聚氨酯做的口罩安全吗:高中高三英语下册高考复习教学知识点归纳总结,期末测试试题习题大全

a great/good many: a large number of许多。修饰可数名词复数。
I'm quite busy. I have a great many things to do. 我很忙，我有很多事要做。若复数名词前有限定词或其修饰的为代词时，应加of .
①A great many of the books have been sold out. 已经卖了很多书了。
②A great many of them are out of work.他们很多人失业了。
able(可以的，有能力的，可能的)
①He is an able man.那人本事不小。
enable(v)使……能
②We must learn more to enable us to face all the difficulties.我们要多学知识以便能面对各种困难。
disable:有残疾的，不能干的；the disabled表示一类人（残疾人）
able作词辍时
①可以……的，值得……的（有被动含义）
eatable可食用的，measurable可以测量、估计的；readable可读的
②其他含义：conformable舒适的、安逸的；suitable 合适的，恰当的
above,over,on
三个词都可以表示"在……上"，但用法不同。On表示与某物体表面接触；over表示在某物体垂直的上方，含"布满、覆盖、跨越"之意，与under 相对；above表示位置高于，但不一定垂直，与below相对。注意：与数字、数量、长度词连用时，多用over,同more than。如：over10,000people一万多人；表示年龄、刻度多用above，如a man above fifty五十开外的人；above zero零度以上。
习惯用语：well above average远在一般以上；above sea-level海拔以上；the one above上面的一个；above all首先，尤其重要的是；over there 那边； all over 遍及；over again 再一遍；over and over再三地
[应用]介词填空
①There lay an umbrella_______the table and some raincoats _____it.
②The mother held an umbrella______the boy's head so that the sun wouldn't burn him.
③ There seemed to be a war and many planes were flying____the city.
④The moon was______the trees in the east.
Key:①on,under ②over ③over ④above
above all 首先，特别是，最重要的是
after all 到底，毕竟
at all (用来加强语气)与not连用，表示"一点也不，完全不"。
in all  总共
all but 几乎，差点没（=almost,nearly）
①We have all but finished the work.
②The day turned out fine after all.
③Children need many things ,but above all they need love.
④He wasn't at all tired.
⑤Do you feel ill at all(真的，确实)？
⑥There were twenty in all at the party.
accident/event/ incident
event一般指重大事件。accident多指意外或偶然发生的事故，特别是不幸的、有损害性的事故。incident相对于accident来说，显得不很重要，指"小事件"，它还可以用来表示"事变"，如叛乱、爆炸等。如：
The broadcaster is broadcasting the news on current events.广播员正在播报时事新闻。
He was badly injured in the traffic accident.在那起交通事故中，他严重受伤。
There was an incident on the bus: a man fought with the conductor.那辆公共汽车上发生了一件事，有个人和售票员打了起来。
Have you heard of Xi'an Incident?你听说过"西安事变"吗？
admit vt.①接纳，许可……进入（allow sb./sth.to enter）
He was admitted to the school this year.Only two hundred boys and girls are admitted to our school every year.
②承认，后可接名词，doing、从句或复合结构。
I admit my fault.She admitted having read the letter.He admitted that his comprehension was weak.You must admit the task to be difficult.
advice建议；劝告。是不可数名词，"一条建议"应用a piece of advice。常用结构。give sb.advice(on)/give advice给某人提（关于……的）建议；忠告某人。ask(sb.)for advice征求（某人的）意见。
①Marx gave us some good advice on how to learn a foreign language.关于如何学好外语，马克思给我们提了些好建议。
②If you take /follow my advice,you'll pass the exam.如果你听从我的建议，你会考试及格的。
③Let's ask our teacher for some advice.咱们征求一下老师的意见吧。
admire（= respect / praise）vt.羡慕，钦佩，夸奖
admire sb.（for sth.）佩服某人某事
Visitors to Beijing greatly admire our Palace Museum. 去北京的游人极其羡慕我们的故宫。
I admire him for his wisdom.我佩服他的智慧。
对比：envy（= jealous）vt.嫉妨，羡慕
envy sb.（sth.）嫉妒/羡慕某人某事
We all envy you your good future.
我们都很羡慕你的好运。
advise sb. to do sth.建议某人做某事（suggest不这样用）。
①I advise you to take the chance.我建议你抓住机会。
②-What do you advise me to do?你建议我怎么办？
-I advise you not to lose heart; just keep on.我劝你不要灰心，继续干。
advise 还可同suggest一样，后接名词、代词、动名词（短语）和that从句（用虚拟语气）作宾语。
①-What would you advise?你有什么建议吗？
-I advise you an early start我建议你早点出发。
②I advise holding a metting to discuss the problem.我建议召开一次会议来讨论这个问题。
③I advise you (should) go to once.我建议你马上去。
advise ，persuade
persuade sb. to do sth.意为"说服某人做某事"，强调劝说成功，说服；advise sb. to do sth. 意为"劝说某人做某事"，不涉及劝说是否有效，相当于try to persuade sb. to do sth.。如：
The doctor persuaded my father to give up smoking.医生说服我爸爸戒了烟。
The doctor advised my father to give up smoking, but failed.
医生劝我爸爸戒烟，但没成功。
advise; suggest
advise 与suggest 都可作"建议"讲，二者用法有同有异。
(1)相同点
表示建议做某事，advise与suggest都可采用下列三种句型:
① + 名词
② + 动名词
③ + that从句（从句中常用should加动词原形，should可以省略。）
eg. He advised/ suggested an early start.
He advised/ suggested (our) starting early.
He advised/ suggested that we (should) start early.
(注：只要是用从句表示建议该做的事，从句中就可用"should+动词原形"，should可以省略。)上面的第三句可转化为：
It was suggested that we (should) start early.
What he suggested was that we(should) start early.
His suggestion was that we (should) start early.
(2)不同点
①advise后可以跟人称代词作宾语，而suggest后不可以跟人称代词作宾语。故可以说：
advise sb. to do sth.; advise sb. against (doing) sth.; advise sb. on/ about sth.; suggest(to sb.)that...
前三种结构中不可将advise改为suggest，如：
他建议我们去参观博物馆。
[正]He advised us to go to visit the museum.
[误]He suggested us to go to visit the museum.
[误]He suggested us that we go to visit the museum.
②suggest还有"暗示、表明、说、指出（一个事实）"的意思。此时从句中用陈述语气，不用虚拟语气。如：
The smile on his face suggested that he was pleased.
Having examined carefully, the doctor suggested that the patient was seriously ill.(句中suggest陈述了一个事实，故用陈述语气。)比较：
Having examined carefully, the doctor suggested that the Patient be
operated on at once.(句中suggest表示建议该做某事，从句中用should加动词原形，should在从句中省略。)
affect（=have an effect on sth.）vt.影响（effect n.影响）
This may affect your health.
这或许会影响你的健康。
My throat is always affected by bad weather.
我的嗓子总是受恶劣天气的影响。
afraid
1)"be afraid of+名词"，意为"害怕"。
2）"be afraid of doing sth"意为"担心，害怕……"。
3）"be afraid for…"意为"为……担心。"
4）"be afraid that…"意为"担心，恐怕"。
5）"be afraid to do "意为"害怕，担心而不敢做某事"。
6）I'm afraid so/not.恐怕是这样/恐怕不会这样
[应用]完成句子
①女孩子一般都怕蛇。
Girls are usually______ _____snakes.
②他怕把杯子打碎，因而很小心。
He was careful because he was afraid______ _____the glass.
③你不为自己的安全担心吗？
Are you afraid_______your safety?
④恐怕她会迷路。
I am _____  _____she will lose her way.
⑤汤姆把钱丢了，也不敢告诉他母亲。
Tom lost the money and was afraid________ ______his mother.
Key:①afraid,of ②of,breaking ③for ④afraid,that ⑤to tell
again and again = time and time again = over and over = over and over again再三地
The old man thinks of his happy past again and again.
这位老人再三地想起他幸福的过去。
age
(1)n.年龄，时代，时期
The old man died at the age of 80/when he was 80 years of age/when he was 80 years old.
那位老人80岁时去世了。
He is young for his age.
就他的年龄而论，他是年轻的。
What is the age of the church?
这座教堂多少年了？
He was the greatest poet of the age.
他是那个时代最伟大的诗人。
(2)vi./vt. 变老
He is aging fast. Worry ages a man.
他老得很快。忧虑令人老！
I found him greatly aged.
我发现他老多了。
拓展：（1）adj. aged……岁的，年老的
a boy aged ten 一个10岁的男孩
an aged man老人
(2)人生的七期
baby→infant→child→youth→manhood→middle age→old age
婴儿/0→幼儿7→儿童12→青年28→壮年40→中年65→老年
agree 同意。常用桔构：
(1)agree on 对……取得一致意见或达成协议,一般表示原双方共同商讨以后达成协议的名词)。主语必须是两者以上。也常用被动语态，表示"（某事）是大家都同意的"。  如：
①They agreed on the date for the next meeting.对下次会议的日期他们达成了一致意见。
②At last,the plan was agreed on. 最后，这项计划通过了。
③I don't agree with you to this arrangement, but perhaps, after a discussion we will agree on this project.我不赞同你在这件事的安排，但或许在协商之后我们可以就这个工程达成共识。
(2)agree to 同意；赞成。to 为介词，后接表示"建议；办法；计划"等名词。
①Do you agree to my plan?你同意我的计划吗？
②The headmaster has agreed to our suggestion for the holiday.校长同意了我们度假的建议。
(3)agree with同意；赞成。后接sb. 或what 从句。
I agree with you ,but I don't agree with what he said.我同意你的意见，但我不同意他所说的。另外，agree with还有"与……相适应/相一致"的意思。
The climate here doesn't agree with me .我不适应这里的气候。
(4)agree to do sth.同意、答应做某事。
Do you agree to go with us if we agree to lend you some money?如果我们答应借钱给你，你同意和我们一起去吗？
ahead短语归纳
go ahead朝前走，请便（同意对方继续干或同意对方的请求）；go ahead (on)with… 继续；ahead of在……前面，早于，优先；ahead of time提前
[应用]完成句子
①他朝前走去看看发生了什么事情。
He ________ ________ to see what had happened.
②我可以坐这个座位吗？请坐吧。
May I take this seat?________ _______.
③汤姆的数学比玛丽好。
Tom is ________ _______ Mary in maths.
④她比我早到2个小时。
She arrived two hours _______ _______me.
⑤他们已提前三周完成了设计。
They have completed the design ________ _______ ________ _______time.
Key:①went,ahead ②Go,ahead
③/ ④ahead,of
⑤three,weeks,ahead,of
alive,living,live,lively,lovely区别
1)lovely意"可爱的"，"美好的"如：
a lovely day 美好的一天   a  lovely girl 可爱的女孩
2)alive 意为"活着的、有活力的",是表语形容词，可修饰人、物；
在句中做表语宾补和或后置定词，不能用作前置定语。如
He was alive when he was taken to the hospital.他被送往医院时还活着。
Although he is old, he is still very much alive.
虽然年老了，但他仍十分活跃。
The fish is still alive/living.那条鱼还活着。
Keep him alive, please.请让他活下去吧。
He is the only man alive in the accident.他是事故中惟一活着的人。
After the war , he remained alive .战后他还活着。
Those alive will gather here. 活着的人将在此相聚。
3)living 意为"活着的、有生命的"，主要用于作前置定语及冠词the 之后表示一类人，也可用作表语，可修饰人或物。如：
a living plant   活的植物
The living will go on with the work of the dead.活着的人将继续死者的工作。
all living things所有生物 the living 在世者，活着的人们
Latin is not a living language. 拉丁语不是现代使用的语言。
He is still living at the age of 95.95岁了他还活着。
4)live [laiv]
（1）（动、植物）"活的"，"有生命的"，"活生生的，主要用来说鸟或其它动物，作前置定语；如：a live fish一条活鱼 a live tiger  一只活老虎
(2)实况的，现场直播的；如：a live report现场报道a live show/broadcast/TV program现场转播的表演/实况广播/现场直播的电视节目
living有精神的，活泼的，快活的，轻快的
Her grandfather is still living at the age of 93.
她爷爷已经93岁了，仍然健在。
5)lively 意为"活泼的"，"有生气的", 生动的
"生动的"，可用作表语、定语，指人或物。如：a lively child  活泼的孩子
a lively discription  生动的描述如：
a lively mind 活跃的头脑   a lively discussion 热烈的讨论a way of making one's classes lively   使课堂生动的方法
He told a lively story about his life in Africa.
他讲述了一个有关他的非洲生活的一个生动故事。
Young children are usually lively.
年轻人通常很活泼。
all the same adj.都一样；无所谓（to+n.）
①You can stay or leave now;It's all the same to me.
②It's all the same to me whether we'll go there today or tomorrow.
adv.仍然，还是
Thank you all the same.
all the year round 全年，一年到头
In the west coast of Canada,it rains all the year round.
allow与permit
1)用法相同
allow / permit sb .to do sth .允许某人做某事
allow / permit doing sth . 允许做某事。此时动词只用ing 形式。
反义词forbid 具有同样用法。
2)意义有异同
许多情况下可换用，只是词意的强弱上有差异。allow语意较弱，含有"听任"，"默许"，"不加阻止"的意思；permit 语意较强，强调"正式认可"，"批准"的意思。如：
The nurse allowed him to remain there ,though it was not permitted.
护士让他留在那里，虽然这时（规定）不允许的。
amaze vt.使……惊奇 = astonish, surprise
The news amazed us greatly.这条消息使我们感到很惊奇。
拓展：（1）amazed人对……感到吃惊的；amazing（某物）……信人吃惊的。
They were all amazed at the amazing news.
听到这个令人吃惊的消息他们感到惊讶。
(2)amazement n.
to one's amazement令人吃惊的是
To my amazement, they have gone to Xishuangbanna.
让我奇怪的是，他们去西双版纳了。
类似短语：to one's happiness/excitement/sadness/puzzlement
使某人高兴的/兴奋的/伤心的/迷惑的是
and so on : etc 等等。用来表示列举，但又不一一列出。
He knows five foreign languages, English, French, Japanese and so on.他懂5种外语，如英语、法语、日语等等。
announce, explain, introduce, declare后面不接双宾语，若以人作宾语常置于to后。如：
The president announced to the workers the sad news.
The president announced the sad news to the workers.
总裁向工人宣布了那不幸的消息。
He introduced the new comer to everyone here.
他把新来的那个人介绍给这里的每个人。
report to sb.向某人汇报：report sth/sb.to sb.向某人汇报/告诉。
[应用]单句改错
①The teacher explained his students how to use the computer.
②No one declared us we could not smoke here.
Key:①explain后加to    ②declare后加to
another day/the other day/some day/one day
another day 可表示近期将来的某一天，意为"改天"，也可表示过去将来某一动作或状态延续的"又一天"。如:
She is coming another day instead of today. 她今天不来，改天来。
You may do it another day.
你可以改天做这件事。
He stayed there (for) another day/another two days after I lift.
