吃激素药发胖怎么办:2011中考英语备考:初中语法复习(2)

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单数
   
    含义 some
   
    any no
   
    none / / each
    
    (every) one either,
   
    neither so the other,
   
    another 复合不
   
    定代词
   
    不可数
   
    含义   much little,
   
    a little all / / / / /
   
    复数
   
    含义   many few,
   
    a few  ones both  others,
   
    the others
   
    ※ 注:复合不定代词有12个:something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything
   
    (任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(没事),nobody(没有人), no one(没有人), everything(一切), everyone(每个人), everybody(每个人).
   
    (1)some和 any 的用法:
   
    some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数名词或不可数名词。如:I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他们有朝一日会去那儿)
   
    some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。如:Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡吗?)
   
    any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如:They didn’t have  any friends here. (他们在这里没有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有问题要问吗?)
   
    any 用于肯定句时,意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(随便带什么朋友来吧。) (2)no和none的用法:
   
    no是形容词,只能作定语表示,意思是“没有”,修饰可数名词(单数或复数)或不可数名词。如:There is no time left. Please hurry up.(没有时间了,请快点) / They had no reading books to lend.(他们没有阅读用书可以出借)
    
    none只能独立使用,在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语,意思是“没有一个人(或事物)”,表示复数或单数。如:None of them is/are in the classroom.(他们当中没有一个在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的书,但没有一本是有趣的)
   
    (3)all和both的用法:
   
    all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词;也可用来代替或修饰不可数名词。
   
    both指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。all和both在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。如:I know all of the four British students in their school.(他们学校里四个英国学生我全认识) / --Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要这个还是那个?两个都要。)
   
    all和both既可以修饰名词(all/both+(the)+名词),也可以独立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名词(复数)”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如:All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都调皮)
   
    (4)every和each用法:
   
    every是形容词,只能作定语修饰单数名词,意思是“每一个”,表示整体概念;
   
    each是形容词、代词,可用作主语、宾语、定语等,意思是“每个”或者“各个”,表示单个概念;each可以放在名词前,可以后跟of短语,与动词同时出现时要放在“be动词、助动词、情态动词”之后或者行为动词之前  (7)many和much的用法:
   
    many意思是“很多”,与可数名词复数连用;much意思是“很多”,与不可数名词连用。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语等。如:I don’t have many friends here.(在这里我没有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(许多人在公交车祸中丧失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的帮助之下我们能学到很多)
    
    many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of;  many / much用于肯定句时可以在前面加上so、very或too.如:  There are a lot of people on the playground.(操场上有许多的人)/ They haven’t got much work to do.(他们没有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房间里人太多了。)
   
    (8)few、little、a few、a little的用法:
   
    few、little意思是“很少几个”、“几乎没有”,有否定的意思,a few、a  little意思是“有几个”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ;few、a few与可数名词连用或代替可数的事物, little、a little与不可数名词连用或代替不可数的事物。它们在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如:
   
    He is very poor and he has little money.(他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(别着急,还有一点儿时间呢。) / In that polar region there live few people.(在那个极地地区几乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以从他那儿弄到一些糖果)
   
    (9)复合不定代词somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 构成的,叫做复合不定代词,在句子中当单数使用。
   
    somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中;anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中。修饰复合不定代词的定语,应放在它们的后面。如:Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,丽丽,门外有人。) /Di(每个人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上个星期天你来学校时见到什么人了吗?)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天没有多少事情做)
   
    (10)one与ones用来代替上文的一个或多个人或事物,前面可以加冠词、形容词、指示代词、which等。如: Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夹克,这件还是那件? / I don’t like the green ones.(我不喜欢绿色的那些)
   
    (11)so可以代替一件事情,作句子的宾语或表语。如: I don’t think so.(我认为不是这样的。) / He lost a book.  So did I.(他丢失了一本书,我也是。)
   
    (12)a lot of、lots of、a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的区别:五个“名词+介词”短语都表示“大量,许多”,a lot of(或lots of)既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式,可以相应地换为much和many;plenty of“足够、大量”,既可以修饰不可数名词也可以修饰可数名词的复数形式。 a number of / large numbers of只可以修饰可数名词复数形式(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用复数形式)可以换为some、many、a lot of、plenty of。 a great deal of只可以修饰不可数名词(它修饰的词作主语时谓语用单数形式)可以换为much。
   
    如:A lot of people think that time is money.(许多的人认为时间就是金钱。) / I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不着赶忙,因为我有充足的时间。) / I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要写) / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在购物方面我花费了大量的时间/金钱。)
   
