愤？
　9.毛泽东对于由美国帮助中国进行工业化的设想是怎样的？
　10.日本是否被迫奉行帝国主义侵略政策？
　11.中美关系的门窗是怎样最终关闭的？
　12.苏联对中共的实质性帮助始于何时？
　13.斯大林在中国解放战争中是否维护国民党一方？
　14.苏联与中共的经济联系始于何时？
　15.中国与外部世界的“外交关系”是何时正常化的？
　17.建国后的中苏关系是怎样密切起来的、
　18.苏联的贷款和中国的偿付情况究竟如何？
　19.中苏的“合资企业”为什么不能存在下去？
　20.中苏间贸易和其它财产移交情况如何？

（五）大规模工业建设的前奏

　1.自中国有机器工业以来，“一五”是否第一次大规模的工业建设？
　2.恢复时期基本建设情况如何？
　3.三年里国家重工业建设情况如何？
　4.为什么说建国初的基本建设“规定”是宝贵而脆弱的？
　5.基本建设“限额”之规定的作用和局限性如何？
　6.为什么说建材工业是“大规模建设”的重要保障之一？
　7.中国自有“地质工作”半世纪来为何进展缓慢？
　8.为什么说国家进行建设最重要的是人才的准备？
　9.中国“领导干部”中真正宝贵而稀缺的是什么样的人？
　10.中国的知识分子“问题”在什么意义上讲是很严峻的？
　11.为什么西方国家在科技上总是居于优势？
　12.知识分子是否国家最宝贵的财富？
　13.党的领导对知识分子问题的失误表现在哪里？
　14.为什么战后满目疮痍的中国却出现了奇异的“人才内流”的局面？为什么后来重又转为“人才外流”？
　15.扫盲的意义到底在哪里？在这一代？在下一代？
　16.让孩子“弃读经商”标示着社会走向进步？还是倒退？

第三章 大工业经济体系终于覆盖中华大地

（一）“一五”计划：梦想 现实 奋斗

　1.“一五”为什么成了一个特殊的历史阶段？
　2.“一五”计划是怎样制定出的？苏联人在其中起了什么作用？
　3.“一五”开始时中国的工业化水平如何？是否比印度落后？
　4.“一五”期间关于工业建设的大量新闻报导说明了什么？
　5.“一五”后常见的“以农业为基础，以工业为主导”的提法有无其确切含义？“两个拳头，一个屁股”的确切意思到底是什么？
　6.为什么说“一五”计划思路清楚，投资分配适当？
　7.重工业之优先发展是否因有了Ⅰ(v+m)＞Ⅱc的公式而来？

（二）“优先发展重工业”的千秋功过

　1.“优先发展重工业”在什么地方让人感到不对味？
　2.“一五”期间，重工业是否“挤”了农业？。　
　3.苏联“一五”时期农业的艰难是否由于被重工业“挖”的？
　4.建国初年的中国消费特点与古代中国时的有何不同？
　5.“一五”期间人民生活和物价情况如何？
　6.“轻重工业”、“一二部类”在统计上能否确切反映经济实际情况？
　7.“一五”时期轻工业是否被“挤”？
　8.西方国家的“轻工业”比重到底如何？
　9.中国经济的困难是否源于积累率？80年代以前人民生活水平低的原因到底是什么？
　10.一个为贪图享乐、比奢斗富而不顾一切的民族能否迅速发达起来？　　　
　11.是否因“优先发展重工业”而带来了1956年的“冒进”？
　12.1956年的“冒进”中周总理做了怎样的努力？刘少奇态度如何？毛泽东态度如何？
　13.为什么说“反冒进”对于1957年的经济才是一剂良药？
　14.能否说正是由于“一五”优先发展了重工业，才使中国建立了大工业经济体系，出现了一次真正的“跃进”？

（三）156项成了“一五”的旗帜

　1.说156项是“一五”的象征是公正的吗？
　2.美国人是如何评介“一五”时期中苏经济关系的？
　3.“一五”时期在中国的苏联人是否新殖民主义者？
　4.156项大致情况如何？有过怎样的变动？
　5.156项的建设是哪些了不起的企业？其投资和建设情况如何？
　6.西方学者对苏联援助的评价如何？
　7.156项上到底花了多少钱？
　8.“傻大黑粗”的苏联人走了以后，我们自己的如何？
　9.“一五”时中国能否到西方国家去引进更好的工业技术？
　10.若想取得吸收、消化和改进国外技术的能力，其关键在哪？

（四）机器制造业-----工业化的灵魂

　1.国外机械工业的发展趋势如何？特点如何？
　2.为什么156项当中机械项目几乎占了2/3　？
　3.机械各行业发展情况如何？
　4.中国的汽车工业为什么后来走入歧途？
　5.为什么“一汽”和“一拖”都没有进一步发展起来？
　6.为什么“一五”期间机械工业的增长率高于整个工业的？

（五）工业化的基础坐在钢铁和化工上

　1.国外冶金工业和化学工业的发展情况如何?主要特点如何?
　2.为什么钢铁工业是苏援156项中的“重中之重”？
　3.中国钢铁工业为什么后来没有跟上世界钢铁工业技术的发展？
　4.“三大五中十八小”布局与西方钢铁工业发展路子是否不同？
　5.“一五”中化学工业情况如何？
　6.我国大力发展化肥工业的重要性和隐患如何？

（六）能源-----推动任何工业的“粮草”

　1.什么叫“五大常规能源”？
　2.国外能源工业的状况和特点如何？
　3.“石油繁荣”还能延续多久？
　4.中国石油工业的发展状况如何？
　5.为什么全国1/3的宝贵原油曾被当柴草一样地烧掉了？
　6.中国的电力工业为什么会成为“电老虎”？

（七）铁路 航运 汽车-----大工业的脉管

　1.国外铁路现代化的状况和特点如何?
　2. 中国铁路、公路、水运和港口建设在“一五”期间成就如何？
　3.为什么中国的船舶工业历来与军需相联系？
　4.中国的航空工业状况如何？
　5.为什么中国对世界先进技术总是跟进速度慢、力度小？