我离开后他在那又待了一天/两天。
the other day 相当于a few days ago,意为"几天前、某天、那天、不久前"，句中用一般过去时。如：
I met her in the street the other day.几天前我在街上碰见过她。
I bought the watch the other day.这手表我是几天前买的。
some day指将来"总有一天、有朝一日、终将、（日后）某一天"，谓语动词用一般将来时.如:
Your wishes will come true some day.总有一天你的愿望会实现的。
Some day you'll have to pay for what you have done.
总有一天你要为你的行为而付出代价的。
one day可以表示"（过去）某一天"，谓语动词常用一般过去式；也可表示"（将来）某一天"，这时可与some day互相代替，谓语常用一般将来时。如：
One day I went to see my first teacher ,but he happened to be out.有一天，我去看我的启蒙老师，可碰巧他出去了。
He will understand the teacher one day/some day.将来有一天，他会理解老师的。
anxious, eager
两个词均有"渴望，急于"之意。anxious 着重指焦急、着急或担心；而eager着重指对成功的期望或进取的热情。两者都多用作表语，其主语通常是人，不能以无生命的事物作主语。对比：
He is eager to join the army.他渴望参军。
He is anxious to know whether he has been chosen.
他急于知道是否被选上了。
常用搭配：
①be anxious to do sth.渴望急切地做某事；
be anxious for渴望（了解、得到）；
be anxious about担心，对……感到不安
②be eager to do sth.急切地想做某事；
be eager for (about, after)渴望，渴求，
be eager for your help渴望得到你的帮助；
be eager about peace渴望和平
①学生们都急切地想知道考试结果。
The students ________ ________ ________ ________ the results ofthe examination.
②那个小男孩渴望得到一台新录音机。
The little boy was ________ ________a new recorder.
③我很担心我儿子的健康。
I'm ________ ________my son's health.
④他殷切希望女儿的成功。
He is __________ _________ his daughter's success.
Key:①are, anxious(eager),to ,know
②anxious(eager)，for
③anxious, about
④eager, for(about, after)
apologize for doing sth.
apologize是不及物动词，意为"道歉"，其表达式为"apologize to sb.for sth."。如：
You must apologize to your sister for being so rude.
它的名词形式是apology, 复数形式是apologizes.
make one's apologies to sb. for sth.= make an apology to sb. for sth.如：
He make his apologies to me for coming late.
appear
As a result, it appered to scientists on earth that the stars had moved.因此，地球上的科学家看来，恒星好像是移动了。
句型：It appears/seems(to sb.) +that-clause.看来/似乎是……
①It appears to me that something is wrong.我看好像有点不大对头。
②It appears that he will the prize.看来他会得笑。
appear;seem;look
appear, seem, look都有"看起来似……"之意，但其暗含意思和用法又各有不同。
从意义上讲：
(1)appear强调外表给人的印象，有时含实质上并非如此的意思，如：
He appears to know more than he really does。他看起来好像懂得很多。（其实懂得没有那么多）
(2)seem暗示有一定根据的判断，这种判断往往接近事实，如：
His health seems to be better.
他的健康状况似乎有所好转。
(3)look着重由视觉得出的印象，如：
He doesn't look his age.
他看起来比实际年龄年轻（或老成）。
从用法上讲：
seem和appear后可加
(to + be)+表语(adj.或n.或prep.)
+to v.
It + ~ +(that)从句如：
He seems/appears（to be）very sad today.
=It seems that he is very sad today.
It seems like years since I saw you last time.
He seems a kind doctor.（=It seems that he is a kind doctor.）
He seems/appears to have caught a cold.
=It seems/appears that he has caught a cold.
look当"看起来似乎…和as if从句。如：
He looks strong.
She looks like her mother.
It looks as if we are going to miss the train.…"讲时，可接形容词、过去分词、名词、介词短语
area; district
（1）area表示"地区、区域"，是普通用词，暗示一个较大的，可能是没有清楚界限的地区，不能用来指行政上的地理单位。如：
The old man lives in a mountain area.这位老人生活在山东。
This is a less developed area.这是个欠发达地区。
Most of the large land areas are connected.多数大块陆地是相连的。
（2）district表示"区、地区、区域"，指为行政管理或选举之目的所分的区。在同一城市，各种性质不同的区域也叫district。如：
Where is the District of Columbia?哥伦比亚特区在什么地方？
The old man used to work in the jin-Cha-Ji Military District.那位老人曾经在晋察冀军区工作。The northeast part of the city is the residential district.这城市的东北部是住宅区。
Arm
take…in one's arms
该结构意为"拥抱"。如：
He went into classroom, taking some books in his arms.
As a child….:As/When he was a child…，小的时候，该句型中的as为连词，意为"在……的时候"，引导时间状语从句。当从句与主句主语一致，且从句谓语为be时，可将从句主语及be省略。
①Even as(he was)a student,Professor Smith showed great interest in maths.甚至上学的时候，史密斯教授对数学就很感兴趣。
②As(he was)a boy,he liked playing table tennis with the grown-ups.小时候，他就喜欢和大人们打乒乓球。
as a result 作为结果，结果（发生某情况），可置于句首，也可置于句末
She got up very early. As a result, she was able to catch the early bus.
她起得很早，因此她赶上了早班车。
He has won the game. He is in high spirits as a result.
他赢了比赛，所以他精神高昂。
He runs every day .As a result , he has lost weight .他每天跑步，结果他减肥了。
as a result of 作为……的结果，as a result of……的结果是
As a result of exercise , he has built up his health.
The flight was delayed as a result of typhoon.该次班机因台风而延误
result in = lead to 导致，造成……结果，如：
Hard work results in success.努力终归成功。
(= Success results from hard work.成功来自努力)
Hard work results in success. 勤奋才会成功。
result from 由……产生的结果，如：
Success results from hard work. 成功来自勤奋。
His illness resulted from overwork.  他的病起因于操劳过渡。
as…as
as many as 和……一样多/多达；as much as 和……一样多/多达（注意：many指可数的量，much 指不可数词的量）；as high as 和……一样高/高达；as thick as 和……一样厚/厚达；as long as 一样长/长达;as deep as 一样深/深达；as early as 一样早/早在……时候，如：
We have as many books as they.我们的书和他们的一样多。/The great fire burned down as many as twenty buildings.大火烧毁的大楼多达20座。
[应用]汉译英
①新桥与旧桥一样长。/这种鱼可长到长达15英尺。
②这座山和远处的另一座一样高。/这座山高达4000米。
Key:
①The new bridge is as long as the old one./The kind
of fish can grow as long as 15 feet.
②This mountain is as high as another one in the distance./This mountain is as high as 4,000 metres.
as…as possible:as…as one can尽可能地…….
①I'll come back as soon as possible.我尽可能地……
②Get up as early as possible tomorrow morning. 明天早晨尽量早起。
as...as...用法小结
（1）...as+形容词（副词）原级+as...;not as/so+形容词（副词）原级+as...
Their factory is as large as ours.他们的工厂和我们的一样大。
I study as hard as you.我和你一样用功学习。
He doesn't get up as/ so early as his parents.他不像他父母那样早起床。
（2）……倍数 +  as + 形容词（副词）原级+as...
Line AB is 3 times as long as Line CD.=Line AB is twice longer than/3 times the length of Line CD.线段AB是线段CD长的3倍。
（3）as + 形容词 + a/an + 单数可数名词 + as; as + 形容词+复数名词 + as
She is as good many records as possible.我们需要尽量多的唱片。
There is as much sugar in it as eight pieces of sugar.其中的含糖量相当于八块方糖。
I have't got as much money as I thought.我没有原来想象的那么多钱。
（5）as much/ many as多达……，……那么多
On Sports Day, during the relay race, you will use most of all, perhaps as much as 650 calories an hour.在运动会上，进行接力赛跑时，你消耗的能量最多，可能每小时多达650卡。
As many as 700 different languages are spoken in Africa.非洲有多达700种不同的语言。
He didn't catch as many as he'd hoped.他没有捉住预想的那么多。
（6）as...as possible; as... as one can
The teacher should write the words on the blackboard as carefully as he can. =The teacher should write the words on the blackboard as carefully as possible.老师在黑板上应尽可能仔细地把字写好。
Please be as friendly as possible to your friends.=Please be as friendly as you can.请对你的朋友尽可能友好。
（7）as...as + 年代数字/名词
As early as 1950 I knew him.早在1950 年我就认识他了。
He walked as far as the post office.他步行到邮局。
（8）as/so far as I know
As/ So for as I know, he will be away from home for 3 months.就我所知，他将要离家3个月。
（9）as soon as-……就……
Please let us know as soon as you arrive in Bejing.一到北京，请通知我们一声。
（10）as well as 和；也；还有
He gave me money as well as advice.他除了给我忠告外，还给我钱。
He studies French as well as English.他不但学习英语，而且学习法语。
（11）as/so long as 只要；如果
You may use that dictionary as long as you take care of it.只要你好好保存，你可以用那本词典。
as a matter of fact=in fact事实上、实际上……
It seems easy,but as a matter of fact,it'll take us a long time to work it out.
这道题貌似简单，实际上要解出的话很费时间。
区别下列用法
1)as(so)far as 和……一样远，远至（原级比较或表示距离）；就……来讲
2)as(so)long as 和……一样长（原级比较）；只要（引导条件
状语从句）
3）as well as和……一样好；既……也……（连接并列成分）
4）as good as和……一样好；事实上（作状语）
[应用]完成句子
①他们实际上已经答应帮助我们了。
They have ________ _______ ______ promised to help us.
②油漆后的这辆自行车和新的一样。
Painted, this bike is _______ _____ ______ a new one.
③小李英语说得和汉语一样好。
Xiao Li speaks English  ______ ______ _____ she speaks
Chinese.
④他和他的父母对我都很好。
He _______ ______ ______his parents is kind to me.
⑤晚饭后我们一直到走山脚下。
After supper we walked _______ ______ ______the foot of the
hill.
⑥就我所知，他将离开两个月。
______ ______ ______I know, he'll be away for two months.
⑦只要努力，你一定会成功。
________ _________ ________you work hard, you'll succeed in
time.
⑧这座新建的桥据说和旧的一样长。
This newly - built bridge is said to be _________ ________
_________the old one.
Key:①②as good as;③④as well as ⑤as far as  ⑥As, far,as ⑦As/so,long,as ⑧as,long,as
as if可用as though替换，在此引导表语从句，另外它们也可引导状语从句，从句既可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。如：
①It looks as if /though it's going to rain.（陈述语气）
②You look as if you'd seen a ghost.（虚拟语气）
as is the case with = as with ……就和……的情况一样
As is the case with his mother, he is fond of music.
跟母亲一样，他喜欢音乐。
As with human, animals also love their babies.  同人一样，动物也爱它们的幼仔。
as good as
as good as 作为固定词组意为"几乎一样"，"实际上等于"，作为同级比较结构，意为"和……一样好"。如：
①He is as good at English as me.
②My bike is as good as yours.
…as it is
该固定词组表达意思是"就以（现在）这个样子，""根据现在的情况"。如：He decided to buy the house as it is.
as long as/so long as只要
(1)引导条件状语从句
You may borrow the book as / so long as you keep it clean.
只要你不把书弄脏，你就可以借。
You will succeed so long as you work hard.
只要你努力就会成功。
As long as you study hard, you'll make great progress.
只要你努力学习，你就会取得很大进步。
(2)和……一样长
This rope is as long as that one.这条绳子和那条一样长。
This bridge isn't so/as long as that one.这座桥和那座不一样长。
(3)长达……（表时间）
The old couple have been living in the small town as long as 50 years.
这对老夫妇已在这个小城镇里住了长达50年。
as well/ as well as
as well 表示"也"，是副词短语，用作状语，通常放在句末，也可放在主语之后，相当于too,但一般无标点符号与句子隔开.as well as 通常看作一个复合并列连词,连接两个成分相同的词、短语或句子，表示"既……又……，不但……而且……"当它连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数要与第一个主语保持一致。如：
The children learn to read, write and they play games as well.孩子们学习读书写字，他们也做游戏。
With television,we can see a picture as well as hear sound.
利用电视,我们既能听到声音,又能看到图像.
Tom,as well as his parents,likes pop music.
汤姆以及他的父母都喜欢流行音乐。

as;which引导定语从句异同
as, which 都能引导限制性或非限制性的定语从句。
(1)在引导限制性定语从句时；
①which从句修饰的先行词是名词（词组），which可与that换用，作宾语时可省去。如：
Then grow some tomatoes in one box which has plant food in the soil and some in another box which doesn't.
But the studios(which)he started are still busy today,producing
more and more interesting films.
②as从句的先行词是the same/such或被the same/such修饰；as可作主、宾、表语，一律不可省略。如：
Many of the sports were the same as they are now.（as作表语）
He uses the same map as I (use).他和我用的是同一份地图。（as作宾语）
Such as beautiful park as is being built was designed by two young engineers.正在建造的如此漂亮的公园是由两个年轻的工程师设计的。（as作主语）
The printed newspaper was not such as the chief editor had expected. 印好的报纸并非如主编原来所期望的那样。（as作宾语）
(2)在引导非限制性定语从句时，as,which都可作主、宾、表语，都不可省去。
①which从句补充说明先行词的用途、性质、状态、特征等。如：
At present,the biggest nature park for milu deer in China is in the Nanhaizi Milu Park,which is about 20 kilometres south of Beijing.(位置)
China Daily has plenty of advertisements, which help to cut
the costs of making the newspaper.(用途)
One of Charile Chaplin's most famous films was"The Gold Rush",which was made in 1925.(时间)
Now, however,the maters of this great lake,which is also the
World's deepest(over 1,740 metres),have been dirtied by waste
from a chemical factory.(特征)
②which从句还可表示说话人的看法，也可对主句作意义上的补充；which=and it/ this/ that/ they;which代表的是先行词、主句或主句的一部分；which从句只能放在先行词或主句后。如：
He said she could speak 4 foreign languages, which(=and it)is not true.他说她会四门外语，这是不可能的。（说话人看法，which代表宾语从句部分）
比较：He said she could speak 4 foreign languages, which(=and that)surprised every one of us.他说她会四门外语，这使我们每个人都很惊讶。（补充主句，which 代表主句）
Leaves are turning yellow, which means autumn is coming.  树叶正在变黄，这意味着秋天就要来了。
③as也可代表先行词、主句或主句一部分。但as有"正如"的意义，其从句可放在主句前或后，如：
The Nanjing Changjiang River Bridge,as we all know, was compl-
eted in 1969.我们都知道南京长江大桥，它建成于一九六九年。（as代表先行词）
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.(如)你们许多人（所做的那样）对事实视而不见是愚蠢的。（as代表主语部分）
As we know, the earth is round.  我们知道，地球是圆的。
ask for 要求，请求
ask sb.for sth.向（某人）请求 （要求）……
She asked for some advice on how to learn English well.
at表示速度、价格、利率
at a high/low price以高价/;低价；at 40 miles an hour 以每小时40英里的速度；at a high/low speed以高速/慢速；at an ordinary speed 以普通速度；at full/top speed以全速/高速；at a speed of 以……速度。
[应用]完成句子
①公司决定以较低的价格将这批电视卖掉。
The company decided to sell the TV sets _   __ _   __ __   _        。
②火车正以每小时150英里的速度前进。
The train was running ______ _____ ______ _______150 miles an hour .