    (13)none、no one、nobody的区别:no one和nobody都表示“没有人”,仅指人,后面不跟of 短语,作主语时谓语用单数形式;none表示“没有一个人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短语,作主语时谓语可用单数也可用复数。如:No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(没有人知道他是怎样搞到那张票的) / Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天没有一个人交作文。) / None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天没有一个朋友来看我。)

    
    every和each都用作单数理解,但是下文中既可以用单数的代词(如he/him/his)也可以用复数的代词(如they/them/their)替代。如:Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每个学生学习都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他们很忙,人人都有事干)
   
    (5)either和neither的用法:
   
    either意思是“两个中间的任何一个”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“两个都不”。
   
    neither和either在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语等,都用作单数。如:I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,两个之中随便哪个都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公车去还是坐轿车去?一个都不坐,我坐火车去。)
   
    (6)other、the other和another的用法:
   
    other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有复数形式。在句子中可作主语、宾语和定语。another意思是“另外”、“又一个”,表示增加,在句中可作宾语和定语。如:
   
    Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大苹果树下唱歌,别的就躺在草地上说话)  /  You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已经吃了好几块饼子了,你真的还要一块?)  /  I want another four books.(我还要四本书)
   
    another(另外的,再一,又一)与the other(另外的一个) 主要从数量上区分,只有两个时用the other,在原先基础上增加用another。如: This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(这是你的一只袜子,还有一只呢?) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已经吃了4块蛋糕,但是我还要以块。)
   
    others与the others的主要区别:others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如:A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有几个学生在踢足球,其他一些人在观看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十个男孩中有两个站着,其他人都围着他们坐着。)
9、相互代词:表示相互关系的词叫相互代词
   
    each other ,one another是相互代词,译成“互相”,可以通用。each other表示两者之间,而one anther表示许多人之间。它们有所有格形式each other’s ,one another’s。如: We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我们身处困境时要互相帮助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他们坐在那儿,互相都不说话。)
    
    10、疑问代词:用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词。
   
    1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能用whom。如:
   
    Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀请了谁参加你的生日聚会的?) / What does she want to be when she grows up?(她长大了想干什么?)
   
    2、who 和whom只能独立使用,其中who可以作句子的主语、表语或动词的宾语,whom只能作谓语动词的宾语;而what、which、whose等既可以独立使用作主语、表语和宾语,也可以与名词构成疑问短语。如: Who is that man?(那男的是谁?) / What colour are their hats?(他们的帽子是什么颜色?) / Which car was made in Germany?(哪辆车是德国造的?)(被动句)
   
    注意这个提问:The man in the car is my father.(车里的男人是我父亲)
   
    →Which man is your father?(哪个男人是你的父亲?)
   
    3、which除了可以询问指代的情况之外,还可以针对说明人物的时间、地点、岁数、颜色、大小、状况等进行提问。如:People there live a very sad life.(那里的人生活凄惨) →Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄惨?)/ --Which hotel have you booked for your holiday?(为了度假你预订了哪家旅馆?)—The biggest one in Haikou.(海口最大的那家旅馆)
   
    4、疑问代词不分单复数,视它所替代的人或事物决定单复数,但是通常用单数;如果修饰名词,则以名词的单复数为准。如:Who is (are) in that playhouse?(谁在游戏房里?) / What is that? (那是什么?)/ What are those? (那些是什么?) / What colours do they have?(它们有哪些颜色?)
   
    四、数词:
   
    1、分类:数词有基数词和序数词两种。英语的数词可以作句子的主语、宾语、表语和定语。
   
    2、基数词:表示数目的词叫基数词。

2、[注]:(1)百位与十位之间要加and;十万位和万位,亿位和千万位之间通常也要加and。
   
    (2)英语用千、百万等单位计数,大数字从右向左看, 每隔三位划一逗号,倒数第一个逗号之前要用thousand,倒数第二个逗号之前要用million,倒数第三的逗号之前要用billion表示。
    
    (3) hundred、 thousand、 million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one, two, …等其它数词。用作名词时复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如:five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), millions of(成百万的)
   
    3、序数词:表示顺序的数词叫序数词。
   
    1、 英语的序数词基本变法:
   
    (1) 一般在基数词后加th,(2)-ve结尾的改为-fth,(3)-ty结尾的改为-tieth,(4)熟记特殊词。
   
    2、序数词如下:
   
    1st
   
    2nd
   
    3rd
   
    4th
   
    5th
   
    6th
   
    7th
   
    8th
   
    9th
   
    10th
3、注:(1)两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词,其余部分仍用基数词。如:thirty-sixth,
   
    (2) 使用序数词时一般加定冠词the. 如:I’m in the third grade.
    