（八）大工业与人民生活

　1.“一五”期间中国纺织工业基本建设情况如何？
　2.为什么说“纺机”是纺织工业中的“重工业”？
　3.行业复杂万分的轻工业“一五”中情况如何？
　4.中国已成为世界砖瓦产量最高的国家，福兮？祸兮？

（九）“一五”的产业结构和工业布局问题
　
　1.“一五”的农轻重结构是否最优？
　2.“一五”中一二部类比例有没有问题？
　3.苏联人的生活与中国人的生活相比较，情况究竟如何？
　4.西方发达国家的“轻工业”比重为何较小？
　5.“低积累”真能“高发展”吗？
　6.“发展速度”与“基数”的大小无关吗？
　7.“一五”的增长是否与“一五”时的特殊历史条件有关？
　8.“产业结构”与“技术进步”真的有对应关系吗？
　9.发达国家中的小企业真的与中国的小企业一样吗？
　10.小企业背靠“政策”优势与大企业一争高下，是中国经济繁荣发展的福音吗？
　11.为什么大企业才能容纳“高技术”，引起“低消耗”？
　12.什么样的工业应不顾“比例”和“结构”而优先发展？
　13.给工业戴上“内地”或“沿海”的帽子，有什么意义？
　14.“工业布局”的原则是什么？
　15.“工业城”和“工业区”是否会带来综合效益？

（十）教育和科技才是大工业的真正后盾

　1.工业化的灵魂是哪些人？
　2.“在干中学习”是培养大工业建设人才的好途径吗？
　3.“急功近利”，人所难免吗？
　4.“一五”计划中有无急功近利的倾向？
　5.“一五”计划是否忽视了教育?
　6.近年来如《少年犯》一类作品的涌现是否表现出了整个民族的悲哀？
　7.从教育方面看,是否还不能说“一五”计划已经“完成”或“提前完成”？
　8.为什么从来没有人从教育方面批评过“一五”？
　9.“一五”时各行业的中等高等专业教育和科研情况如何？
　10.现在的文盲是否已与改革和现代化建设无缘？

（十一）大工业管理体制刍议

　1.“一五”经济体制的核心问题是否“集中与分散”问题？
　2.国外资本集中的历史趋势说明了什么？
　3.体制问题中最重要的是“权力分配”，还是“正确决策”？
　4.发挥人们的“积极性”是体制改革的灵丹妙药吗？
　5.公正，是否人类文明的最高境界？
　6.“一五”时的体制能否还有别的历史选择？
　7.“一五”时除国家外谁人能集中起如此巨大的建设资金？
　8.当代暴发的新亿万富翁婆们对国家“工业化”的未来将有何裨益？
　9.为什么90年代初的中国国家财政收入占国民生产总值的比 重，低于美、德、英、法、加、澳、匈、捷、罗、印尼、 泰、马、新、韩、埃及和巴西？
　10.中国目前是否已经成为“发达国家”？
　11.没有专家的“大工业”能够想象吗？
　12.将“直属企业”改为“直供企业”的教训是什么？
　13.为什么西方国家的企业“所有权”与“经营权”分离，其风险反而大大缩小？是由于“专家治厂”的缘故吗？
　14.只有企业所有者才会“关心”企业吗？
　15.应以怎样的眼光来看待前南斯拉夫的经济体制？
　16.建国后什么历史时期的工业体制可以被称作“斯大林体制”？
　17.所谓“传统计划经济体制”的两次历史作用是什么？
　18.我们应如何借鉴西方国家的经济体制？

第四章 走向发展　走向曲折

（一）探索新的发展道路

　1.到底什么样的事物是“适合中国国情的”？
　2.“小”字的特色是否越出了国境？
　3.为什么在“大跃进”和“文革”中及以后，“小工业”一直干得非常起劲？
　4.为什么西方国家的小企业也“数目”众多？
　5.为什么前苏联小企业极少？
　6.为什么说，国家出现了任何浪费，实质上都是由人民（说到底，是生产者）去支付的？
　7.周恩来和赵紫阳在“大工业”问题上有什么不同之处？
　8.到底是“小工业”、还是“大工业”更适合中国国情？
　9.“突破”苏联模式的意义应当表现在哪里？
　10.苏联模式对中国的伤害，是否应由中国学者写一本专著？
　11.“大跃进”的模式是否也应当“突破”？
　12.工业化中，是一个国家的“个性”重要一些，还是世界的“共性”更重要一些？
　13.当年的中苏关系为什么对中国特别重要？
　14.为什么当年那么多人相信人民的命运是系在斯大林要培养好一个“革命接班人”这根历史的细丝上？
　15.中苏之间的“兄弟”关系为什么无法维持下去了？
　16.为什么唯物主义者必须研究“痛苦的真理”？

（二）“大跃进”成了大工业的对立物

　1.“大跃进”是怎样的一段特定历史时期？
　2.“大跃进”是否是为了探索突破“斯大林模式”而进行的社会试验？
　3.“反反冒进”是怎样进入初战状态的？
　4.1958年前半年的“跃进”空气是怎样升温的？
　5.“15年赶上英国”是怎样变成了“2年超过英国”的？1959年能够达到2500万吨钢吗？
　6.1958年的农业产量出现了怎样的“奇迹”？
　7.“乡乡社社办工业”和“农民办学校甚至办高等学校”是何时提出的？
　8.“人有多大的胆，地有多大的产”之类的口号是怎样出现的？
　9.为什么说1958年大规模“体制改革”本身就具有试验性质？
　10.毛泽东当年是否相信工农业中的“奇迹”？
　11.为什么毛泽东提出钢产量“翻番”时，大家都说能行，没有人“临事而惧”？
　12.“大炼钢铁”持续时间仅数月，即造成农业、森林和其它工业资源的极大极巨的损失，为什么？
　13.毛泽东何时对“高指标”开始有所不满？
　14.1958年粮食产量虚假的恶果何时来到现实生活中间？
　15.困难时期没有大量进口粮食，为什么？
　16.1959年的钢产量指标是怎样降到1300万吨的？
　17.应当怎样理解彭德怀在庐山会议上遇到的灾难？
　18.什么是“正常的党内生活”？用什么来保证其“正常”？
　19.庐山会议以前的“压缩空气”是否真的“纠左”？
　20.庐山会议是否又是“引蛇出洞”？
　21.困难时期到底因饥饿死亡多少人口？
　22.刘少奇在结束困难时期的斗争中起了怎样的历史作用？
　23.在“关停并转”中周恩来对大工业作何考虑？
　24.中国的困难时期是否本世纪世界各大国中经济下降最大的一次？
　25.“大跃进”中钢铁、煤炭、机械、化工、建材、纺织、轻工和铁路等各方面情况究竟如何？
　26.为什么“小土群”和“拼设备”成了“大跃进”中各行业的两大通病？
　27.“大跃进”失败的原因何在？
　28.人民日报的众多社论在“大跃进”中起了什么作用？
　29.“低文化”和“低技术”可以创造“大跃进”的奇迹吗？
　30.以“大跃进”方式发展地方工业的教训是什么？
　31.主观唯心主义思想加上无限制的权力将会给国家带来什么？
　32.“大跃进”使中国付出惨重的代价和昂贵的“学费”，到底唤醒了国人没有？