Key:①at, a, low, price②at,a, speed,of
"at+名词"表示"在进行，从事"
at work 在工作；at table在吃饭；at play 在做游戏；at sea 出海；at university/college在上学;at night school在上夜校；at dinner/table在吃饭；at peace处于和平状态；at war在交战，在打仗
[应用]完成句子。
①别人在工作，不要吵闹。
Don't make any noise while others are ______ ________.
②孩子们在游戏，而他们的父母正在吃饭。
The children were ______ ________ while their parents were_______ _______.
Key:①at, work
②at,play,at,dinner
at last, in the end, finally
三者均有"最后、终于"的含义。
finally常用于动词之前，表示人们长期以来期待的某事最后实现了，也可指一系列事物或论点的顺序。例如：
Ａfter putting it off three times,we finally managed to have a holiday in Greece.经过三次延期之后,我们终于在希腊度了一次假。
Ｔhey talked about it for hours.Finally,they decided not to go.他们谈论了几个小时，最后决定不去。
at last 有时可与finally互换，但往往用于一番拖延或曲折之后，语气更强烈。例如：
When at last they found him, he was almost dead.当人们最终找到他时，他已经奄奄一息了。
James has passed his exams at last.詹姆斯终于通过了考试。
in the end指经过许多变化、困难的捉摸不定的情况之后，某事才发生。例如：
We made five different plans for our holiday, but in the end we had a summer camp again.我们制订了五种不同的度假方案，但最后我们还是选定了再来一次夏令营活动。
at (the) least 至少；最少。反义词组为at (the)most至多；最多。
-Mr Smith looks older than his real age.In fact,he is at (the)most 40 years old.史密斯先生很显老，实际上他最多40岁。
-Oh, really?I thought he was 50 years old at (the)least.噢，真的吗？我以为他至少50岁了。
at the beginning of 在……初（开头），可指时间与空间。如：
at the beginning of term 在学期开始
at the beginning of the book 在那本书的开头
at the beginning 单独用时间at first，也可说in the beginning.
比较：at the end of 在……末（尽头）      at the end 在末尾处
in the end 最终，同at last       in the middle of 在……中期
from beginning to end 从头至尾
at the doctor's
该结构为介词+名词所有格，意为"在诊所"。所有格-'s后一般接名词，如her mother's bike ,但有时这个名词可省略，主要表现在以下两个方面：
①指一个企业，机构，教堂，学校，医院，家庭，理发店，店铺时。如：
She is at the hairdresser's.
②为了避免重复，省略-'s后的名词。如：
I have read some of Shaw's plays,but none of Shakespeare's.
at the last moment在最后关头
at the moment 此刻；正在那时 for a moment片刻；一会儿for the moment 目前，暂时in a moment立刻，马上
at the top of在……的顶部，上方
at the top of a mountain在山顶
She is (at)the top of her class in French.
at the top of one's voice高声地，尖声地
at war
该介宾词组意思是"处于战争或交战状态"。在句中常作表语。如：
The U.S.A.and Iraq are at war again.
at, with, through表原因
三个介词都可表示原因，at表示听到或看到的原因；with表示人体外部的原因；through 强调自身的原因。如：be sad at the news听了这个消息而悲伤；be frightened at the sight看了那个情景而害怕；jump up with joy高兴地跳了起来；turn red with anger气得脸红；shake with cold/fear冻得/害怕得发抖；with pleasure高兴地；with pride 骄傲地；with satisfaction满意地；make the mistake through his carelessness由于粗心而出错；be put into prison through no fault of his own 没有任何罪过被关进监狱。
[应用]汉译英
①听到这个消息，全国人民处于悲哀之中。
②孩子们高兴地跳了起来。
③由于大意他犯了这个错误。
Key:①At the news, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
②The children jumped up with joy.
③He made the mistake through his carelessness.
at work; out of work; after work
这三个以work为中心词的介词短语，在意思和用法上均不相同。
(1)at work表示"在工作、在上班"，作表语或状语。例如：
They are both at work today.今天他们俩都在上班。
His father had an accident at work last week.上周的父亲在工作时出了事故。
(2)out of work表示"失业"，是介词短语，相当于lost one's job或be unemployed。例如：
If you don't work hard, you'll be out of work.如果你不好好工作就会失业。
You'll be out of work if you keep coming late.如果你老是迟到，你会失业的。
(3)after work表示"下班后"，作时间状语。例如：
What do you usually do after work?下班后你经常干什么？
I visited Mr Liu after work yesterday.昨天下班后我看望过刘先生。
attempt
(1)n.尝试；企图。
①He made an attempt to learn to ski.他尝试着学滑雪。
②He failed in attempt at climbing up the mountain.他企图爬上这座山，却失败了。
(2)vt.尝试；企图。
①She attempted to learn Japanese.她试图学习日语。
②The prisoner attempted an escape.那犯人企图逃走。
12.keep out of = keep sth.(sb.)out of不使入内；不牵涉进去。
①Warm clothing will keep the cold out.保暖的衣服可御寒。
②Keep out of their quarrels.不要参与他们争吵。
attention  短语
pay attention to sth.  注意某事
draw one's attention(to sth.)  引起某人的注意
be worth one's attention  值得某人注意
bring one's attention to sth.  叫某人注意某事
average短语归纳
average 可用作名词，表示"平均数，一般水平"，也可作形容词，表示"平均的"。如：
the average of the pay 平均工资；above/below the average 平均以上/以下；
the average age of the girls姑娘的平均年龄；
the average temperature平均气温；
on(an,the)average平均起来
[应用]完成句子
①这个厂的工人平均每月收入700元。
_________ _________，one worker in this factory gets 700 yuan
every month.
②他的功课一般以上。
He is_________ _________ in his lessons.
Key: ①On, average    ②above, average
awake,wake
①awake用作及物或不及物动词，表示"叫醒，唤醒；醒来"；而wake表示相同意义时，必须与up连用，对比：
The noise awoke me./The noise woke me up.
嗓音把我闹醒。
She usually awakes at six in the morning./She usually wakes up at six in the morning.她通常早上6点醒。
注意：awake 不与up连用；wake up 的宾语是人称代词时必须置于两个词之间。误：wake up him正：wake him up
②awake 还可用作形容词，只用作表语或后置定语，不能用作前置定语。其反义词是 asleep.如：
Is he awake or asleep?他睡着了还是醒着？
Anyone awake heard the sound.任何醒着的人都听到了那个声音。
注意：wide/fully awake 完全醒着；sound/fast/deeply asleep熟睡
[应用]完成句子
①他醒来时，他母亲在他的旁边。
When he_______,his mother was beside him.
②我彻夜未眠，一直在考虑这个问题。
I have lain_______all night thinking of the problem.
③他突然醒了，好象有人叫他的名字。
He ________ ________suddenly,as if someone had called his name.
④她睡着的时候谁也叫不醒他。
No one can_______ _______ ________when she is asleep.
Key:①awoke ②awake ③woke up ④wake,her,up
battle, war, fight, struggle
war指战争的总体；battle指war中的战斗或战役；fight指具体的人与人之间或动物之间的争斗；struggle指长时间、激烈的争斗，多指肉体、精神上的战斗。对比：
We have had two world wars in this century.本世纪已有两次世界大战。
They were wounded in the battle.他们在战斗中受了伤。
We have started a fight against pollution.      我们已开始了一场消除污染的斗争。
His life was a hard struggle with sickness.他一生跟疾病作了艰苦的斗争。
[应用]英译汉
①in time of war           ②be at war
③declare war on…         ④fight a battle
⑤give/offer battle        ⑥have a hand-to-hand fight
Key:①战时      ②交战，在打仗
③对……宣战      ④打一仗 挑战
⑤肉搏战
伴随状语可用现在分词也可用过去分词
He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased.
本句有三个并列谓语，looking 部分为伴随状语。
例题  1）He held up his finger ,_______ a face and nodded his head.
A．making                   B. made
答案：B.此题有and ，需连接并列结构，所填词的形式应与前后保持一致。
2) He sat there in silence, _______sad and doing nothing.
A. looking                     B. looked
答案：A.此题and 之后ing形式，其前面也应该用ing形式，而不能与前面的sat并列。
3)He sat there in silence ,______ nothing.
A.doing              B.did
答案：A.此题才是在逗号之后，需要伴随状误。
4)He set out early, ________ there on time .
A.arriving                         B. and arrived
答案：B.此题两种选项从形式看都有可能，但根据意思看，"到达"并不伴随"出发"的动作，而是明显地有先有后。
5)He made a smile, _____ with the result.
A. satisfying                       B. satisfied
答案：B.伴随状语可用现在分词也可用过去分词，此处表示"感到满意"的一种状态，而satisfying表示令人满意的，此时的satisfied是过去分词，而不是过去式。
be about to do sth. 正要、即将做某事。是将来时的一种表达方式，表示最近的将来。
①I was about to go to bed when he called.我正要去睡觉，这时他打来了电话。
②When I saw Tom, he was about to get on the bus.我看到汤姆，他正要上汽车。
注意：be about to 通常不用于带有具体时间状语的句子，但可用be going to 表示。
①Hurry up! They are about to start.快点！他们就要走了。
②Hurry up! They are going to start at 10 o'clock.快点！10点钟他们就要走了。
be ahead of
该词组有两层意思，一是"优于"，"超过"；二是"比……早"，"在……的前面"。如：
He is well ahead of all the other students in English.
be angry with sb.生某人的气。
be angry at/about sth.因某事而生气。
①Don't be angry with me for my being late?不要因为我迟到而生我的气。
②What are you angry about?你生什么气？
③He was angry at being kept waiting for so long.让他等了这么久，他很生气。
be certain…; be sure
be uncertain about意思是"对……不确定（没把握）"
uncertain的词根是certain,意思是"确信的，有把握的"，常用于以下结构：
(1)be certain(sure) to do sth."肯定会做……"（表示某事将要发生）。如：
He is certain(sure) to come next Sunday.
(2)be certain(sure) of/ about sth."确信、有把握"（表示某个人的思想状态）。如：
We are certain/ sure of victory.
(3)名词从句作主语时，一般多用certain.
It is certain that he will come.
be different from与……不同
Your idea is different from mine.  你的想法和我的不同。
对比：make sb./ sth. different from使某人/某物不同于……
Her special accent makes her different from others.  她特殊的口音使她与众不同。
be familiar with,be familiar to
be familiar with的主语是有生命的事，意为"某人对人、事熟悉"；be familiar to 的主语是无生命的事物，意为"某人/事为某人所熟悉"，对比:He is very familiar with the names of plants in English.他很熟悉植物的英语名称。Suzhou and Hangzhou are familiar to many foreigners.苏州和杭州为许多外国人所熟悉。
I'm not familiar with European history./European history is not familiar to me.我对欧洲历史不太熟悉。
注意：be familiar with/to   还表示"精通、通晓"
如：French is as familiar to him as English.他对法语就象对英语一样精通。
[应用] 一句多译
①这些事实是每个学生都熟悉的。
②她精通4种语言。
Key:
①These facts are familiar to every schoolboy./Every shoolboy is familiar with these facts.
②She is familiar with four languages./Four languages are familiar to her.
be filled with = be full of 充满，装满  如：
The bottle is filled with water .瓶子里装满了水。
注意：Filled with courage , he went into the cave .此处filled 表示"充满了的"指处于一种状态。
比较：be crowded with 挤满的，与be filled with 有所不同。如：
The room is crowded with guests.房间里挤满了客人。
此外，fill作为动词可用其主动形式，亦可构成另外短语。如：
Fill the bottle with sand .把瓶子装满沙子。
Fill in the blanks .填空。
be full of…→be filled with…充满…
①The classroom was full of students.教室里挤满了学生。
②Her eyes were full of tears.她眼泪汪汪的。
be likely to 易于……；有可能的.
后跟动词不定式，往往用在一时的情形。
I shall be likely to catch cold if I go out tonight without my overcoat.
如果今晚不穿大衣出去，我会感冒的。
Is that magazine likely to interest you?
那本杂志对你有吸引力吗？
be of…结构小结
(1)be of + 表示年龄（age）、大小（size）、颜色（color）、重量（weight）、高度（height）、价格（price）、意见（opinion）、形状（shape）、种类（kind）和方法（way）等名词，说明主语的特征，of表示"具有"之意，有时可省去。例如：
They are both of middle height.他俩都是中等个儿。
When I was of your age, I was a teacher.当我是你这个年龄时，我当老师了。
These flowers are of different colors.这些花朵颜色不同。
Tom is of a different way of thinking.汤姆的思维方式与别人不同。
注意：此结构中，如果of后面的名词前有不定冠词a/an，则a/an=the same.例如：
The two boys are of an/the same age.这两个男孩同龄。
These bottles are of a/the same size.这些瓶子大小一样。
(2)be of + 物质名词，表示主语是由某材料制成或某成分构成，相当于be made of, be built of或be made up of等。例如：
The necklace is(made)of glass.这项链是玻璃制的。
The bridge is (built)of stone.这桥是由石头构筑的。
Our class is (made up)of over 50 students. 我班有50多个学生。
(3)be of + 抽象名词（如value, importance,use, help等），of表示"具有、具备"等意思，of不能省，这一结构相当于be+该抽象名词相应的形容词。例如：
They are of great help/ very helpful to learners of English.他们对英语学习者来说是很有帮助的。
In fact, sports and games can be of great value/very valuable.事实上体育运动是很有价值的。
The book is of no use/useless to us.这书对我们无用。
It is of great importance/very important to study English.学习英语很重要。
因此，根据上述(1),(2)点可以看出，课文句中第一个be of 结构表示"具有"，第二个be of(承前省去be)表示"由……制成的"。全句汉语意思为："硬币的大小、重量、形状可能各不相同，并由不同的金属制成。"
be on
on 表明所处的状态，意为"为……工作，在……服务"可用be a member of, work for, belong to 替换。
I'm on the school team.我属于校队。
She is on Times newspaper.她在时代报社工作。
[应用]完成句子，上下句同意
①Which team do you belong to ?
Which team______you_____?
②She is a member of the city team.
She______ ______ the city team.
Key: ①are,on ②is, on
be out; put out
be out 指"（灯、火）熄灭"，强调状态。 put  out 意为"熄灭、扑灭" ，强调动作。如：
Is the fire out ?
Office workers tried to put out the fire, but it was impossible to control it.
be remembered as…作为……而被人们怀念
He will always be remembered as a national hero.
be seated
意为"坐下"（=sit down）,是正式用语，而sit down是非正式用语。如：Please be seated, ladies and gentlemen.
be up to
to是介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。这一短语有以下几个常用意思：
（1）从事于、忙于，有时含有"密谋干坏事"之意。如：
What is he up to now?他现在在干什么？
He is up to no good.他没干好事。
（2）由……负责，常用It作主语。如：
It's up to you to decide whether to go or not.是去还是不去由你决定。
It's up to us to give them all the help we can.我们理应尽力帮助他们。
（3）胜任、适于。如：
He is not up to his work.他不胜任他的工作。
（4）直到、以至。如：
up to now 直到现在
Between the hours of midnight and 6 a.m.，the hurricane crossed the southeast corner of England with winds of up to 160km/h.从午夜时分到清晨6点之间，飓风横扫英格兰的东南角，风速高达每小时160公里。
because;because of
二者均表示"因为"，区别是：
because是从属连词引导原因状语从句；而because of是一个合成介词，其后接名词、代词、动名词或what从句组成介词短语。如:
I went back not because of the rain,but because I was tired.我回去不是因为下雨，而是因为我累了。
Her face turned red because of what he said.他的话使她脸红了。
become experienced at对……有经验
experienced adj.有经验的，老练的
be experienced in
He's very experienced in money matters.
experience n.经验，体验（in(of)/doing）
My father has ten year's experience in teaching.
beeline n.两地之间的直线；捷径（指蜜蜂采蜜后径直飞向蜂房，这条路叫beeline）
（1）make a beeline for sb./sp.走近路；走直路；向……直行
As soon as the meeting was over, he made a beeline for the pub.