    (3) 序数词作“几分之几”讲时,有复数形式。如:1/5→one fifth ; 2/3→ two thirds ; 4/7→ four sevenths ; 1/2→ a half ; 1/4→a quarter ; 3/4→ three quarters ; 50%→ fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).
   
    4、数词的用法:
   
    1、表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.
   
    2、表示日期: 12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.
   
    3、表示时刻: 5:15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8:30→ eight thirty或half past eight ; 10:45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.
   
    4、表示编号:Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen; P.5→Page Five; Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine
   
    5、小数的读法:5.7→ five point seven,  0.16 →zero point one six.
   
    6、“半”的表达: 1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour, 1.5小时→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.
   
    7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。如:The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三课相当难)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我们把课文读第三遍,好吗?)
   
    五、冠词
   
    1、冠词分类及读法:
   
    英语中冠词有不定冠词和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。定冠词the读法:单独念时读[Ti:],在句子中常发[Ti ](元音之前)或者[T[](辅音之前);
   
    不定冠词a/an的读法:单独念时读 [ei ]/[An ];在句子中常发 [[]/[[n]。
   
    2、不定冠词a / an的用法:
   
    不定冠词a / an用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面; an用在元音开头的词的前面。
   
    不定冠词的基本用法:
   
    (1) 表示某一个人或东西,但不具体说明何人或何物。如:There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)
   
    (2) 表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如:A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人强壮多了。)(不能译为:一头大象比一个人强壮。)
   
    (2) 表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如:He is a teacher of English.(他是英语教师。)
   
    (4) 表示“一”这个数量。如:There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那个餐厅里有一张桌子和四把椅子。)
   
    (5) 几个用不定冠词的习语:a bit(一点), a little(一点), a few(几个), a lot (许多), a kind of(一种), a pair of(一副、一双), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一张、一片), half an hour(半小时), have a good time(玩得开心), have a cold(感冒), make a noise(发出嘈杂声), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一会儿,等等。
 3、定冠词the的用法:定冠词the用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。
   
    定冠词的基本用法:
   
    (1) 表示特指的人或事物。如:The man with a flower in his hand is Jack..(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)
    
    (2) 指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如:Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,请看黑板。)
   
    (3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(树下有个人,  那个人叫罗伯特。)
   
    (4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如:The earth turns around the sun.(地球绕太阳旋转。)
   
    (5) 用在表示方位的名词前面。如:There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(长江以南地  区将会刮大风。)
   
    (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如:Who is the first one to go?(谁第一个去?) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)
   
    (7) 常用在乐器名称的前面。如:He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)
   
    (8) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如:I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)
   
    (9) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如:He is from the United States of America.(他来自美利坚合众国)
   
    (10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如:The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下个月格林一家要去峨眉山)
   
    (11)same之前一般用the。如:Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去长得一样)
   
    (12)几个用定冠词的习语:at the same time (与此同时),make the bed(铺床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(顺便说一下),on the way(在路上)等等。
   
    4、一些不用冠词的情况:
   
    (1) 专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如:China is a very large country.(中国是个大国) / Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)
   
    (2) 名词前已有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如:My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)
   
    (3) 周名,月名或季节名前一般不用。如:He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他们通常在山上植树)
   
    (4) (第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如:Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)
   
    (5) 三餐饭前不用。如:We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我们在家吃早饭,在校吃午饭)
   
    (6) 节、假日前一般不用。如:On Children’s Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在儿童节,这些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)
   
    (7) 球类名词前不用。如:The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子们星期六下午踢足球)
   
    (8) 城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如:They are now at People’s Cinema.(他们此刻在人民电影院)
   
    (9)  一些习惯用语中不用。如:⑴ at / to / from / out of / after / for school; ⑵ in / to / for / after class; ⑶in / to / out of / into bed; ⑷ after / at/ from / out of / to work;  ⑸ at / to sea; ⑹ in / from / down / to town; ⑺ at / from home; ⑻ at / for / to breakfast/lunch/supper; ⑼ at night/noon/midnight; ⑽ on foot; ⑾ go to school/bed; ⑿ on top of; ⒀ in front of; ⒁ on show/display/duty/watch; ⒂ in / out of hospital; ⒃ at all; ⒄ on/in time; ⒅ at first/last/once; ⒆ in Chinese/English,etc.; ⒇ take care of
 六、形容词、副词:
   
    1、形容词:用来说明或修饰名词、代词的词称为形容词。
   
    1、形容词的句法作用:作句子中名词的定语、句子的表语以及宾语补足语。
    
    2、形容词在句子中的位置:
   