（三）奔向新的彼岸　

　1.困难时期于何时开始转折？
　2.原“二五”计划完成了没有？
　3.八届十中全会具有怎样的历史作用？
　4.“小计委”后的国家计委为什么制定了一个过低的、保守的“三五”计划？
　5.1963--1965年的经济发展是否具有恢复性质？
　6.1963--1965年期间的各部门工业发展情况如何？
　7.1963--1965年出现了什么新兴工业部门？
　8.为什么大工业经济体系在中国建立后，随即走向巨大的曲折？

(这些问题并非已由作者悉数解答，希望广大读者也能有兴趣在这些问题上“大作文章”，互相辩难究诘，以寻求真理)

QUESTIONS BEING RAISED IN THE BOOK

(本书提出的若干问题）

PRELUDE MAN STEPPING TO INDUSTRIALIZATION
1. CAN CHINA GET TO INDUSTRIALIZATION NATURALLY FROM ITS ANCIENT ECONOMY ?
1) Were there any so-called " seeds of capitalism " in ancient China ?
2) Was the appearance of the metal farm tools the only revolution in Chinese ancient agriculture history ?
3) Someone thinks that brazen tools marked the slave
society , and the iron tools the feudalist one , and the steam the symbol of capitalism , and electric the socialism . Is that right ?
4) Could ancient Chinese handicrafts , such as paper making , spinning ,porcelain making ,lead the ancient Chinese economy into industrialization ?
5) What different characteristics were there in both government and private handicrafts mills in ancient China ?
6) Whether the ancient Chinese " production force " was tied by the " production relations " , as a result the stagnating of ancient Chinese economy in thousands of years ?
7) What on earth hindered the ancient Chinese economic development to industrialization ?
8) What is the rudimental requirements of metal materials to industrialization ?
9) Was the mathematics achievement about variables and curves the one of decisive factors about the occurrence of the machine industry ?
2. OCCURRENCE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION AND ITS CONQUERING THE WHOLE WORLD
1) Was the machine industry created just by one class ?
2) Why was appearance of machine industry 200 years later than the starting of European capitalist time ?
3) Why was the birthplace of industrialization in the Great Britain ?
4) What was the significance of the founding of the classic physics and calculus for the industrialization ?
5) How did the industrializationzal time start ?
6) Could the textile industry alone create the epoch of industrialization ?
7) Why did the machine building , mine coal , iron and steel , and railway all develop since the beginning of the time of industrialization ?
8) Were there any geographical features in the wave of the world‘s industrialization ?
9) Why did the U. S. become a new center of industrialization since 19 century ?
10) What was the peculiarity of industrialization of the U.S. ?
11) What was the period of Great Enterprises of the U.S. ?
12) If the emergence of the electric industry was decided or promoted by the " relations of production " or the " mode of production " ?
13) What is the significance of the human documents of the Industrial Revolution for the present ?
14) Are there any shortcomings of industrialization ?
3. SOME THEORETICAL PROBLEMS ABOUT INDUSTRIALIZATION
1) Why did industrialization have so big power to change the world so completely ?
2) How have those " prescriptions for reform " been raised by those Chinese economists ?
3) What is the essence of the industrial progress ?
4) What is the essential sign of technology progress ?
5) What is the relationship between the technology progress and "reform" ?
6) Are there any so-called " opportunities " to the technology progress ?
7) Why did many " revolutionary spirits " of ours run counter to the " industrial revolution ”?
8) What farsighted vision should the state have about the sciences works and technological income ?
9) Why there is not any note of " productive scale " in any economic dictionaries those be compiled in China ?
10) Why do people always pursue the "big" , "bigger" and "biggest" in the industrial world abroad ?
11) Are there any big shortcomings in the economic activities of the tiny industrial enterprises ?
12) What is the position of basic industry ?
13) Are there any relations between " heavy-duty structure " and " powerful countries " ?
14) Is China a big country abounding in natural wealth or a little one with deficient resources ?
15) How is the transport with large scale in the industrializational process ?
16) How are the circumstances in railways and roads in China ?
17) Can the circulation time become zero ?
18) Why does the word "economic" mean "saving" as well in English ?
19) Why is the energy expense per unit productive value very high in China ?
20) Have the oil crises aroused vigilance of China ?
21) What is the meaning of specialization and socialization ?
22) Can a "family economic unit " become the socializational one ?
23) Does management mean supervision or harmonization ?
24) What is the meaning of investment and anticipated payment ?
25) Why did Karl MARX think that the enterprises created by the public organizations and the state did not practise the capitalist way ? ( see 《Capital》Ⅱ)
26) Are the national economic lifelines tied to the great industries or those little upstarts in China ?
27) What is the fundamental outlet for the agriculture , for the countryside and for the peasants in China ?
28) What enlightenments should we get from the agricultural circumstances of the U.S.and the western Europe ?
29) What future will China have for the policies that the government encourage the peasants to run small industrial enterprises in numerous quantity and almost in all the rural field ?
30) If the terrible pollution is bounded to follow the Chinese economy soaring ?
31) Why do we have not gotten the blue sky and clean water in China any more ?
32) Can the environment protection be based upon the
environment consciousness of citizen only ?
33) Why did the industrialization start in the west ?
34) What is the relationship between industrialization and education ?
35) What is the meaning of leading increase of education ?
36) How have those countries , such as Japan and Asian four little tigers , built themselves by relying on education ?
37) Dose the policy of putting the economy first and
letting the education later more better than else ?
38) Will people‘s mental attitude have changed a lot
naturally after their material life being good ?
CHAPTER Ⅰ THE DAWN OF MACHINERY INDUSTRY IN CHINA
1. HOPEFULNESS AND TRAGEDY COEXISTING IN CHINA
1) How did the tragedy of the Opium War happen ?
2) Did the British Government fight for the equal trade in the Opium War ?
3) Whether the fatuity of the Chinese emperor and his ministers in Qing dynasty is the secondary cause of the failure in the Opium War ? Why we may say that it
became the first cause of failure in the Sino-Japan War
in 1894 ?
4) When did the unprecedented national conceitedness of the Chinese transform into inferiority ?
5) Was the first roar of machine in China the beginning of the Chinese machinery industry ?
6) Did the foreign imperialist actions in China occur in 20 century ?