会议一结束，他就直接上了酒吧。
If you want to catch up with them, you'd better make a beeline for them.
如果你想赶上他们，你最好抄近路去。
（2）in a beeline 成直线地，笔直地
The pupils went to the museum in a beeline.
孩子们直接走向博物馆。
believe in（=trust/trust in）信赖；信任；信仰
Tom is honest. I believe in him.
汤姆很诚实，我信赖他。
He doesn't believe in anybody in the world.
在这个世界上，他不相信任何人。
We believe in socialism.
我们信仰社会主义。
①We believe in Marxism.
②You can believe in him.
③We believe in our government.
对比：believe sb.相信某人的话是真的。
I believe what he said this time though he often tells lies.
尽管他经常撒谎，可这次我相信他的话是真的。
belong to属于
无被动结构，也不用进行时态。下列单词和词组也无被动形式：appear, disappear, happen, take place, break out等。
The house belongs to him.这所房子归他所有。
The book belongs to my deskmate.
这本书是我同位的。
besides
作为副词，意思是"还有，而且"（moreover），常放在句首。如：
I don 't want to go out for a walk. Besides, I'm feeling tired.
beyond,prep.
（场所）在（向）……的一边，越过……，（程度）超出；（时间），超过（Δ常用于否定句）；除……之外，……以外。
①Go about 200 metres beyond the house and you will find the hotel on the left.
②I want to buy a bag beyond these clothes.
blow
①用作动词，表示"吹风，刮风"。如：
blow hard(strongly)风刮得很大；blow away the leaves吹走树叶；blow down(over)trees 把树刮倒；blow in much dust吹进灰尘；blow off one's hat吹掉帽子；blow out the candle吹灭蜡烛；blow open(风吹)开；blow up爆炸
②用作名词，表示"打击，一击"。如：be a great blow to sb.对某人是个巨大的打击；give sb.a heavy blow on the head重重地打某人的头。
【应用】完成句子
①他妻子之死对他是一大打击。
His wife's death was _______ _________ ________ ______him.
②我那顶帽子被风吹掉了。
I _______my hat __________ ___________.
③风刮得厉害，门吹开了。
The wind was ________ __________ and the door ________.
④战士们把敌人的大桥炸毁了。
The soldiers __________ __________the enemy's bridge.
Key:①a ,great, blow, to     ②had, blown, off
③blowing, hard, blew, open   ④blew, up
block
①用作名词，意为"块；街区；阻塞。"如：
a block of ice/stone/wood 一大块冰/石头/木头；two blocks两个街区；a block in traffic/a traffic block交通堵塞。
②用作动词，表示"阻塞，阻拦"。如：
be blocked by the heavy snow被大雪堵塞，block the entrance 堵塞入口；Block!(路标)此路不通！
【应用】完成句子
①道路被人群挤得水泄不通。
The road_______ _______with crowds of people.
②那家旅馆同这里隔着两条街。
The hotel is __________ _________ __________.
③他们用石块将洞口堵住。
They ________ (up)the entrance to the cave with big rocks.
④有人在妨碍我们实施计划。
Someone is _________our plan.
Key:①was, blocked   ②two, blocks,away
③blocked  ④blocking
倍数的表示法
1）…times as…as"……是……的几倍"；
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲的大小是欧洲的4倍。
2）…times +形容词/副词比较级+that:
The new building is four times higher than the old one.新楼比旧楼高4倍。
3）…times+the size/height/length/depth+of…
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月亮大小的49倍。
The ball is twice the width of our classroom.舞厅是我们教室宽度的2倍。
4）…times+what从句：
The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.现在的生产是10年前的3倍。
[应用]选择正确答案
①After the new technique was introduced,the factory
produced_____tractors in 1988 as the year before.(MET'90)
A．as twice many   B.as many twiceC.twice as many    D.twice many as
②The population of China is_____than that of America.
A.larger five times  B.five times larger  C.five times as  D.as five times
Key:①C  ②B
begin(…)with…从……开始（…）
①Knowledge begins with practice.知识来自实践。
②Let's begin(this unit) with the words and expressions.咱们从单词和短语开始学（这个单元）。
besides/except/but
besides用作介词时,表示"除……以外还有"之意，即所除去的东西要包括在内。用作副词时，表示"此外，而且"
except表了"除……之外"所除去的东西不包括在内。
but只能用在no,all,nobody,anything,anywhere等词之后。
如：Besides knowing some Greek,she was fluent in Italian.她除了懂些希腊语之外，意大利语也说得很流利。
Do you play other games besides tennis?除网球之外，你还进行其他的运动吗？
It wasn't a good hotel;besides,it was very expensive.这不是一家好旅馆，况且房价也很贵。
Harrison had thought of everything except the weather.哈利森什么事情都考虑到了，惟独没有考虑到天气。
Under the soil there is nothing except/but sand.土壤下面只有沙子。
比较级 + and + 比较级
more and more countries 越来越多的国家；fewer and fewer students越来越少的学生；less and less time 越来越少的时间；more and more beautiful越来越漂亮；get thinner and thinner 变得越来越瘦；fly higher and higher 飞得越来越高；run more and more slowly跑得越来越慢，become stronger and stronger 越来越强大;
[应用]汉译英
①越来越多的人认识到学好一门外语的重要性。
②飞机飞得越来越高直到看不见了。
Key:
①More and more people realize the importance of learning a foreigh language well.
②The plane flew higher and higher until it was out of sight.
表示"大约"
about,around,some,or so均可来表示"大约"。前三个词通常放在被修饰成分之前，而or so多置于其后。如：
about one hundred students大约100名学生；
at around eight o'cloch在大约八点钟；
some twenty years ago 大约二十年前；
[应用]一句多用：这件设备重10吨左右。
Key:This piece of equipment weighs some 10 tons.
This piece of equipment weighs 10 tons or so.
This piece of equipment weighs about (around)10 tons.
表示"决心、决定做"的几个用法
1)decide to do 决定做
We decided to put off the trip to the U.S.我们决定推迟美国之行。
2)make a decision to do ：
He has made a decision to buy a new computer.
他已决定买一台新电脑。
3)make up one's mind to do
The doctor made up his mind to go abroad for further education.
那位医生决定出国深造。
4)determine to do
We have determined to get the work done before National Day.
我们已决定国庆节前完成这项工作。
5)be determined to do
He is determined to give up smoking.
他决心戒烟。
6)decide that……(从句中动词用should + 动词原形)
We decided that we should widen the road.
我们决定拓宽这条路。
[应用]一句多译：这位年轻科学家决心继续自己的研究。
Key:
The young scientist was determined to go on with his
research./He determined to go on with his research./He
decided that he should go on with his research./He made up
his mind to go on with his research./He made a decision to go on with his research./He decided to go on with his research.
表示"宁愿、想要某人做某事"
下列句型均可表示"宁愿、想让某人作某事"：would like sb.to do sth.;would prefer sb.to do sth.;like sb.to do sth;want sb.to do sth.;would rather that sb.did sth.
对比：would like/love to do sth.喜欢、宁愿做某事；prefer to do sth.宁愿做；would rather do sth.宁愿做；would like/love not to do sth.不想做；would rather not do sth.宁愿不做……；prefer not to do sth.不想做；would rather do sth.than do sth.宁愿做某事而不做某事；p11refer to do sth.rather than do sth.宁愿做某事而不做某事。
[应用]
①一句多译
我想让我儿子学医。
②选择正确的答案
Little Jim should love_______to the theatre this evening.
(MET'92)
A.to be taken          B.to take
C.being taken          D.taking
Key:
①    I would like my son to study medicine./I'd love my son to
study medicine,/ I would rather that my son studied medicine./ I like my son to study medicine./I want my son to study medicine./I would rather that my son studied medicine.
②A
表示态度、语气的短语归纳
generally speaking一般说来；strictly speaking严格说来；honestly speaking诚实地说来；personally speaking就我个人而言；exactly speaking准确地说来。to tell you the truth说实话；to be honest老实说；believe it or not信不信由你；judging from his appearance从他的相貌来说
[应用]完成句子
①严格说来，加拿大英语和美国英语并不完全一样。
_______ ________,Canadian English is not just the same as
American English.
②老实说我不赞同你的想法。
_______ _______ ________,I can't agree to your idea.
③一般地说，青年人喜欢流行音乐。
___________,young people enjoy pop music.
Key:①Strictly,speaking
②To,be,honest
③Generally, speaking
表示"没必要做某事"的4种 句型
①There be no need(for sb.) to do sth.
②It be not necessary(for sb.)to do sth.
③主语+don't/ doesn't/ didn't have to do sth.
④主语+needn't+动词原形
[应用]一句多译：我们没有必要再等了。
Key:There is no need for us to wait.
It's not necessary for us to wait.
We don't have to wait.
We need not wait.
表示"祝愿"的几种句型
①名词短语（+to you）:Happy birthday to you! 祝你生日快乐。
Best wishes for Teachers'Day.祝教师节愉快。
②All the best.祝万事如意。
All the best with your family.祝全家好。
All the best in your study/business.祝你学习/事业顺利。
③主语+wish+sb.+名词/形容词
I wish you happy.我祝你幸福。
We wish you greater progres.我们祝你取得更大进步。
④I hope+that 从句：
I hope you'll enjoy being with us.我们希望你和我们在一起很高兴。
⑤部分祈使句也可表祝愿：
Remember me to your family.代我向你全家问好。
Send best wishes to him.向他问好。
break 小结
break 一词常用搭配有：
（1）break out(战争、火灾、争吵、瘟疫等)爆发
A big fire broke out in the city last week.
(2)break away from 脱离
A carriage(车厢)broke away from the train.
(3)break the law 违反法律
Who breaks the law will be punished by the law.
(4)break in  破门而入；打断
He broke in to say that he was not interested in what I was talking about.
(5)break down 损坏；中断
Her fridge has broken down for a long time.
(6)break off 打断；结束；暂停
They were arguing(争论)but broke off when someone came into the room.
(7)break into闯入；侵入
Thieves broke into my house when I was out.
break off
该短语动词的意思是"中断说话"，"暂时停止"。如：
He broke off in the middle of a sentence.
break sth.off/break off sth. with sb.
前者意为"（使）折断"，后者意为"与某人突然断绝（关系）"。如：
The mast broke off /was broken off when the ship was moving.
break out(战争、火灾、疾病、瘟疫等的)爆发
①The American Civil War broke out in 1861.
②Fire broke out in the neighbour last night.
break out in (into)…忽然（做出）……
break out in laughter突然放声大笑
break in (强盗等)强行闯入
break into闯入；打碎（打破）成……
break up 分开，分割
bring短语归纳
bring down(风)刮倒，降低（降落）；bring up 养大，呕吐；bring about带来，引起；bring along捎来，带来，bring back 归还；bring out 拿出；bring in 赚（钱），带进，传入；bring on 端上（饭菜），引起（火灾），使……成长；
[应用]副词填空
①He felt terribly ill and brought ______ what he ate.
②Surely the new railway will bring __ many changes in this less developed area.
③Next time you come to China, be sure to bring ______your friends.
④All the library books must be brought_______ before June20.
⑤Selling newspapers brings ______ enough money for my  schooling.
⑥Enough water can bring the rice _______ .
Key: ①up ②about ③along ④back ⑤in ⑥on
bring/take/fetch(get)/carry
①bring向着说话人的地方"带来；拿来"。
②take由说话人的地方"带走；拿去"。
③fetch(get)由说话人的地方"去拿来、带来"，指往返双程。
④carry"携带；搬运；运送"，无方向性。
bring in   把……拿进来；收获；赚入……；获利
They bring in one million dollars a year from their new company.
broadcast vt.;vi.广播;播放。过去式和过去分词均为broadcast。
①The BBC broadcasts every day.BBC每天都广播。
②The news was broadcast on the radio.这个消息是收音机里播送的。
burst into tears
该动宾短语，理解的重点是不及物动词burst的意思及其分词或副词连用的结构形式和意思。
burst是及物动词或不及物动词，意为"（使）爆破"，"胀破"。如：
①He put too much air into the balloon and it burst.
②The funny joke made the children burst their sides with laughing.
burst由原意引伸出表示空发性的动作，意为"突然发生"，"突然发作"。常构成一些短语，如：
burst into tears/laughter(突然大哭/大笑)
burst into song(突然唱起歌来)
burst into angry speech（大发雷庭）
burst into bloom(开花)
burst into view/sight（景象，奇观的）突然出现
burst into the room(闯入房间)
burst out/forth laughing(捧腹大笑)
burst out/forth crying（突然大哭）
如:On hearing the sad news, she burst into tears.
Busy
be busy doing sth.
该结构意为"忙于做某事"。应注意的是be busy 后只能接动词-ing形式，不能接动词不定式to do,相同结构的形容词还有worth。如：
①He is busy writing his composition.
②She keeps busy working on a new novel these weeks.
③This book is well worth seeing.
but prep. 除…之外。与except同义，除了的部分与其他部分不在一个范围内，不具有一致性。except适用场合较多，but 主要用于带有nothing/nobody/no one/all 等不定代词的句子。
①No one except/but you was late.除你之外没有迟到。（你迟到了）
②We all went to see a film yesterday evening except/but you.除你之外作天晚上我们都去看电影了。（你没去）
③That window is open except in winter .除冬天外那窗户一直开着。（冬天不开）另外，but后可接不不定式。如果句子前面有实义动词do及其变化形式时，不定式不带to; 否则不定式带to .
①I did nothing yesterday evening but watch TV.昨天晚上除看电视外我什么也没干。
②He had no choice but to leave.他只得离开。
注意：besides 也是介词，意为"除……之外（还有）"。除了的部分和其他部分在同一个范围内，具有一致性。
①We all went to see a film yesterday evening besides you.除你之外昨天晚上我们也都去看电影了。（你和我们都去了）
②Who is going there with Tom besides you? 除你之外还有谁和汤姆一起去？
but for
该短语介词意为"要不是……"，后接名词（=without + n.）,but for…短语相当于一个虚拟条件句，因此，句中谓语动词用虚拟语气。如：
The boy would have drowned but for your help.
如果接的是句子，but for要换用成but that… 如：
He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.(= if it had not been the fact that he was…)
Buy
"我的金项链花了2500元"有多种译法：

by prep. 乘……。用来表示方式，其后的名词为单数，且不加冠词。
例如 by bike/bus/ car /taxi/train//road/railway/land/boat/ship/ water/ sea/
plane/air
但："步行"用on foot.