    ⑴作定语时放在名词的前面,且音节少的词放在音节多的词之前。如:a big yellow wooden wheel(一个黄色的大木轮)
   
    ⑵作表语时放在连系动词之后。如:The price sounds reasonable.(这个价格听起来算是合理)
   
    ⑶作宾语补足语时放在宾语之后。如:We must try our best to keep our environment clean.(我们必须尽力保持我们的环境清洁)
   
    ⑷后置的情况:
   
    ①修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如:Something serious has happened to him.(他发生了严重的事故)
   
    ②与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如:He’s 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球离地38万公里)
   
    3、有关形容词的用法辨析:
   
    ⑴ whole与all:记住两个词序:① the whole + 名词; ②all (of) the + 名词。如:He was busy the whole morning.(整个早晨他都很忙) / He can remember all the words he learns.(他能记住学过的所有单词)
   
    ⑵ tall与high, short与low:指人的个子时用tall与short;指其他事物时一般用high与low。如:He’s very tall/short.(他个子高/矮) / Tall trees are standing on both sides of that avenue.(大道的两侧有高大的树木) / A few people live on high mountains.(少量的人住在高山上)
   
    ⑶ real与true:real一般指东西的真假,译为“真的”;而true则指事情或消息的可靠性,译为“真实的”。如:This is a real diamond(钻石) and it’s very expensive.(这是货真价实的钻石,非常贵) / --Is that true?—Yes. I heard it with my own ears.(那真实吗? 是的,我亲耳所听)
   
    ⑷ interested与interesting的区别:interesting指人或东西“有趣的”,作定语或表语,而interested则表示人对别的事物“感兴趣的”,只能作表语。如:The man is very interesting and all the children like him. (这个人很有趣,孩子们都喜欢他)/ This book is interesting and you can really enjoy yourself.(这本书很有趣,你会真正获得享受) / I am interested in science.(我对自然科学感兴趣)
   
    ⑸ such用法: such + a(n) + 名词(单数)(+that从句)。如:I have never seen such a foolish(愚蠢的) boy.(我从来没有见过这么蠢的男孩) / He had such a terrible accident that he could never forget it.(他遭遇了这么可怕的事故,他永远也不会忘记)
   
    ⑹ good与well:表示“好”时,作定语或表语用good,作状语用well;表示“(身体)好”时用well.如:Doing sports is good for us.(进行运动对我们有益) / Study well and make progress every day.(好好学习,天天向上) / --How are you?—I am very well.(你好吗?我很好。)
⑺ nice与fine:的区别:nice表示令人愉快的,可以指东西、人物外表等;fine一般指身体或天气好。如:Let’s go and share(分享) the nice cake.(我们去分享那块美味的蛋糕吧) / She is a nice girl.(他是个漂亮的姑娘) / What a fine day!(多好的天气!) /He’s fine recently(最近).(近来他身体不错)
    
    ⑻ too much与much too:too much表示“太多的”,修饰事物数量;much too表示“太过,过分”,修饰形容词或副词。如:I am full because I have had too much rice.(我饱了,因为我吃了太多的米饭) / That coat is much too dear.(那件大衣太贵了)
   
    ⑼ quick、fast与soon:quick与fast基本同义,quick往往指反应速度快,fast往往指运动速度快,而soon则表示时间上很快即将发生。如:After a quick breakfast, he hurried to school leaving his bag at home.(匆匆地吃过早饭,他朝学校赶去,却把书包忘记在家) / A train is much faster than a bus.(火车比公共汽车快得多) / His father will be back to China very soon.(他父亲很快就要返回中国)
   
    ⑽lonely与alone:lonely是表示心理活动的形容词,意思是:“孤独的,寂寞的”,作定语或表语;alone的意思是:“独自的,单独的”,指无人陪伴,仅作表语,(作为副词的alone可作状语)。如:He lives alone but he doesn’t feel lonely.(他一人独住,但是并不感到孤独)/ He is a lonely person. You can not easily get on well with him.(他是个孤独的人,你要和他相处好实在不易)
   
    ⑾ other与else的区别:两个词都可以作形容词,但是用法不同,other放在名词前;else修饰不定代词、疑问词、little、much,后置,另外,or else表示“否则”,是连词。如:The other students are on the playground.(其他学生在操场上) / Who else can work out this maths problem?(还有谁能解出着道数学题?) / This is nobody else’s money. It’s mine.(这不是别的什么人的钱,是我的。) / Do you have anything else to say for yourself?(你还有什么要为自己说的吗?
   