7) How has the opening of Shanghai city to the foreigners influence the Chinese modern and contemporary economic development ?
8) How were the very early machinery industrial enterprises run by the foreigners in China ?
9) Why did the industry of ship making and repairing appear firstly in China ?
10) Why did the foreign capital in China do well in
agricultural products processing , silk reeling , pharmacy and brick-tea making etc., but meanwhile no achievements in textile industry , coal mining and railway construction etc. before the Sino-Japan War in 1894 ?
2. MACHINES COMING HERE WITH BLOOD
1) Why did the west countries start their industrialization with textile industry , but in China the weapons industry first ?
2) What would China get from the munitions as the soul and the guiding principle for Qing dynasty ?
3) How was the first unit using machines of China ?
4) What were the differences about the industrial initiators between China and the west ?
5) Why had China not been industrializationaled yet after near a century when machines came to China ?
6) Why did the military industrial technology , which was taken extremely seriously by the Westernization Movement Officers of Qing Government , full backward very far from the advanced countries ?
7) How were the " Jiangnan Manufacture General Bureau " ( now the Jiangnan Ship Mill in Shanghai ) which was the biggest factory of Chinese industry before 1890s ? And how about the Mawei and Jinling ?
8) What was the subtle meaning of establishing the " Tianjin Machine Bureau "? And would such a problem remain any influence to the future war between Qing and Japan ?
9) Why did " making great effort " and " falling behind " coexist in Chinese munitions industry ?
10) How had the Chinese munitions industry brought along the other machinery industries ?
11) What is motive force for the Chinese munitions industry ?
12) Did the long term backwardness of Chinese machinery industry be determined by fate ?
13) How were the industries of coal , steel ,machine-making, and transportation in China before 1894 ?
14) Was everything OK for Chinese industry by training several returned students of Qing dynasty ?
15) Why did the shipping industry which was loved by the Westernization Officers very much fall behind as well ?
16) How were the pitiful conditions of the railway construction in China before 1894 ?
17) Is there any significance to the economic comparison that exceed time and space ?
18) Did the Westernization Movement Officers have the dreams of building China into a powerful nation ?
19) How should we evaluate the initial period of Chinese industrialization ?
3. THE CRISES OF BEING CARVED BY BIG POWERS
1) What kinds of the muddy stream of corruption be rolled in the Movement with the slogans of " becoming strong through self-reliance " and " seeking for rich " which be created by the Westernization Offices ?
2) Why could a little war in 1894 change the fundamental pattern of the East Asia ?
3) Why did China , which had well-matched military power to the ferocious Japanese at that time , lose the war in 1894 ?
4) How did the consequences of Sino-Japan war in 1894 , which is heavy unprecedentedly to China , interrupt the normal and slow development of Chinese industrial economy ?
5) How did the war indemnity of China in 1895 support the Japanese industry being upstart ?
6) Can we say that Japan had been the biggest bloodsucker in China after 1895 ?
7) Why could those big powers throw themselves on China and be a group of desperate bloodsuckers after 1895 ?
8) What giant suffering brought by the Eight-Power Allied Expedition did China have ? What was the outcome of the Chinese war reparation of 1901 ?
9) What was the difference between the rights of railway construction and of the mine development those the big powers had got in China in 19 century ?
10) Why could the Hubei Gun Factory which was later comer surpass the Jiangnan Manufacture Bureau which was the old-comer ?
11) Why did the civil industry developed by the Westernization officers go down hill after 1895 ?
12) Why did the HanYePing which was the biggest and sole iron and steel mill in China in 19 century go bankrupt at last ?
13) Why could the U.K. imperialists swallow up the Kailuan Coal Mine with crafty and treacherous means ?
14) What was the difference between the Chinese textile industry and the western countries‘ ?
15) How did the monopolist policy of Qing Government on textile industry be broken ?
16) Why would those Chinese enterprises in big scale fail instead of success ?
17) Why did the " Ship Bureau of Calling for Share " become a free enterprise at last ?
18) How big is the inertia of imperial power and its consciousness of people in China ?
4. DURING THE RULE OF NORTHERN WARLORDS AND KMT
1) Why were there not any important achievements in big industry of China in the period under the rule of the Northern Warlords Government and Kuomintang ?
2) What were those industrial heritage of the Republic from Qing dynasty ? Why had those become the main body of the Chinese industry at that time ?
3) Why could not the private enterprises become the main promotion force to the Chinese industrialization ?
4) How did the first golden time of the Chinese private capitalism arrive ?
5) Why were there not any enthusiasm from those Chinese private capitalists to construct the basic industries ?
6) What were those lines of business for the successful Chinese private investment ? Why ?
7) Why did the state-owned capital go downhill in the period of the Northern Warlords‘ Government ?
8) How were the industries and mines in above period ? Why was the HanYePing at a standstill at same time ?
9) How were the achievements in railway construction in the Northern Warlords time ? Why were those slightly inferior to those in Qing time ?
10) Why did the Chinese industrial economy develop very weak after the First World War ?
11) Are the " revolution " and the " liberation of productive force " the things with mutual relation directly ?
12) What on earth are expressions of the significance of revolution to the economic development ?
13) What were the essential differences between SUN Yat-sen‘s " division of three constitutional powers " and YUAN shi-kai‘s " law of president election " ?
14) Whether CHIANG Kai-shek had built a new " imperial power " after the farce of monarchical movement in China ?
15) How long was the so-called " unifying the country " in KMT period ? How was it broken by the Japanese invaders ?
16) What on earth is the real implication of the " Bureaucrat capital " ?
17) What is the difference between the emperors‘ " state capital " and the presidents‘ " state capital " ?
18) How were the industrial and railway constructions in the KMT period before the Anti-Japanese War ?