注意：若表示交通工具的名词前有限定词，则将by 改作in 或on.
in one's/the car/ bus/plane etc.  on the bike
by name
该介宾词组的意思是"名叫……"；"凭名字"。如：
①He met a man, John by name.
②I knew him only by name.
by one's first marriage 通过或由于某人的第一次婚姻
介词by有许多含义，在此处意为"通过"，相当于through。
He left by the first train.
他乘第一次列车离开了。
The electricity supply is operated by a switch.供电由一个开关控制。
by the age of/at the age of,by到……时为止。表示的是一段时间，句子通常用完成时态。
at在……时候。表示的是具体时间点，句子通常用一般时态。
①By the age of ten,he had learned to play the piano.10岁的时候，他就学会了弹钢琴。
②He was very clever.and at the age of 15 he went to college.他非常聪明，15岁时上大学了。
③By the end of this term,we'll have learned 2000 English words.到本学期末，我们将学会2000个英语单词。
④At the end of this term,we'll hold an English party.在本学期末，我们
将举行一次英语晚会.
call 短语
动词.call所构成的短语很多，现将在中学课上的常出现的由call所构成短语的意义和用法列出。
(1)call at 指短期访问某地：顺便去某处。
We called at the park when we stayed in the city. 我们在那个城市时顺便去了那个公园。
(2)call on的意思"正式拜访某人"；此外，它还有"号召"之意。如：
They called on the famous scientist.他们拜访了那个著名科学家。
The Party calls on us to learn from Comrade Lei Feng.党号召我们向雷锋同志学习。
(3)call to"大声呼唤、招呼、呼求"。如：
They called to us for help. 他们向我们呼求援助。
(4)call for可作"要求、需要、提倡"，还可作"邀约"解。如：
This is a problem that calls for immediate solution.这是个要求立即解决的问题。
I'll call for you then and we go there together.到时我来叫你，我们一起去哪儿。
(5)call in有"召来、召请、召进"之意。
You'd better call in a doctor.你最好请一位医生来。
(6)此外，call back有"叫回来、收回"之意；call off有"叫出去、叫走"之意；call after可作"追在后面叫喊"和"以某人的名字命名"之意。
can/may/must表推测的用法
can, may, must等都可用于表推测，但它们的含义和用法不同。
must语气最肯定，指"一定、必定"，只用于肯定句中。"must+动词原形"表示对现在情况的推测；"must + have + done "表示对过去情况的推测。如：
Mum must be cooking supper now.妈妈现在一定在做晚饭。
He must have finished his work.他一定完成他的工作了。
May/might表示"或许，可能"。如：
Tom may go abroad next year.汤姆明年可能要出国。
She might have finished the work.她可能已完成这项工作了。
He can't know the answer.他不可能知道这个答案。
can/could表示"可能，会"，我用于否定和疑问句中。如：
Could she he at home?她可能在家吗？
can,表示一时的情况，意为"有时侯会……"。
can的这种用法，只用在肯定句中。如：
Children are lovely, but they can be tiring.
Training by yourself in a game can be highly dangerous.
carry短语归纳
carry away拿走，带走；carry on(with)one's work继续工作；carry on a struggle/fight 开展斗争；carry on a big business经营大生意；carry out a plan/order/promise/instructions/one's duty/an experiment/advices/tests执行计划/执行命令/履行诺言/执行指示/履行职责/做实验/按建议办/进行试验；be carried up into space被发射升空。
[应用]介、副词填空
①It's often easier to make plans than it is to carry them______.
②Let's stop here. We'll carry________ the conversation tomorrow.
③Carry the baby _______. It's dangerous here.
④Rising costs made it hard to carry ________ the business.
⑤They decided to carry ________ though the weather was bad.
Key:①out ②on ③away ④on ⑤on
carry out 搬出；进行，实行，执行
①Would you please carry the chairs out?
②    The plan should be carried out at once.
③      It was important to carry out the work quickly.赶快进行这些工作是重要的。
④      He did not carry out his promise to us.  对我们他没有实现他的诺言。
用out构成的短语：look out向外看，小心work out算出来，实行。
leave out遗漏，忽视  take/bring out拿出来
thinking out想出  hold out伸出，支持，抵抗到底
case用法小结
(1)名词case的词意
①意为"情形、情况"。
If that's the case, you'll have to work much harder.如果是那种情形的话，你将不得不更加努力地工作。
②意为"病例、案例"。
There were seven cases of cholera.有7起霍乱的病例。
The civil case will be heard in court next week. 这一案件将于下星期审理。
③意为"箱、盒、容器"。
John bought a case of beer.约翰买了一箱啤酒。
(2)由case构成的短语
①in case意为"因为可能发生某事、以防万一"，是介词短语，在句中作状语，常可置于句尾；也可用做连词，后跟that从句(that常省略)，表示条件或目的，从句谓语习惯用should+动词原形(should常省略)或陈述语气。
It may rain-you'd better take an umbrella(just)in case(it does).可能下雨--你最好带把雨伞，以防万一。
In case(=If)he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait.
如果他在我回来之前到，请让他等一下。
He doesn't dare to leave the house in case(that)he should be recognized.他不敢出门，生怕被认出来。
②in that case意为"既然那样、假若是那样的话"，用来承接上文。
In that case, you wouldn't have a pan on fire. You'd have a house on fire！
要是那样，你就不光使锅着火，你还会把房子烧起来。
You don't like the job? In that case why don't you leave?你不喜欢这份工作？那你怎么不辞掉呢？
He may be late. In that case we ought to wait for him.他可能迟到，因此我们应该等他。
③in any case意为"无论如何、总之"。
We have to help him to pay the debt in case.我们无论如何要帮他还债。
④in no case意为"在任何情形下决不、无论如何都不"，用于句首时句子要进行部分倒装。
In no case shall I forget the expression on her face.我决不会忘记她脸上的表情。
⑤in case of sth.意为"若发生某事、如果、假如"，是短语介词，后接名词、代词、 -ing形式作宾语。
In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.遇火警时立即按警铃。
In case of rain（=In case it rains）,they can't go.要是下雨，他们就走不了了。
In case of his being absent, we'll put off the meeting till next week.如果他缺席，我们就会把会议推迟到下周。
⑥in the case of意为"至于、就……来说"，是短语介词。
In the case of your debt, I'll pay it off for you.至于你的欠款，我会替你还清的。
catch fire; on fire
catch fire 意为"着火"，表示动作。on fire 意为"着火、在燃烧"，表示状态。如：
Suddenly a pan of oil catches fire.
Soon the whole floor was on fire and it was impossible for people on the floors above to escape.
cause n.（大家为之奋斗的）事业
Helping the poor is a worthy cause.  帮助穷人是一项有价值的事业。
World peace is the cause he works for.  世界和平是他为之奋斗的事业。
cause v.导致，引起
1）接名词：cause an accident/trouble/death/a fire/a serious illness/damage引起事故/惹麻烦/导致死亡/引起大火/导致重病/造成损害
2）接双宾语：cause sb.pain/trouble/damage给某人带来痛苦/麻烦/损害
3）接复合宾语：cuase sb. to do sth使某人做某事
The sound caused me to jump back.  那声音吓得我向后退。
[应用]完成句子
①什么使她改变了计划？
What _______ _______ ______ _______her plan?
②地震使所有的楼房倒塌了。
The earthquake ________ all the buildings ________ _______.
Key:①caused,her,to,change
②cuased,to,fall
certain某（些），仅作形容词用法。
①He didn't come for a certain reason.
②A certain person called on me yesterday.
③She will do it on certain conditions.
some 也可以作此意讲，但前面无冠词
①He is living at some place in East Africa.
②I've read that story before in some book of other.
chance
1)用于短语：
give sb.a chance给某人一次机会；
have a chance to do sth.有机会做；
miss a chance错过机会；
lose a chance失去机会；
2)用于句型：
The chance is that…/ The chances are that…表示"有可能……"（句型中的The和That 可省略）。如：
The chance is (that)she's already heard the news.
可能她已听到那则消息了。
Chances are that the new machine will arrive tomorrow.
新机器可能明天到。
3）后接of 或that从句表示"可能性"。如：
He has no chance of winning the match.他不可能赢得这次比赛。
There is a chance that I will see him.我有可能见到他。
[应用]一句多译：
那里有可能藏着蛇。
The chances are that there is a snake over there.
There is a chance of a snake hiding there.
There is a chance that a snake is over there.
change one's mind
该动宾词组意为"改变主意"，其中mind常用单数形式。如：
If one always change one's mind, he succeeds in nothing.
check out清点；结账；核实；检查；开票提款
Ask him to check the information out for us.请他为我们核实一下信息。
We'd better check the whole room out in case it has been bugged .
我们最好检查一下整个房间以免有蛀虫。
The trainees checked out all right.
这些培训学员完全合格。
She checked out 6000 dollars.她提款6000美元。
come true成为现实、实现
表示变化过程的系动词有：become,get,turn,而be表状态
区别：①He became(get,turned)angry when hearing the news.听到那消息他生气了。（从不……到生气）
②He was angry, because he heard some bad news.
他生气是因为听到不好的消息。
常用的单位量词
a piece of diary一则日记；a sheet of paper 一张纸；a suit
of clothes一套服装；an article of clothing一件衣服；a crowd
of people一群人；a basin of water 一盆水;a block of wood一块木头；a cake of soap 一块肥皂；a bottle of ink一瓶墨水；a grain of sand 一粒沙子；a group of tall trees 一片高树；a team of players一队运动员；a copy of China Youth 一分《中国青年》；a drop of oil 一滴油；a loaf of bread一块面包；a pack of cigarettes一包烟；a pair of socks一双短袜；a tin of beer一罐啤酒；a set of equipment一套设备；a bucket of water一桶水；a couple of eggs两个鸡蛋；a pile of old books 一堆旧书；a bowl of rice 一碗米饭；a handful of sand一把（少量的）沙
注意：上述单位量词本身具有复数形式，亦可被具体数字修饰，句中的谓语多用复数形式。
[应用]汉译英
①搬家时成堆的旧书被卖掉。
②三条重要新闻刊登在头版。
Key:①Piles of old books were sold when we moved.
②Three pieces of important news were printed in the front page.
常用合成形容词构成形式；
(1) adj+n.+ed：cold-blooded冷血的middle-aged中年的simple-minded头脑简单的，纯朴的
The white-haired girl was named Xi'er.
那个白毛女叫喜儿。
The milddle-aged woman is warm-hearted and is always willing to help others.
那位中年妇女是个热心肠，总是乐意助人
(2) n. +pres.p.（现在分词）：English-speaking说英语的man-eating吃人的
(3) n. + adj：snow-white雪白的world-famous世界闻名的
(4)num.（数词）+n.+ed：four-legged四条腿的nine-storeyed九层的
(5) n.+ past p.（过去分词）：man-made人造的
(6) adj.+ pres. p.：good-looking好看的
(7) adv. + past. P. ：well-known著名的
chief/ main
两者都有"主要的"、"首要的"之意，但有区别。
chief 主要用于人，表示"为首的，有最高地位或权力的"。
main一般说明事与物，可指某些具体的或抽象的东西。如：
He is the chief policeman. 他是警长。
This is our main teaching building. 这是我们的主教学楼。
clear
(1)用作形容词，表示"清楚的，明白的"。如：
in a clear voice以清楚的声音；
be clear about sth.对……清楚，明白；
be clear to sb.对某人来说很清楚；
make one's meaning clear 说明自己的意思；
注意两个句型：A：make it clear that…声明，说明；B.It's (was)clear that…很明显（清楚）……。
（2）用作动词，表示"清除，清理，使干净"。如：
clear one's room/a table/a street/the desk
整理房间/收拾桌子/清扫大街/整理书桌；
clear away the dishes/waste把餐碟收走/把垃圾清除
（3）clear up 的三个意义：
A.表示"清理，收拾，解决"。如：
The dustmen were busy clearing up the snow on the road.
清洁工正在清除路上的积雪。
This book has cleared up many problems for me.
这本书给我解决了许多难题。
B．表示"（天气）转晴"。如：
It's snowing now, but I think it will clear up soon.
现在正在下雨，但是我想天气很快会晴的。
C．表示"露出喜悦的心情"。如：
Her face cleared up as she read the letter.
她看信的时候面露喜色。
［应用］完成句子
①她对下一步干什么十分清楚。
She is _________ _________what to do next.
②很清楚敌人是不会放弃他们的计划的。
________ _______ _______that the enemy wouldn't give up their
plan.
③他明确表示他要离职。
He _________ _________ ________that he would leave office.
④在离开办公室以前，请把你的桌子整理一下。
_________ ________your desk before you leave the office.
Key:①clear,about        ②It, is, clear
③make , it clear        ④Clear,up
clear up（天气）放晴，使明了，收拾整理，解决，了结
The sky cleared up just after the rain.
雨过天晴。
Don't expect me to clear up after you.
别期望我在你后面收拾东西。（收拾不要的东西）
The police haven't cleared up the murder case.
警察还没查清那件谋杀案。
His face cleared up as she heard the news.(引申义)
听到这个消息她脸上露出喜悦之情。
对比：clean up打扫干净，整理，获利，赚钱
The students cleaned up the classroom after class.（打扫干净）
下课后学生们打扫教室。
cloth; clothes; dress
cloth指做衣服等用的"衣料、布"。一般作不可数名词。如:
I put a piece of wet cloth around my face and lay on the floor for about two hours.
注：用于表达特殊用途的布，如"桌布、抹布"等时，cloth用做可数名词。如：
He washed a table cloth just now.
clothes意为"衣服"，总是以复数形式出现，泛指身上穿的各部分衣着，包括上衣、裤子、内衣、背心等。如:
Look at these clothes. They are on Mrs Green's clothes line.
注意：
（1）"一件衣服"不可说 a clothes, 应说 an article of clothing;"一套衣服"可说a suit(set) of clothes.
(2)clothes 前不可直接用数词修饰，如不可说three clothes.
(3)clothes 前可用these, those, the, many, few修饰，口语中可用much, little修饰。
(4)chothes作主语时，谓语动词只能用复数形式。
dress 可用于可数和不可数名词，用于可数名词时，常指妇女、儿童服装、内衣或外衣等公共场合穿的衣服。用于不可数名词时，统指"衣服"。该词可作动词，意为"给……穿衣"。如：
What colour is Mrs Green's dress?
He could not wash himself or get dressed.
combine; connect; join; unite
此组动词意为"联合、连接"。
combine意为"结合、联合"，指为了某一目的而把两事物结合在一起。如：
We must combine theory with practice.我们必须把理论和实践联系起来。
He combines botany with chemistry.他把植物学和化学联系起来了。
connect"连接"，指用东西把两事物连接在一起，或两事物直接相连，二者仍保持原状。
The two cities are connected by a railway. 两座城市由铁路相连。
He connected the gas stove with gas pipe.他把煤气和接在煤气炉上。
join意为"连接"，指以线、绳、桥等把两物或两地连接在一起，和connect意思相近，也可指两物互相紧密相接。如：
We had better join the island to the mainland with a steel bridge.我们最好建一座钢筋桥把这个岛与大陆连接起来。
Where does this stream join the Changjiang River?这条河和长江在哪里会合？
unite意为"联合"，指两种以上的事物结合为一体，有合二为一的意味，强调结合后的统一性。
The two companies will unite into one.这两家公司将合并成一家。
The whole family united to help him.全家齐心协力帮助他。
come about: happen 产生；发生。相当于不及物动词，和happen, take place一样无被动语态。
①How did this accident come about ?这事故怎么发生的？
②I don't know how the quarrel came about.我不知道怎么发生的争吵。
come across=meet with(meet…by chance/accident)无意中碰到，找到，想到
Perhaps I shall come across him somewhere in the park.