    ⑿ special与especial的区别:表示事件不同寻常、过分或特殊时,两个词可互换,但special较为常用。另外,special还可以表示特别的目的。如: She pays (e)special attention to clothes.(她非常注重着装) / These are special chairs for small children.(这些是专门给小孩子的椅子)
   
    ⒀ gone、lost、missing的区别:gone表示“丢了,没了”,含一去不复返的意思,也可以表示“死了”,作表语或宾补,不可以作定语;lost表示“丢失”,含难以找回的意思,可作定语、表语或宾补;missing表示“失踪了,不见了”,强调某人物不在原处,可作定语、表语或宾补。如:My fever(高烧) is gone, but I still have a cough.(发烧消退了,但我仍然咳嗽) / The parents found the lost child at last.(家长终于找到了迷路的孩子) / My dictionary is missing.Who’s taken it away?(我的字典不见了,谁拿走了?) / For more detailed information(详情) of the missing girls, please visit our website(网址).(如果想知道失踪女孩们的详情,请访问我们的网站)
   
    ⒁ living、alive、live、lively的区别:四个词都来源于动词live“生活、居住”。
   
    living读[‘liviN]有三个意思:①“活着的、现存的”,作表语或定语,②“一模一样的、逼真的”,③相当于lively,意思是“强烈的、活泼的”;
   
    live读[laiv],指东西“活的”,可以替换为living;
   
    alive读[[‘laiv]作表语,指人“活着的”,如果作定语,则放在名词的后面;
   
    lively读[‘laivli]有三个意思:①有生气的、活泼的、快活的,②(色彩)鲜艳的,③生动的、真实的。
   
    例如:A living language should be learned orally(口头上).(活的语言应该从口头上学)(被动句) / We have a living hope that you will succeed.(我们强烈地希望你能成功) / Is she still alive?(她还活着吗?) / They are the happiest children alive.(他们是活着的最开心的孩子) / This is a live fish.(这是条活鱼) / A live wire(电线) is dangerous.(有电的电线是危险的) / She is as lively as a kitten(小猫).(她像小猫一样可爱) / He gave a lively description of the football match.(他生动地描述了那场足球赛)
   
    ⒂ sick与ill区别:sick和ill都表示“生病的”,但是,sick可以做定语、表语,而ill只能做表语。如:He has been ill/sick for a long time and he is very weak now.(他病了很久,现在非常虚弱) / Vets help treat sick pets and most of the pets’ owners like them.(兽医帮助诊治患病的宠物,很受宠物主人们的喜爱)
   
    ⒃ the poor(穷人们) / the rich(富人们)等用法:“the+形容词”这一结构可以表示一类人物,复数含义。如:We must try our best to help the poor.(我们应该尽力帮助穷人们) / The rich never know how the poor are living.(有钱人哪知穷人怎么过日子)
 2、副词:用来说明事情发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义或说明其它形容词或副词程度的词叫做副词。
   
    1、副词的分类:(见下表)
    
    时 间 副 词 频度副词 地点/方位副词 程度副词 方式副词 疑问/连接副词 其他副词
   
    today, tomorrow, once, here, there, very, too, well, how, too, also,
   
    yesterday, now, twice, home, below, enough, hard, where, nor, so,
   
    then, early, late, always, anywhere,  rather, quite, alone, when, as, on,off,
   
    once, soon, just, usually, above, outside, how, so, fast, why, either,
   
    tonight, long, often, in, inside, out,  much, just, together, whether yes, no,
   
    already, yet, before, sometimes, back, up, down, nearly, only suddenly, however, etc. not, neither
   
    ago, later, ever since never, away, off, far, almost, hardly, -ly结尾 关系副词 maybe,
   
    after, whenever (seldom), near, nearby, as long as等, 的副词 where, perhaps,
   
    first, someday, ever, wherever even, all,   why, how certainly,
   
    sometime, last,   everywhere, a little, a bit   when,
   
    2、副词在句子中的位置以及作用:
   
    ⑴作状语:
   
    ① 时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾,注意,early、late、before、later、yet等一般放在句尾,already、just一般放在动词的前面。如:We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他们去过英王国两次) / Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路)
   
    ② 频度副词:一般放在be动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但sometimes、often等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually可放在句首,once可放在句尾,twice、three times等一般放在句尾。如:Sometimes I get up early.(我有时起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭) / Take this medicine twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次)
   
    ③ 方式副词:一般放在行为动之后,suddenly可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如:Old people can hardly walk as quickly as young people.(老年人几乎不可能走得和年轻人一样快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光)
   
    ④ 地点副词:一般放在句尾,但here、there还可放在句首。如:There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).(在那里,你可以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动) / The frightened wolf ran away.(受到惊吓的狼逃开了)/ He walked out quietly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回)
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