19) If the private capital in the KMT period went into bankruptcy or semi-bankruptcy ?
20) How did the most cruel colonial industry be built by the Japanese Imperialism ?
21) What is the most important significance of the triumph over the fascists in the Second World War ?
22) If the economic reason was the main reason of the rapid collapse of CHIANG Kai-shek clique which used to be a monstrous monster ?
23) Whether some of private enterprises which had the official background were real " private " ?
24) Why could the KMT postwar economy inflate ?
25) Why could the U.S. capital become the main foreign capital after the World WarⅡ ?
26) How were the capital and cultural conditions of Taiwan economic development ?
CHAPTER Ⅱ THE SPRING OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN CHINA
1. THE THOUGHT OF INDUSTRIALIZATION OF CCP
1) LIU Shaochi said that the others could overthrew us as well if we could not doing things well; and he too said that there might be not any big significance of our revolution if we failed in the Chinese industrialization , and if so we should not say that our revolution had got the victory , whereas we would get the ignominious defeat finally . Why ?
2) When was the leading whole country industrial work placed on the agenda of the CCP ?
3) Were there any influences to the victory of revolution that the CCP be divorced from the big industries for a long time ?
4) Why can we say that the work of CCP in the Northeast area of China ( Manchuria ) provided initial practical experiences for the industrializational thoughts of the CCP ?
5) Are the workers and staffs worked in the state enterprises " all in working class ranks " ( by ZHOU Enlai ) ?
6) Did the capitalist exploitation " make contributions " ?
7) Let us develop the agriculture and light industries with main strength firstly , then we should develop the heavy industries with more efforts . Is that the design about the path of Chinese industrialization the thought of all the CCP ?
2. THE INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE FROM OLD CHINA
1) Were there any more terrible factors to Chinese economy than the destruction by wars when 1949 came ?
2) How were the industries in old China before war and after war ?
3) What was the main problem in coal mines in old China ? Was that problem low output , bad equipment , serious destruction of resources , cruel hard work or frequent accidents ?
4) Why were there so many hardships in restoration of Chinese iron and steel industry ?
5) What did the too little percentage of the mechanical industry in old China mean ?
6) Why was the total electric energy production of 400 power plants of China less than those of 10 power plants of foreign capital in China ?
7) How was the textile industry which was the biggest and better one in China in 1949 ?
8) What did the dependence on foreign cotton of Chinese textile industry mean ?
9) Were the Chinese private businessmen , who live between the foreign capital and bureaucrat capital , mostly concerned with the production and product quality of their factories ?
10) Why did the per capita measure of paper consumption of China which had devoted " the four great inventions " in its ancient time merely approach one percent of those of Europeans ?
11) What were the general circumstances of various kinds of Chinese industries ?
12) Can we say that the industrial " pulse " of old China was beaten by the " heart " of the foreign imperialism ?
13) When the PRC establish , was the proportion of modern industry in the national economy as a whole 10% , 12.3% or 17% ?
14) How did the lopsided distribution of industry form ? Is that rational ?
15) Did the Chinese private enterprises have beautiful faces ?
16) Had the Chinese private capitalism got the second golden time in 1950 ?
3. UNITY AND PEACE BRINGING THE HISTORICAL OPPORTUNITIES
1) Was the victory in 1949 merely a triumph of one Party ?
2) How was the civil war situation after the PRC founded ?
3) What were the results of bombing Shanghai by the CHIANG ?
4) What were the influences to the heavy industrial construction of China for the emergence of the war to resist U.S. and aid D R Korea ?
5) Did above war " stimulate " the development of Chinese industry ?
6) What is the real functions of economy to the war ?
7) How was the " democratic reform " in the industrial enterprises when the early days in 1950s ?
8) Were there any experiences and lessons we should bear in mind in above " democratic reform " ?
9) Are all those , such as " meeting the production target ahead of time " , " overfulfiling the production quota " and " exceeding the designed capacity ", good things ?
10) Should the " productive movements " become the daily life of the industrial enterprises ?
11) What were the features of the restoration of the industrial economy when the early days of PRC ?
12) The basic industries‘ making money is much less than the light industries‘ in China . Does that confirm to the " law of value " ?
13) How were the restoration and infant construction of the railway during the initial period of the PRC ?
14) Why did the vulgar language disappear at the streets during the initial period of PRC ?
4. IMPORTING INDUSTRIALIZATION FROM USSR
1) Can China bring about industrialization only depending on its own strength ?
2) Why did Mr. LU Xun say that the face-saving was the guiding principle of Chinese spirit ?
3) Whether the technique acquisition is the shortcut to achieve the industrialization ?
4) Why should we say that the USSR bore the main fighting to save the mankind from the fascist talons ?
5) When the fascists gathered the war clouds , what was the effect of " the traditional economic system of USSR " , that gave priority to the development of the heavy industries ?
6) Did the USSR have the capability to assist China to build the great industrial system when 1950s ?
7) Why should we say that the USA which was imbued with sense of justice in the Second World War was the main force to destroy the Japan‘s criminal war machines ?
8) Why did many American officers who in China as he World WarⅡ detest CHIANG Kai-shek ?
9) How did MAO Zedong think that China‘s industrialization should be helped by the USA ?
10) If Japan was compelled to carry out the imperialist aggression policy ?
11) How were the door and windows of the relationship between China and America closed at last ?
12) When did the substantial aid that the USSR gave to the CCP start ?
13) Did J. STALIN safeguard CHIANG Kai-shek in the period of the Chinese revolution civil-war Ⅲ ?
14) When did the economic link between USSR & PRC begin ?
15) When did the Chinese foreign relationship with the external world be normalized ?
16) How had the " variations " of KMT regime at Taiwan happened ?