也许我会在公园的某个地方遇到他。
He came suddenly across an idea.
他突然有了一个好主意。
come down下来，流传下来，倒塌，没落，病倒，减价
The song comes down to us from the 10th century.（流传下来）
这首歌是从10世纪流传到我们这一代的。
The roof of the house came down during the night.
我听说计算机要降价。
come out
come out是本单元需要掌握的一个重点词语，现在我们对它们的用法作一比较全面的了解。
(1)come out(= be published)出来；出版
I'll let you have a copy of my book as soon as it comes out.我的书一出版我就送你一本。
(2)come out (= to bloom)长出；发芽；开花；（使）开花；（使）繁盛
Spring comes, the trees turn green and flowers come out.春天来了，树变绿了，花儿开了。
(3)come out (= to appear)出现；出来
Ever since then, the bat comes out only at night.从那时起，蝙幅只在晚上出来。
(4)come out(= to win…)获得（名次）
I came out first in the examination.我考试得了第一名。
(5)come out(= to become known)传出，公之于众；（秘密）泄露
The truth will come out some day.总有一天会真相大白的。
(6)come out (= to be seen, as in a photograph)（在相片等中）显示；被看见
Mary always comes out well in photos.玛丽总是很上相。
(7)come out (= to be developed)冲印；冲洗
The boss said that the photos had been come out for a long time.老板说照片已经冲印出来很久了。
(8)come out (= to be removed; disappear)去掉；消失
Would you please help me to make the ink in my shirt come out?你能帮我把衬衣上的墨水渍去掉吗？
(9)come out (to be on strike; to refuse to work)罢工
The workers came out for a pay raise.工人们为增加工资而罢工。
(10)come out (= to end in the stated way)后来发现；结果是
The answer to the question came out wrong.这个问题的答案后来发现是错误的。
(11)come out (= to express clearly)(意思)表达清楚
The meaning of his speech did not come out well.他讲话的意思不很清楚。
(12)come out (= to be counted)算出来；总计
The total expense（花费）comes out at 5000 yuan.总开支达五千元。
come to light 发现，暴露（= be discovered / exposed /found out / be brought to light）
Much more new evidence has come to light(has been discovered/has been exposed/has been brought to light),so the judges have to sentence the man to death.
新的证据不断被发现，所以法官们不得不判这个人死刑。
When the old woman died, it came to light that she was actually very rich.
老太婆死后，人们才发现她其实很富有。
common adj.共同的；一般的；公共的
A great interest in music was common to them.他们对音乐都有共同的强列的兴趣。
The common people in those days suffered a lot.当时一般民众生活都很苦。
We work for the common good.我们为了公共利益而工作。
common ,ordinary
二者都有"普通的，平常的"的意思，但侧重点不同。ordinary侧重表示"外表平凡，平平常常"；而common指"普遍存在，经常碰到"。对比：
in ordinary dress穿着平常的衣服；
in an ordinary way以通常的方式；
an ordinary - looking man相貌平常的人；
an ordinary event平常的一件事；
common excuse常用的借口；
common knowledge常识；common people普通人，老百姓；
have a bathroom in common合用洗澡间。
[应用]完成句子
①那是一首普通的舞曲。
It was a piece of______dance music.
②这种天气在南方是很常见的。
This sort of weather is quite _________in the south.
③这弟兄两个没有什么共同之处。
These two brothers have nothing ________ _________.
Key:①ordinary ②common ③in common
communicate v.
（1）vt.传达，传送，传染
communicate information/feelings/news…to sb.把信息、感情、消息……传递/传达给某人
I'll communicate the news to you directly.
我会直接把消息传达给你。
(2)vi.通讯，通话
communicate with sb.(by)用……与某人联络/沟通
We communicate with each other by telephone/letter.
我们用电话/信件彼此沟通。
拓展：communication n.[u]通讯[c]消息pl.通讯系统
Radio and television are important means of communication.
收音机和电视机是信息交流的重要工具。
Communications satellite helps the human a lot in many ways .
通讯卫星在很多方面对人类有很大的帮助。
complete, finish
二个词都有"完成"之意，但complete更突出使一切完备、没有欠缺、多指完成工程、设计等。而finish是一般用语。常用短语有：complete the work完成工作；complete the new railway 修完铁路；complete one's collection of stamps完备集邮；finish one's homework/middle school/writing the article 完成作业/中学毕业/写完文章。
注意：complete还可用作形容词，意为"完全的，彻底的、完成了的"。completely 是副词，"完全地、彻底地"。如：a complete sentence/strange/success/failure完整的句子/完全陌生/完全成功/彻底的失败。This job is completely new to me.这项工作对我来说是完全陌生的。
[应用]单句改错
①You have to finish to read the whole passage in five minutes.
②Professor Smith has been complete successful in working out the problem.
Key:
①改to read为reading,因为finish后只能接动名词。
②改complete为completely。
congratulate v.
祝贺，庆贺
常用短语：congratulate sb. on / upon sth. / doing sth.为某事向某人祝贺
congratulate oneself that…因……而自己庆幸
congratulations常用于祝贺语，后可接on，也可单独用。
I'd like to congratulate you on your success.
对你的成功我表示祝贺。
I'd like to offer my congratulations on your success.
对你的成功我表示祝贺。
You really should congratulate yourself on your appearance.
(= You really should congratulate that you are so handsome.)
你真该为自己的外表而庆幸。
对比：celebrate sth.庆贺某事
We'll celebrate the New Year with a dance party.
我们将举行跳舞晚会以庆贺新年。
拓展：in celebration of… 庆祝……
hold a celebration举行庆祝（会）
congratulate, congratulations
①congratulate是动词，作"祝贺、庆祝"解时，必须以被祝贺的人作宾语，构成：congratulate sb. on sth./doing sth.表示"祝贺某人……"。另外：congratulate oneself表示"庆幸，感到幸运"。如：
We congratulated him on his success/his having succeeded.
我们祝贺他的成功。
I congratulated myself on having escaped unhurt.
我因自己幸免于难而感到幸运。
②congratulation是名词，多用作复数形式。注意下列用法：
Congratulations!（单独使用）祝贺你！
Congratulations on your success对你的成功我表示祝贺。
Congratulations to everybody!祝贺大家！
Please accept my congratulations on your birthday.
请接受我对你的生日祝贺。
[应用]选择正确答案
We offered him our congratulations   him passing the college entrance exams.
A. at         B. on       C. for      D. of
connect连接，把……联系起来
(1)vt. The road connects London and Edinburgh.
这条路把伦敦和爱丁堡连在一起。
The two cities are connected by a canal.
这两座城市由运河连在一起。
A good student must connect what he reads with and what he sees around him.
一个好学生必须把他所读的与所见的联系起来。
(2)be connected with与……有关系；与……有亲戚关系
She is connected with the Smiths.
她与史密斯家有亲戚关系。
对比：join…to…
Every family is joined to the world by Internet.
每个家庭由网络与世界联系在一起。
connect vt.; vi.连接；联系。
①He connected the two speakers to (with)the recorder.他把两个喇叭同录音机相连。
②Many people connect China with the Great Wall.许多人把中国与长城联系在一起。
consider用法小结
consider是个很常用的动词，其意义不同，句型结构也不同。我们在学习中要特别注意。
（1）作"仔细考虑、深思熟虑"解，consider可作不及物动词或及物动词。
作及动词时，后可接名词、代词、动名词作宾语，不能接动词不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式，相当于宾语从句。例如：
Consider carefully before you decide.你要慎重考虑后再做决定。
They considered your suggestion.他们仔细考虑了你的建议。
He is considering studying abroad.他在考虑出国留学。
We are considering how to help them.我们在考虑如何帮助他们。
（2）作"将……视为、认为、以为"解。
①可用consider+名词+（to be）名词（形容词）或consider+名词+as+名词（形容词）结构，但当不定式为行为动词时，不能省略，不可用于进行时。这样用时相当于that引导宾语从句。例如：
He considers himself(to be)clever(=as clever).=He considers that he is clever.他认为自己很聪明。
I consider him(to be)my closest friend(as my closest friend).=I consider(that)he is my closest friend.我把他视为我最亲密的朋友。
He is considered to have invented the first computer.他被认为是最早发明计算机的人。
②还可用于consider+it(形式宾语)+形容词+不定式结构。例如：
I consider it wrong for students to smoke.我认为学生抽烟是不对的。
consider的用法：①You should consider the question.你应该考虑这个问题。
②跟从句
He began to consider when he would get married他开始考虑什么时侯结婚的事情。
③跟疑问词 +　to do sth.
He is considering how to get there in time.他正想怎么能及时赶到那儿。
④跟动名词
Who considers answering the question?谁正在考虑回答这个问题？
⑤为……着想
He always considers others before himself他常先为别人着想。
⑥名词为：consideration(不可数)
take sth. into consideration把……考虑在内
If you want to go on holidays in Beijing,you should take the cost into consideration.
如果想到北京去度假，你应该考虑费用问题。
content
(1)n.内容；目录
He always reads the contents of a book first of all.他读书总是先从目录看起。
（2）adj.满足的；甘心的
Are you content with your work?你对你的工作满意吗？
（3）vt.使（某人）满足。
The little boy contented himself with a new toy.那男孩有了新玩具就满足了。
continue  v.继续
They rain continued for three days.雨连续了3天。
They continued their game after lunch.
他们午饭后继续比赛。
He continued writing /to write late into the night.
他继续写作到深夜。
The weather continued cold.天气持续寒冷。
cover盖上；掩盖；占据（时间）（空间），走过（路程）；采访。
①My mother covered the baby with a blanket.
②She tried to cover the fact that she had been to the place.
③I'm covering the accident.
create; invent; discover
三者含义相近，但用法不同：
（1）create"创造、创作"，指产生出新的东西，其对象往往是精神上的，如艺术、文学作品中的人物及新的科学领域等。例如：
Shakespeare created many famous characters.莎士比亚创造了许多有名的人物。
（2）invent"发明"，指创造出原来自然界不存在的东西，如工具、方法、手段、灯泡、汽车、电视、合成材料等。例如：
who invented the telephone?谁发明了电话？
He invented a new teaching method.他发明了一种的教学方法。
（3）discover指"发现或找到"某种自然界本来已存在，但以前未被人类发现或认识的事物，如发现元素、电、煤、石油、铁等矿藏以及新星、星系或科学真理等。例如：
I discovered an unopened letter in the drawer.我在抽屉里发现了一封未拆的信。
crowd
crowd 可用作名词，表示"人群，群"；用作动词，表示"群集，拥挤"。如:
a crowd of children一群孩子；crowds of books 成堆的书；a cheering crowd 欢呼的人群；crowd into 挤进；crowd in 拥入；crowd round围在……的周围；a crowded city/train拥挤的城市/火车；be crowded with 挤满、塞满
[应用]汉译英
①很多村民从大门拥入，院子里很挤。
②大厅里挤满了学生。
Key:①Many villagers crowded in through the gate and the yard was crowded.
②The hall was crowded with students.
cut短语归纳
1）用作动词：
get one's hair cut理发；cut a loaf of bread in two 把一块面包一切为二；cut a figure in stone 雕刻石像；cut the price 降价；cut the article 删节文章；cut down trees 伐树；cut down on smoking减少吸烟；cut in 插嘴，插入，cut in with a few words插嘴讲几句话；cut off a corner切掉一角；cut off electricity切断电源；cut off three sentences删去三个句子；cut out切掉，删掉;cut out the last part of the play把剧本的最后一部分删掉；cut…open切开。
2) 用作名词：the cuts on one's arms 臂上的伤口：make big cuts削减，降价
[应用]介、副词填空
①Big cuts have been made____the prices of medicine.
②The strong wind cut_____the electricity of the whole city.
③The chairman spoke so fast that nobody could cut____.
④All the trees were cut_____.They will have to answer for their foolish action
Key:①in ②off ③in ④down
date back to / date from
追溯到（某个时期），起始于（某个时期），从……时候就存在
The tower dates back to 1173.
这座塔起始于1173年。
The old church dates from the first century A.d.
这座古老的教堂起始于公元1世纪。
My interest in stamp collecting dates from my schooldays.
从学生时代起，我对集邮就开始感兴趣。
day by day一天天地
day after day日复一日，一天又一天
①Day by day he seems to grow a little stronger.
②I have to do this work day after day.
deal with,do with
1)二者都可表示"对付，应付，处理，安排"，但deal是不及物动词，可与how连用；而do是及物动词，只与what连用表示上述意义，不能单独使用。对比：We don't know what to do with the waste materials./We don't know how to deal with the waste materials.
我们不知道怎样处理这此废料。
What's the best way of dealing with thieves?
对付小偷最好的办法是什么？
（此句中的deal with不可替换成do with）
2)deal with还可表示"论述，涉及到；与……相处"等意义，而do with 无此用法。如：
The books dealing with Asian problems sell well in colleges.论述亚洲问题的书在大学里很畅销。
That man is easy to deal with.这个人容易相处。
[应用]完成句子
①你是怎么处理这类事情的？
_________did you deal with matters of this sort?
What did you ________ _________matters of this sort?
②我们要处理的棘手事太多了。
There are too many difficulties for us to _________ ______.
Key:①How/ do,with  ②deal, with
delight
to one's delight
该词组意为"使某人高兴"，还可以表达为"to the delight of sb."。
能这样表达的还有to one's joy,to one's surprise,to one's sorrow等。如：
To my shame, I completely forgot our date.
demand
①当可数名词"要求"用
We refused his unreasonable demands.我们拒绝了他的无理要求。
②当不可数名词用
There is a great demand for typists but(a)poor demand for clerks.打字员很抢手但是办公室职员几乎没人需要。
③当动词用：demand+名词、代词、从句或to do sth.如：
They demanded the right to do things they like.
他们要求有做自己喜欢做的事情的权力。
The lady demanded to see our headmaster.那个女士要求见校长。
He demanded that we (should)try to finish our work on time.他要求我们按时完工。
宾语从句用虚拟语气形式，主+should+动原……
④demand问
"How old are you?"he demanded.
他问我"你多大啦？"
depend on(=rely on)依靠；依赖；以……而定；取决于……。如：
①Whether you will succeed or not depends on how hard you
work.你是否成功得看你努力的程度。
②I don't want to depend on my parents any longer.我不想再依赖父母了。
destroy  t.毁坏；破坏；毁灭。
①Don't destroy the box .It may be useful.不要弄坏这个盒子，可能还有用。
②The whole building was badly desdtroyed by the fire.整幢楼房都被大火严重烧毁了。
determine v.
（1）决心、决定，其后可接动词不定式、从句或on引导的短语。如：
We determined to get the work done before October 1.我们决定在"十一"之前完成这项工作。
She determined to go that very afternoon.
Have you determined where you're going to spend the summer vocaion?你决定在哪儿过暑假了吗？
They determined on an early start.他们决定早动身。
He has determined on going home next week.他决定下周回家。
（2）使……决意，后接不定式或介词短语作宾补。如：
What determined you to accept the invitation?什么原因使你接受这个请帖？
The situation determined him against further delay.形势使他决定不再拖延。
（3）be determined(to do sth.)下定决心；有决心，后接不定式或从句。如：
He was determined to study English well.他下决心把英语学好。
I was determined not to follow their advice.
We were determined that we should never allow such things to happen again.我们决定绝不允许这类事情再次发生。
（注意从句运动用should + 动词原形）]
determine to do sth.决定（心）做……
I left him,determined never to set foot in that house again.
devote…to…把……献给，把……用在
devote oneself to…致力于，献身于
be devoted to…专心致志于，献身于，忠于
①Mary devotes too much time to eating.
②He has devoted his whole life to benefiting mankind.
③He devoted himself entirely to music.
④He was still devoted to the study of chemistry.
⑤He is very devoted to his wife.
die out 熄灭；绝种；逐渐消失。如：
①The fire died out .火灭了。
②That talkative man's voice died out.那个健谈的人的声音渐渐地听不见了。
2.the + 形容词（分词）表示一类人的用法。
常见的短语有：
the old(young; rich; poor; learned; living…).如：
The living should carry out what the dead unfinished.
活着的人（后人）应该把前人未竞事业进行到底。
3.no more than①(=noly)仅仅，不过。②两者都不。如：
①What can I do, I'm no more than a citizen.
我能怎么样，我只不过是个平民百姓。
②Tom is no cleverer than Jack.汤姆和杰克都不聪明。
但是：not more than 表示A 不如B（……）或不超过。如；
①My English is not better than yours.
我的英语不如你的好。
②I think you are not more than twenty years old.
我想你不满二十岁吧。
diet; food
两者都可作"食物"解。diet指的是习惯上吃的食物或规定要吃的食物，特指维持健康的定量或定质的食物，如病人的疗养饮食。food是一般用语。凡能吃喝的具有营养的东西都可称food.例如：
The Chinese diet is considered to be the healthiest in the world。中国的饮食被认是世界上最健康的饮食。
Proper diet and exercise are both important to health.适当的饮食和锻炼对健康都很重要。
He is on a special diet to lose weight.他服用特别饮食以减肥。
The doctor put him on a liquid diet after operation.手术之后医生规定他吃流食。
They eat different kinds of food which change into energy.他们吃的各种各样的食物都转化成能量。
His food includes eggs, vegetables, fruit and some soft drinks.他的食物包括鸡蛋、蔬菜、水果和一些软饮料。
dip into 蘸进；随便翻阅；稍稍研究
I haven't read that book properly. I've only dipped into it.
我没有好好读那本书，仅随便翻阅一下。
I've only dipped into politics.
我对政治研究不深。
discover
discover sth.发现某物；discover oneself暴露自己的身份；discover sb. doing sth.发现某人在做某事;discover sb./sth.to be…发现某人（物）……；discover + that 从句发现……常用搭配：discover one's mistake/an island/the truth发现自己的错误/一座岛/事实的真相
[应用]完成句子
①我们发现他是一位出色的舞蹈家。
We ____her _____ ____ a good dancer./We _____ that_____ ____a good dancer.
②有人发现她在偷东西。
Someone ______ ______ ______ things./Someone discovered that
______ ______stealing things.
Key:①discovered，to, be/discovered, she, was ②discovered,her,stealing/she,was
distance n.距离；远处
When they finish their talk, the two may be quite a distance from the place where they were standing.当谈话结束时，两个人离他们原来站的地方可能有相当一段距离了。
The waterfall can be heard at a distance of two miles.
在两英里外就能听到这瀑布声。
Hills are blue in the distance.远处的山呈蓝色。
The lion looks dangerous, so I decide to keep a distance away from it.狮子看起来很危险，所以我决定离它远点儿。
What's the distance between Beijing and Shanghai?
北京到上海之间的距离是多少？
disturb,interrupt
disturb有"打扰，扰乱，使（人）心神不宁"之意。如：disturb the sleeping child/one's plan/the piblic peace 打扰睡觉的孩子/打乱计划/扰乱社会治安；be mentally disturbed精神上受到影响；be disturbed about 对……感到不妥。
对比：interrupt 有"打断，打扰"之意，侧重打断。如：Don't interrupt me while I'm busy.我忙的时候不要打扰我。
[应用]完成句子
①她获悉母亲得急病后感到心神不安。
She was________ ________ her mother's sudden illness./She
was________ _______hear of her mother's sudden illness./She was________ ________ the news of her mother's sudden illness.
②不要打断那位演讲者，他讲完再问你的问题。
Don't _________ the speaker;ask your question after the meeting.
Key:①disturbed, about/disturbed,to/disturbed, by
②interrupt
do all sb.can to do sth.:do what sb.can to do sth.尽某人的所能做某事
all 后面为that 所引导的定语从句，that在从句中作宾语已被省略；can后面为避免重复省略了do;后面的to do sth.为不定式（短语）作目的状语。all(that)sb.can(do)相当于宾语从句what sb.can(do)。
①I'll do all I can to help you.我将尽力帮助你。
②He did all he could to improve his spoken English. 他尽了最大努力来提高英语口语水平。
Do give her my regards.请一定代我她问好。
助动词 do 及其变化形式可在肯定句中用来强调动词，意为"务必；一定；的确；真的",加强了句子的语气。
①Do be careful! 一定要小心

情态动词和虚拟语气
情态动词
I.情态动词基本用法
情态动词
用  法
否定式
疑问式
简答式
can
能力（体力，智力，技能）
允许或许可（口语中常用）
可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）
can not / cannot /can’t do
Can…do…?
Yes,…can.
No,…can’t.
could
couldn’t do
may
可以（问句中表示请求）
可能，或许（表推测）
祝愿（用于倒装句中）
may not do
May…do…?
Yes,…may.
No,…mustn’t/can’t.
might
might not do
Might…do…?
Yes,…might
No,…might not.
must
必须，应该（表主观要求）
肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）
must not/mustn’t do
Must…do…?     to.
Yes,…must.
No,…needn’t/don’t have
have to
只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态和人称的变化）
don’t have to do
Do…have to do…?
Yes,…do.
No,…don’t.
ought to
应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should）
ought not to/oughtn’t to do
Ought…to do…?
Yes,…ought.
No,…oughtn’t.
shall
用于一三人称征求对方意见
用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等
shall not/shan’t do
Shall…do…?
Yes,…shall.
No,…shan’t.
should
应当，应该（表义务责任）
本该（含有责备意味）
should not/shouldn’t do
Should…do…?
will
意愿，决心
请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉
will not/won’t do
Will/Would…do…?
Yes,…will.
No,…won’t.
would
would not/wouldn’t do
dare
敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）
dare not/daren’t do
Dare…do…?
Yes,…dare.
No,…daren’t.
need
需要,必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）
need not/needn’t do
Need…do…?
Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.
used to
过去常常（现在已不再）
used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do
didn’t use to do
Used…to do…?
Did…use to do…?
Yes,…used.
No,…use(d)n’t.
Yes,…did.
No,…didn’t.
II.情态动词的重点知识
表示“能力、许可”的can和may
表示能力的情态动词用can/could
A computer_____think for itself; it must be told what to do.
A.can’t        B.mustn’t     C.may not    D.might not
表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问句中用could…?或might…？ 以使口气委婉客气，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口气明确（must表示一定，必须，mustn’t表示禁止，不许可）。
①—Could I call you  by your first name?   —Yes, you______
A.will      B.could    C.may    D.might
②Johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself.
A.won’t/can’t          B.mustn’t/may
C.shouldn’t/must       D.can’t/shouldn’t
在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but
everyone_____get out.
A.had to      B.would       C.could       D.was able to
表示“推断、判断”的can
may,must
在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。
Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.
A.must       B.may       C.can         D.will
而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性：
Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times.
在否定句中只能用can和may。所以can’t时用以代替mustn’t，语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。
Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short.
A.needn’t     B.can’t       C.should      D.may
在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must。
He may be very busy now.       Can he be very busy now?
He must be very busy now.       Can he be very busy now?
need
need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。
dare
dare作为情态动词用时有两种形式：dare和dared两个词形，除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。
If he dare come,I will kick him out.  I don’t know whether he
dare say.
注意:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.（否定句）
Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?（疑问句）
shall
用于第一人称：征求对方的意见。
What shall we do this evening?
用于第二、三人称：警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。
You shall fail if you don’t work harder. 警告
He shall have the book when I finish reading.允诺
He shall be punished.威胁
should
劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上的责任。
You should(ought to) go to class right away.
I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble.
will/would
请求、建议，would比will委婉客气。
Would you pass me the book?
表示意志、愿望和决心。
I will never do that again.
They asked us if we would do that again
would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。
During the vacation he would visit me every week
The wound would not heal.（伤口老是不能愈合）
would表示估计或猜想。
It would be about ten when he left home.
What would she be doing there?
情态动词 have done的用法
could have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。
You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.
cannot have done：表示对现在或过去行为的否定推测。
He cannot have been to that town.
can 主语 have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定（用在疑问句中）。
Can he have got the book?
might(may) have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测。
He may not have finished the work.
If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.
must have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。
其否定式为：cannot have done。
You must have seen the film.
You cannot have seen the film.
needn’t have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了。
You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain.
注意：didn’t need to(have to)do：
没有必要做而实际上也没有做
I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours ago.
should(ought to) have done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。
You should have started earlier, but you didn’t.
She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape,
for I worked to use it.
注意：He should have finished the work by now.（表推测）
虚拟语气
类   别
用   法
例   句
If引导的
条件从句
与现在事实相反
从句动词：过去式（be用were）
主句动词：should/would/could/might do
If he were here, he would help us.
与过去事实相反
从句动词：had done
主句动词：should/would/could/might have done
If I had been free,I would have visited you.
与将来事实相反
从句动词：过去式/should 动词原形/were to do
主句动词：should/would/could/might 动词原形
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
省略if的虚拟条件句
将虚拟条件从句中的were，had,should放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装
①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up.
②Were I you,I would not do it.
③Had I been free,I would have visited you.
混合虚拟条件句
不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规则
①If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.
②If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do now.
③If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.
虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规则
①He could have passed the exam,but he wasn’t careful enough.
②You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago.
含蓄虚拟
条件句
but for 名词表示虚拟条件
句子或主句中的谓语动词的形式视具体情况而定。这是考查考生应变能力的最佳试题。
---But for your timely warning,we ______ into great trouble.
---You know we’re friends.
A. would get          B. must have got
C. would have got      D. can’t have got
without 名词表示虚拟条件
Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold.
动词不定式表示虚拟条件
It would be only partly right to follow in this way.
如果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。
现在分词表示虚拟条件
Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident.要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。
过去分词表示虚拟条件
Given more attention, the tree could have grown better.
如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。
副词otherwise表示虚拟条件
I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called you.我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。
连词but连接的句子表示虚拟条件
He _____fatter but he eats too little .
A. would become      B. would have become
C. must become       D. must have become
其它
状语从句
as if/as though引导的状语从句中动词用did或had＋done或would／could／might＋do。
注意：as if/as though引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气：
当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时：
It sounds as if it is raining．听起来像是在下雨。
He talks as if he is drunk．从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。
①与现在事实相反
He talks as if he knew where she was．
②与过去事实相反
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.
③与将来事实相反
He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ would等 do
Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.
宾语从句
demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should do
He suggested that we not change our mind.
wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would do表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反
I wish I could be a pop singer.
I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month.
主语从句
在It is necessary / important / strange that…
It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that…等从句中，
谓语动词用should do
It is strange that such a person should be our friends.
其它
句型中
It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should do
It’s high time that we left/should leave.
would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式
I would rather you stayed at home now.
If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望
If only our dream had come true!

强调句
强调的类别
说   明
例   句
It is (was) 被强调部分 that(who)…
为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语或状语），常用强调结构：
It is (was) 被强调部分 that(who)…
表示强调的it在这种结构的
句子中作主句的主语。
原始句：Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace.
强调主语：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace last night.
强调宾语：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night.
强调地点状语：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night.
强调时间状语：It was last night that I saw a film in the Youth Palace.
一般讲，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，用It is…that (who)…；如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用It was… that(who)…。
注意点
①在强调主语时，that后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的
It is I who am a teacher.
②即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数
It is they who often help me with my lessons.
③在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时，不要用when,where,why
或 how ，而用that
It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us.
④在强调not … until 结构中由 until 短语（或从句）表示的时间状语时，
要用固定的强调句型
It is(was) not until ...that...。that 从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。
My father didn't come home until 12 o'clock last night.
It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came home.
⑤在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序：
把is/ was提到it前面。
Did this happen in Beijing?
Was it in Beijing that this happened?
⑥特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是“被强调部分（通
常是疑问代词或疑问副词） is/was it that/ who 其它部分?"
Where were you born?
Where was it that you were born?
⑦not …until…句型的强调句[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K]
句型为：It is/ was not until 被强调部分 that 其它部分
原始句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通
用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句
要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
谓语动词的强调
It is/ was … that …结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。
Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week.上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street.
过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
此种强调只用do/does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。

名词性从句 种类
关联词
例     句
说     明
主
语
从
句
连
词
that
That he will come and help you is certain.
他来帮助你是确实无疑的。
that在引导主语从句时不可省去
whether
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。
连接代词
who
what
which
whatever
What he wants to tell us is not clear.
他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown.
谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般
连接副词
when
where
why
how
It is known to us how he became a writer.
我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。
把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。
宾
语
从
句
陈述意义
that
I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。
We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.
我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。
疑问意义
if
whether
I wonder whether he will come or not.
我想知道他来还是不来。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money.
一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting.
我不知道它是否有意思。
He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。
whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。
作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。
从句是否定句时一般用if引导。
特殊疑问意义
who, whom,
which,whose,
what, when,
where, why,
how,whoever,
whatever,
whichever
Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什么？
She always thinks of  how she can work well.
她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.
凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。
宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。
注1
如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。
We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.
我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。
注2
think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。
We don’t think you are right. 我们认为你不对。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做的。
表
语
从
句
连词
that
whether
as if
The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough.
问题是他们不能很早到达这里。
It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要下雨。
在非正式的文体中that可以省去
表语从句位于主句系动词之后
连接代词
who
what
which
That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。
The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker.
问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。
连接副词
when
where
why
how
This is where our problem lies.
这就是我们的问题所在。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.
那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
同
位
语
从
句
由连词that引导，不担任成分，也可有when, how, where等引导。
The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。
I have no idea when he will come back home.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.
他想到可能玛丽生病了。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.
他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。
特别注意what的双重功能：
①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．
(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)
②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93）
A.what        B.when          C.that         D.which
(what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)
③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？
(what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)
④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world．
(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”)
⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago
(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)

状语从句
种 类
从属连词
例    句
说   明
时
间
状
从
When
whenever
When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.当我进屋时，他正在写信。
We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。
when指的是“某一具体的时间”
whenever指的是“在任何时间”
when
I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。
when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般位于句末。
while
While it was raining, they went out.天下雨的时候，他们出去了。
I stayed while he was away.他不在的时候我在。
while指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的
as
He hurried home, looking behind as he went.