17) How did the relations between USSR and PRC become warm after the founding of the PRC ?
18) How was the situation about the Soviet Union‘s loan and China‘s paying back ?
19) Why did the Sino-USSR " joint venture " can not exist on ?
20) How was the situation about the Sino-USSR trade ? and how about the transfer of the USSR property in hina ?
5. THE EVE OF INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION WITH LARGE SCALE
1) Was " the First Five-Year Plan " ( 1st 5 ) the first industrial constructions in large scale in China since the first machine appeared here ?
2) How were the situation about the capital constructions in the period of the economic restoration ?
3) How were the heavy industrial constructions in the initial 3 years of the PRC ?
4) Why should we say that the Government‘s stipulations about capital construction were valuable and fragile ?
5) What were the effects and limitations of the " norm " as a rule in the Government documents about the capital construction ? 　
6) Why was the building materials industry one of the important guarantee for a large scale construction ?
7) Why had the geology work made very slow progress in half of century since it appeared in China ?
8) Why should we know that the most important preparation for economic construction was the great deal of talents ?
9) What kinds of persons were real treasure and very few in the ranks of Chinese " leading comrades " ?
10) At what kind of sense should we say that the " problem " of Chinese intellectuals were very serious ?
11) Why do the west countries always occupy a superior position in sciences and techniques ?
12) Are the intellectuals the most valuable wealth of a nation ?
13) What are the inexpedience and miscalculation of the policy the CCP on intellectual ?
14) Why there happened the rare " talent inflow " ( now the " brain drain " again of course ) in postwar China where a scene of devastation met the eye everywhere ?
15) Were the achievements of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy for this generation more or for the coming generation more ?
16) Someone in China let their children discard the school study while being in business . Does that indicate the social progress or going backwards ?
CHAPTER Ⅲ THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF GREAT INDUSTRY COVERING CHINA AT LAST
1. " THE FIRST FIVE - YEAR PLAN " WITH DREAM , REALITY AND HARD WORK
1) Why did the " the first five-year plan " ( " 1st 5 " for short ) become a special historical stage in the P.R.China ?
2) How was the plan of " 1st 5 " worked out ? And what was the effect of Russians in it ?
3) How was the industrializational level of China at the beginning of " 1st 5 " ? Did it fall behind the India‘s ?
4) What did the big amount of news reports about industrial construction in " 1st 5 " tell us ?
5) What is the exact meaning about the formulation , which was raised by MAO Zedong after " 1st 5 " , of " taking agriculture as the foundation an industry as the leading factor " in developing the national economy ? And how about that one of " tow fists ( i.e. agriculture and national defence industry ) and one buttocks ( i.e. the basic industry ) " ?
6) Why can we say that the thinking of " 1st 5 " plan was clear and its distributions of investments was suitable ?
7) Do people gave priority to develop the heavy industries for the sake of the MARX‘s formular Ⅰ(v+m)〉Ⅱc ?
2. THE CONTRIBUTIONS AND MISTAKES OF " PRIORITY DEVELOPMENT OF HEAVY INDUSTRY "
1) Why do people think the policy of " giving priority to develop the heavy industries " fishy someway ?
2) Did the development of heavy industries " squeeze " the agriculture during the " 1st 5 " time ?
3) Did the hardships of Russian agriculture in the " 1st 5 " of the USSR be " dug " by the heavy industries ?
4) What were the differences of consumptive peculiarity between 1950s‘ China and ancient China ?
5) How were the people‘s daily life and prices while " 1st 5 " in China ?
6) Can those conceptions such as " light industries " ," heavy industries " , " first department " , "second department " etc. reflect the economic reality ?
7) Did the light industries be "squeezed " in " 1st 5 " ?
8) How are the proportions of " light industries " in the west countries ?
9) Was the difficulties of Chinese economy on account of the high rate of accumulation ? What were the real causes of low living standard of the Chinese people before 1980s ?
10) Can a nation which has been filled with pleasure-seeking and rich matches desperately develop rapidly ?
11) Did the " rash advance " in 1956 be brought forth by the policy of " giving the priority to develop the heavy industries " ?
12) How did Premier ZHOU Enlai make his effort to " oppose the rash advance " in 1956 ? And how about LIU Shaochi and MAO Zedong ?
13) Why is it that the " opposing rash advanced " was a good medicine to the Chinese economy in 1957 ?
14) Can we say that the " 1st 5 " was a true " big leap forward " for its giving priority to heavy industry so that the big industry system being founded ?
3. " THE 156 PROJECTS " BECOMING THE BANNER OF " THE 1ST 5 - YEAR PLAN "
1) Is it justice if we say that " the 156 Projects " was the symbol of the " 1st 5 " ?
2) How did the Americans review and evaluate the Sino-USSR economic relations in " 1st 5 " of China ?
3) Were the Russians in China as the time of " 1st 5 " the new colonialists ?
4) How had the " 156 projects " been changed when those were arranged in 1950s ?
5) What amazing enterprises were the " 156 projects " ? And how about their investments and constructions ?
6) How did the west scholars appraise the assistance from the USSR ?
7) How much money did we cost in the " 156 projects " ?
8) Many Chinese think that the Soviet Union‘s products are " silly, huge, dark and clumsy ". But how are ours after the Russians going away ?
9) Could China acquire more better techniques from the west countries in the time of " 1st 5 " ?
10) What is the key for China to absorb , digest and improve the foreign techniques ?
4. ENGINEERING INDUSTRY --- THE SOUL OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
1) What are the trends and the features of the mechanical industrial development abroad ?
2) Why did the mechanical projects made up 2/3 of the " 156 projects " ?
3) How were the mechanical industries in the " 1st 5 " ?
4) Why does the Chinese automobile industry go astray afterward ?
5) Why do the First Automotive Plant and the First Tractor Factory those were in the " 156 projects " not develop further ?
6) Why was the growth rate of engineering industry high than that of total industry ?
5. INDUSTRIALIZATION BASING ON THE IRON AND STEEL AND CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY
1) What are the trends and features of the metallurgical industry and chemical industry development abroad ?
2) Why was the iron and steel industry " the heavy in the heavy " in the " 156 projects " ?
3) Why have the Chinese iron and steel industry not kept its pace with the development of the iron and steel productive techniques of the world ?
4) Why was the distribution of the Chinese iron and steel industry with " 3 bigs ,5 middles and 18 littles " not the same to the west countries ?
5) How were the chemical industry in the " 1st 5 " ?
6) What are the importance and hidden danger for we develop the chemical fertilizer industry so vigorously ?
6. ENERGY --- FODDER FOR ALL INDUSTRIES
1) What are the five common energy resources ?
2) How are the circumstances and features of the energy industries abroad ?
3) How long does the oil prosperity last ?
4) How are the Chinese petroleum industry ?
5) Why was 2/3 of the total crude oil which produced by China burnt directly just like burning firewood and dry grass in 1980s ?
6) Why do many units of the Chinese power industry be called the " electric tigers " ?
7. BLOOD VESSELS OF BIG INDUSTRY
1) How are the circumstances and features of the railway modernization ?
2) How were the railways , high ways , water transport and ports constructions in China in the " 1st 5 " ?
3) Why has the Chinese ship-building industry always been connected with military supplies ?
4) How were the Chinese aviation industry ?
5) Why do China always follow the advanced echnology in the world very slow and strength ? And why is China‘s creative power always very little ?
8. BIG INDUSTRIES SERVING THE DAILY LIFE OF THE PEOPLE
1) How was the Chinese textile industrial capital construction in " 1st 5 " ?
2) Why can we say that the textile mechanical industry is the " heavy one " in textile trade which is called one of " light industry " anyhow ?
3) How were the very complicated " light industries " in the " 1st 5 " ?
4) Is it happiness or hidden disaster that China has been the country which has the highest output of bricks and tiles ?
9. THE STRUCTURE AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHINESE INDUSTRY DURING THE PERIOD OF " THE 1 ST 5-YEAR PLAN "
1) Was the structure of agriculture ,light industry and heavy industry in the " 1st 5 " the optimum one in the history of the P.R.China ?
2) Was there any problems with the proportion of the two categories in the " 1st 5 " ?
3) How was exactly the Russians‘ life level as compared with that of the Chinese people when they were in their " 1st 5 "s ?
4) Why is the proportion of the " light industries " in the west countries quite little ?
5) Can the " low rate of accumulation " bring about the " high growth rate " ?
6) Does the " base number " have nothing to do with the " speed of development " ?
7) Is the increase of " 1st 5 " of China concerned in the special historical conditions at that time ?
8) Does the " composition of industry " have the correspondence relation with the " technical progress " ?
9) Are the small scale enterprises in the developed countries really just the same with those in China ?
10) Is such a phenomenon that a great deal of small scale enterprises rely on " policies " to compete against those big enterprises brought forth the glad tidings to the Chinese economy ?
11) If only the big industrial enterprises can hold the vanguard technology and cause low product consumption ?
12) What kinds of industries should be given priority to develop in spite of the "proportion" or "structure" ?
13) Are there any significance that the enterprises in China are marked with the signs such as "hinterlands‘ " or " coastals‘ " ?
14) What are the cardinal principles of the distribution of industry ?
15) Whether are there the comprehensive beneficial results in the "industrial cities " or " industrial regions " ?
10. GREAT INDUSTRY DEPENDING ON SUPPORT OF EDUCATIONS AND SCIENCES
1) What kinds of people can become the souls of the industrialization ?
2) Is the " studying in practice " a good way to foster a large quantity of industrial constructional talents ?
3) Is it hard to avoid that anybody has to be eager for "quick success and instant benefit " ?
4) Did the " 1st 5 " plan have the tendency of being eager for " quick success and instant benefit " ?
5) Did the " 1st 5 " plan overlook the education ?
6) Do much modern literature and art works that describing the teenagers who has been the criminals , those emerge in large number in recent years in China , display the grief of the Chinese nation for its educational failure ?
7) Why can we not say that the " 1st 5 " plan had been fulfilled or overfulfiled for the sake of education ?
8) Why has nobody criticized the " 1st 5 " from educational angle before ?
9) How were the various professional and vocational education and sciences researching work in " 1st 5 " ?
10) Do the illiterate persons have any uses for the cause of the reform and modern constructions in China ?
11. MY HUMBLE OPINION ON THE MANAGE SYSTEM OF BIG INDUSTRY
1) Was the problem of " centralization and decentralization " the core of the problem of system reform in " 1st 5 " ?
2) What does the historical trend of the concentration of capital show ?
3) Is the " allocation of powers " or the " policy decision correctly " the more important in the questions of manage system ?
4) Is the urging of the "active zeal of the masses " the panacea of the system reform ?
5) If the "justice " the most lofty realm of the mankind civilization ?
6) Was there any other historical choice of the system in " 1st 5 " ?
7) Who could concentrate so giant construction fund in the " 1st 5 " unless the state ?
8) What is the use of the thousands upon thousands new millionaires and millionaires , the contemporary upstarts ,for the industrializational future of the nation ?
9) Why did the proportion of the national finance income to the GNP in China in the early days in 1990s less than those of the U.S., German, UK, France, Canada, Australia, Hungary, Czech, Romania, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Korea, Egypt and Brazil ?
10) Has China become a developed country already ?
11) Can people imagine that any " big industries " without the experts ?
12) What were the lessons about changing the " enterprises under direct control of ministries " to the " enterprises through direct supply of ministries " in 1960s - 1970s ?
13) Why can the degree of risk in the west enterprises reduce for the " right of management " being separated from the " right of ownership " ? Is that because of " managing factories by experts " ?
14) If only the owners would " care for " their enterprises ?
15) What viewpoints should we approach the economic system of the pre - Yugoslavia ?
16) At what historical period after the founding of PRC could the economic system be called the " Stalin System " ?
17) What are the twice historical effects by the so-called " traditional planed economic system " in China ?
18) How should we use the experiences of economic system in the west countries for reference ?
CHAPTER Ⅳ DEVELOPING AND SETBACK OF CHINESE BIG INDUSTRIES
1. SEARCHING FOR THE NEW WAYS FOR DEVELOPING
1) What sort of things on earth is suitable to the " Chinese national conditions " ?
2) Has the "small" which is one of the Chinese characteristics already crossed the national boundary ?
3) Why have those small industries in China worked very energetically in the periods of " big leap forward " ," cultural revolution " and afterwards from then on ?
4) Why is the quantity of the small enterprises in the west considerable large too ?
5) Why is the quantity of the small enterprises in pre-USSR rather few ?
6) Should we say that any social waste of the nation is essentially paid by the people ,and in the final analysis , by the producers ?
7) What were the differences about the big industry issue between Premier ZHOU Enlai‘s and Premier ZHAO Ziyang‘s ?
8) Is the small industries or big industries more suitable to China ?
9) What is the real significance of " being broken through " the Soviet Union‘s pattern ?
10) Should the Chinese scholars write a monograph about the harm from the Soviet Union‘s pattern ?
11) Should the pattern of " big leap forward " be broken through as well ?
12) Is the " individual character " of one nation or the " general character " of the whole world more important in the course of industrialization ?
13) Why was the Sino-Russia relationship very essential to China in 1950s ?
14) Why did so many people think that the destiny of the people was tied to a historical " thin thread " ---- a good revolutionary successor should be fostered by J. STALIN ?
15) Why couldn‘t the " fraternal relations " between the PRC and the USSR go on ?
16) Why should the materialists study the " agonizing truth " ?
2. " BIG LEAP FORWARD " --- THE OPPOSITE OF INDUSTRY
1) How was the particular historical stage which was named " big leap forward " ?
2) Was the " big leap forward " a social experiment for the probe of breaking up the " STALIN pattern " ?
3) When did MAO Zedong‘s " fighting against the opposing rash advance " start to enter the state of initial battle ?
4) How was the temperature of " big leap forward " going up in the first half of year in 1958 ?
5) How did the slogan "catch up with UK in 15 years " change into "surpass UK in 2 years " ? Was it possible that China produced crude steel 25 million tons in 1959 ? ( the output of crude steel in 1957 was only 5.35 m.)
6) What kinds of " miracles " in the agricultural output were taken place in 1958 ?
7) When were the statements that " run industries in every villages and rural people‘s communes " and that " run schools even colleges by the peasants " put forward ?
8) How did the slogans , for instance " the bolder the people are ,the more the land will produce " e.g., appear ?
9) Why can we say that the " system reform " in large scale in 1958 had the testing character ?
10) Did MAO Zedong believe the " miracles " of the industry and agriculture in China in 1958 ?
11) Why did all the others say OK and nobody worried when MAO Zedong raised in a meeting that the steel output must be double in 1958 ?
12) Why were there extremely huge amount of losses in the agriculture , forests and many industrial resources only for several months of " going all out to the iron and steel making " ?
13) When did MAO Zedong begin to nurse a grievance for the " high targets " ?
14) When did the evil consequence of false statistics of boastful grain output in 1958 come into the real life of the Chinese people ?
15) Why didn‘t we import cereals in a large quantity in the difficult period around 1960 in China ?
16) How did the target of steel production in 1959 come down to 13 m.tons from 27 m. and 18 m. ?
17) How do we comprehend Marshal PENG Dehuai‘s suffering at the famous Mt. Lushan Conference ?
18) What was the " normal inner-Party (CCP) life " ? And what things can guarantee such a " normal " ?
19) Was the " compressing air " , which meant to cool the fanaticism , said by MAO Zedong before that Mt. Lushan Conference , the real correcting the " left " errors ?
20) Was there a new " luring the snakes out of their lairs " at the Mt. Lushan Conference ?
21) How many people died of starvation in the difficult period of the PRC ?
22) What historical effect did LIU Shaoqi bring to in the struggle to the end the difficult period ?
23) What did ZHOU Enlai think the industries over in the economic adjustment with " closing , suspending , merging and switching some industrial enterprises " in 1962 ?
24) Was the decline of Chinese economy in the difficult period around 1960 the biggest one among those big countries all over the world this century ?
25) How were those industries such as iron and steel, coal, machine, chemical, building material, textile, light industry and railway in " big leap forward " ?
26) Why did the means of " small industries, indigenous methods and mass movements "and of " putting the equipment and installations into action death-defyingly " become the two big epidemic diseases in various kinds of industries in the " big leap forward " ?
27) What were the causes of the failure of the " big leap forward " ?
28) What were the functions of many editorials, those propagandized the " big leap forward " to the utmost, of The People‘s Daily ( Renmin Ribao ) ?
29) Could the culture and technology on low level be used to make the "miracles " of " big leap forward " ?
30) What were the lessons of developing the local industries with the way of " big leap forward " ?
31) What would that the thought of subjective idealism plus the political power without any restrictions have brought about to China ?
32) The " big leap forward " made China paying a disastrous price and expensive " tuition fee " . But has it aroused the Chinese people from sleep ?
3. FLYING TO NEW SPACE
1) When did the difficult period begin to turn ?
2) Had the original " 2nd 5 " plan been accomplished in 1962 ?
3) What kind of the historical role did the Tenth Plenary Session of the Eighth Party Central Committee of CCP have played ?
4) Why did the State Planning Commission which worked after the existence of the " Petty Planning Commission " work out a plan with too low and conservative goals ?
5) Did the economic development of China in 1963---1965 have the nature of restoration ?
6) How were each industries in 1963---1965 ?
7) What sorts of new industrial departments emerged in China in 1963---1965 ?
8) Why did the system of great industry which just be founded in China step into a very tortuous path immediately ?

Above questions were totally
translated by LI Zhining ,
the author of this book ,
but not an interpreter .