他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。
as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生
before
Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生，再做先生。
after
He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。
till
We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。
如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…为止”
until
She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .她到11点钟才停止工作。
Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there.
她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。
如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,从句放在句首表示强调，一般用until
since
as soon as
Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.
自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。
As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海就给你写信。
状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号。
hardly…when
no sooner…than
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.
我们刚到车站，火车就走了。
Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。
hardly…when和no sooner…than的意义相当于as soon as,但只表示过去发生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，如hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装
every time, by the time, the moment等
Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.我每次乘船都晕船。
The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful.
我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。
Next time you come ,you’ll see him.下次你来的时候，就会见到他。
在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或过去将来时，而要用现在时或过去时代替将来时
地
点
状
从
where
wherever
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。
Where there is water there is life.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。
You are free to go wherever you like.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。
Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。
where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语气较强，多用于书面语
原
因
状
从
because
I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。
because用来回答why 的问题，语气最强
since
Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，我们开始开会。
since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首
as
As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary .
由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。
从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中。
now that, seeing that
Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.
鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。
Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.
鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。
seeing (that), now that 和since, as 意义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思，that可以省去
目
的
状
从
that
so that
in order that
lest = for fear that
I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.
我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。
We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.
我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能提前完成工作。
Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold.
多穿点衣服，以免感冒。
目的状语从句中常用情态动词may (might) can (could) ,should 等放在动词之前，从句往往放在主句之后，主从句之间不用任何标点符号
结
果
状
从
so that
so…that
We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.
我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到了新闻。
He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.
他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。
so that前有逗号为结果状语从句
so…that的so后面跟形容词或副词
such…that
He gave such important reasons that he was excused.
他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。
It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it.
It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.
这是一本十分有趣的书，大家都想看。
such…that的such后面跟名词，如果名词是单数就要用such a /an…that还可以转换用so…that，语气较强
条
件
状
从
if
unless
as/so long as
in case
so far as
Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.
如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。
We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.除非下雨，我们明天就去那里。
= We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.
So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed.
只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。
In case I forget, please remind me about it .万一我忘了，请提醒我一下。
So far as I know, the book will be published next month.
据我所知，那本书下月出版。
unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式。unless和if…not同义，unless是书面语，if…not是口语，通常二者可以换用
条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时
方
式
状
从
as
as if…
as though
Draw a cat as I taught you .按照我教你的画一只猫。
Do as you are told.按照人家告诉你做的去做。
She looks as if she is ill.看上去她好象是生病了。
He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.他的行动就好象什么也没有发生。
They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.
他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。
此处as译为：按照或正如
as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样。从句中可以用现在时表示可能符合事实，也可以用虚拟语气
让
步
状
从
although
though
Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French.
虽然他六十多岁了，但仍开始学习法语 。
We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day.
虽然我们干了一天活，但并不累。
在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再用“但是”（but）但可以与yet或still连用。though / although意义相同，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化，后者正式多放主句的前面
even if,even though
I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.即使明天下雨，我也要去。
even if 和even though的意思为“即使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中
as
Child as he is , he knows a lot .虽然他是一个孩子，但他懂得很多。
Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors.
虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。
as引出的状语从句多用于书面语，它比用
though或although引导的从句，语气强，更有表现力，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。
no matter (who, what when, where which, how…)
Do it no matter what others say.不管别人怎么说,尽管干。
No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.
不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。
No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very grateful.
不管谁为我处理这件事，我都将非常感激。
no matter……与 who-ever引导的让步状语从句意义基本一 样，no matter……引导的从句可是以位于主句前或主句后
wh ever (whatever whoever ,whenever whichever ,however)
Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart.
无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。
Whoever comes, he will be welcome.无论谁来，都会受到欢迎。
比
较
状
从
as…as ,
not so/as…as
the same…as
such…as
Mary is as old as my sister.玛利和我姐姐一样大。
He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).他不如杰克跑得那样快。
His book is the same as mine.他的书和我的一样。
Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .享利这个工人不如彼得那样好。
连词表示同程度级的比较，肯定句用as…as否定句可用not as…as 或not so…as
…than…
She has made greater progress this year than she did last year.
她今年比去年进步更大。
He bought fewer books than I (did).他买的书比我买的少。
the more
…the more…
The more you read, the better you understand.你看的书越多，你懂得的就越多。
The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.
你卖的票越多，你的收入也越多。
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。
The sooner, the better.越快越好。The warmer, the better.越暖和越好。
the more…the more 意思为越…越…，通常的语序为从句在前主句在后，这两个the都是表示程度的副词，用在比较级的形容词或副词前面

作文题汇编
1、大纲全国卷1
假设你是育才中学学生会主席李华。你校将举办一次英语演讲比赛（speech contest），希望附近某大学的外籍教师 Smith 女士来做评委。请参照以下比赛通知给她写一封信。
___________________________________
英语演讲比赛
主题：人与自然
时间：6月15日下午2:00-5:00
地点：501教室
参赛选手：10名学生
联系人：李华（电话 44876655）
欢迎大家光临
____________________________________
注意：词数100左右。
********************************************************
Dear Ms.Smith,
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
With best wishes,
Lihua
2、大纲全国卷2
假设你是李华，你的美国笔友 Peter 曾表示希望来中国教书。你校现需招聘外教，请给他写封信，告知招聘信息。内容主要包括：
1. 教授课程：英语口语、英语写作、今日美国、今日英国等
2. 授课对象：高中生（至少三年英语基础）
3. 工作量：
—每周12学时，任选三门课
—担任学生英语俱乐部或英语校报顾问（advisor）
********************************************************
Dear Peter,
I remember you told me you were interested in teaching in China.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Best,
Li Hua
3、北京：
第一节 情景作文
假设你是红星中学高二（1）班的学生李华，利用上周末的时间帮助祖父母安排了去北戴河的旅行。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，写一篇英文周记，叙述你从准备到送行的全过程。

Last weekend, I helped my grandparents prepare their trip to Beidaihe.
第二节 开放作文
请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于50。
In your spoken English class, your teacher shows you the following picture. You are asked to describe the picture and explain how you understand it.

4、江苏卷
假设你应邀参加学校组织的“英语学习师生座谈会”，请你根据下表所提示的信息，用英语写一篇发言稿，简单介绍自己英语学习的情况，并对学校今后的英语教学提出建议。
自己英语学习的情况：
1.英语学习的目的
2.英 语学习的方法
3.课外自学的途径
……
对学校英语教学的建议：（请考生根据自己的经历与感想，提出两至三点建议。）
***********************************************************
Dear teacher and schoolmates, it's a great pleasure for me to be here today and share my experience of learning English with you.__________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Thank you for listening.
5、浙江卷
最近，李越被评为你们班的“每周之星”。请你根据她的事迹（在上周六下午，不顾天气炎热，为班级选购歌咏比赛服装），用英语为班级板报写一篇100-120个词的短文。
你的文章应 包括下列要点：
1. 李越的事迹及其对同学的影响；
2. 你的评论。
参考词汇：singing contest 歌咏比赛 costume 服装
*******************************************************
Star Student of the Week
Li Yue has been awarded the title of "Star Student of the Week" for what she did for our class. _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6、天津卷
假设你是晨光中学的高中生李华。你校拟选拔一些优秀学生，利用暑期到晨曦希望小学为学生辅导英语。你希望参加此活动。请根据以下提示，用英语给校评选组写一封申请信：
对此活动的认识（如对本人、学生及社会的益处等）
个人优 势（如性格、独立生活能力、语言能力等）
你的计划（如怎样进行辅导等）
参考词汇：晨曦希望小学 Chenxi Hope School
***************************************************************
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am Li Hua from Class One, Senior Two. ___________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Yours Sincerely,
Li Hua
7、辽宁卷
你校学生会需招聘一名留学生做英语学习顾问，请你以短文形式写一则招聘启事。内容主要包括：
——母语是英语，汉语流利者优先
——解答用语学习问题，协助组织英语活动
——每周4小时，报酬面议
——联系人：李华（Tel:13011223344）
8、山东卷
假设你是新华中学的学生李华，你和在上海上学的英国朋友Tom约好下周末去北京旅游，但你因故不能赴约。请根据以下要点用英语给他写一封电子邮件：
1. 表示歉意；
2. 解释原因；
3. 另约时间。
9、四川卷
假定你校将举行一个成人仪式，你将作为代表在仪式上发言。请你按以下内容要点准备一篇英文发言稿。
1. 过去对成年的向往；
2. 现在的感受和认识；
3. 将来的目标及措施。
参考词汇：责任 responsibility
*************************************************************
Good morning, everyone!
The topic of my speech today is "thoughts on becoming a grown-up".
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
Thank you for listening.
10、重庆卷
假设你是李华，于2010年6月3日搭乘国外某航空公司航班（flight number BA793）回国后，发现遗失了一个行李箱（suitcase）。现请用英文给该航空公司写一封信，请他们帮你寻找。
信件要点包括：
陈述写信原因；
简要描述该行李；
说明其重要性；
期待回复并表示感谢。
11、安徽卷
假设你将参加某英语杂志社开展的一次征文活动，征文的内容要求你在电视、手机（cell）和网络三者中，放弃其中一个并陈述理由。请你以"Which would you give up: TV, cell, or Web?" 为题，写一篇英语短文。
12、福建卷
假设你是李华，福建省某中学高中学生，今年暑假将前往澳大利亚参加主题为"WATER FOR LIFE"的交流活动。请你以参访代表的身份，根据以下图片提示，用英语写一篇发言稿。

参考词汇：短缺 shortage；资源 resource
Ladies and gentlemen,
Good morning, I'm Li Hua from Fujian, China. It's my great honor to be here to say something about the global water shortage and ways of dealing with it. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
That's all. Thank you.
13、江西卷
英语中"please", "thank you", "sorry"等礼貌用语具有增进友谊、改善关系、化解矛盾等神奇的力量，因而被称为"magic words"。请以"Magic Power of Polite Words"为题写一篇100词左右的英语作文。体裁不限（叙述文、议论文、说明文……）
14、湖南卷
假设你和几位同学成立了一个英语俱乐部，开展了为期两个月的活动。现在，你将代表俱乐部在课堂上进行经验交流，请写一篇英语发言稿，主要内容如下：
1．简要描述俱乐部开展的一项与英语有关的主要活动；
2．谈谈你们开展该活动的 收获。
15、湖北卷
请你根据以下提示，结合生活中的一个实例，用英语写一篇短文，谈谈微笑的作用。
The best example of universally understood boby language may be the smile. A smile can help us ger through diffieunt situdtions and find friends in a world of strangers. A smile can open doors and tear down walls.
注意：① 无须写标题；
②内容只需涉及一个方面；
③词数为100左右。
16、陕西卷
假定你是李华。你们学校和一所美国中学签署了教师交流协议。在过去的一年里，你们的英文老师是来自这所中学的Sue Wood。不久前她返回美国任教。请你根据写作要点和要求给Sue写封电子邮件。
写作要点：
1.对她表 达感谢之意;
2.介绍她离开后你自己及班里发生的事情;
3.希望了解她的近况。
****************************************
Dear Sure,
I'm Li Hua, one of your students in China. ...
17、广东卷
第一节 基础写作
以下是一则关于中国政府决定禁烟的报道的主要内容。
_______________________________________________
内 容：公共场所禁烟
实施时间：2011年1月1日起
实施范围：全国
目 标：所有室内公共场所无烟
措 施：张贴禁烟标志
相关数据：
（1）吸烟人数：约3.5亿
（2）分 布：男性75％;女性：25％
（3）受二手烟影响人数：约5.4亿
（4）因二手烟死亡人数：超过10万/年
_______________________________________________
二手烟：second-hand smoke
[写作内容]
请根据以上内容给学校英语墙报写一篇通讯，内容包括：
1.禁烟决定的内容及实施的时间和范围;
2.目标和措施;
3.相关数据。
[写作要求]
只能用5个句子表达全部内容。
[评分标准]
句子结构准确，信息内容完整，篇章结构连贯。
第二节 读写任务
阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
In junior high school, one of my classmates, Eithan, was addicted to TV. This boy simply knew everything about such pop shows as Who's the Boss?
Then one day Ethan's mother made him an after in order to draw him back to his school subiects. She promised that she would give him $200 if he could go a full month without watching any TV. None of us thought Ethan could do it, but he did quit TV. His mom paid him $200. He went out and bought a TV, the biggest he could find.
In recent years, hundreds of schools have carried out experiments with paying kids with cash for showing up or getting good grades. All school kids admire this trend. But it upsets adults. Teachers say that we are rewarding kids for doing what they should be doing of their own will.Psychologists warn that money can actually make lies perform. worse by making the act of learning cheap. The debate has become a typical hattle over why our kids are not learning at the rate they should be despite decades of reforms and budget increases.
[写作内容]
1. 以约30词概括上文的主要内容。
2. 以约120词对用金钱鼓励孩子学习的现象进行议论，内容包括：
(1)你对用金钱鼓励孩子学习的看法；
(2)你的父母（或其他亲人）是如何鼓励你学习的；
(3)你认为怎样才能更好地鼓励孩子学习。
[写作要求]
1. 作文中可以使用亲身经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容，但不得直接引用原文中的句子。
2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。
[评分标准]
概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，语篇连贯。
18、上海
II. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120 - 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
下图是小学新生的课堂一角，对照你当时的上课情况，作出比较并谈谈你的感受。你的作文必须包括：
●描述图片里学生上课的场景
●比较你同时期的上课情况
●简要谈谈你的感受

第二部分：英语语言知识运用（共三节，满分35分）
第一节：单项选择（共15 小题；每小题1分，满分15分）
请认真阅读下面各题，从题中所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
例：It is generally considered unwise to give a child ______ he or she wants.
A. however                   B. whatever                  C. whichever                D. whenever
答案是B。
21. We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent.
A. the; the                    B.不填；the                 C. the; 不填                 D. 不填；不填
22. —Do you mind if I record your lecture?
—______. Go ahead.
A. Never mind                                          B. No way
C. Not at all                                              D. No. You’d better not
23. —Is Peter there?
—______, please. I’ll see if I can find him for you.
A. Hold up             B. Hold on                    C. Hold out                   D. Hold off
24. The Science Museum, ______ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of London’s tourist attractions.
A. which                     B. what                 C. that                                 D. where
25. —I can’t repair these until tomorrow, I’m afraid.
—That’s OK, there’s ______.
A. no problem B. no wonder         C. no doubt                  D. no hurry
26. —It shouldn’t take long to clear up after the party if we all volunteer to help.
—That’s right.________.
A. Any hands make light work                 B. Something is better than nothing
C. The more the merrier                          D. The sooner begun, the sooner done
27. It is often said that the joy of traveling is ______ in arriving at your destination ______ in the journey itself.
A. 不填；but        B. 不填；or          C. not; or                     D. not; but
28. —Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?
—Because the old one has been damaged ______.
A. beyond reach                                      B. beyond repair
C. beyond control                                 D. beyond description
29. —They are quiet, aren’t they?
—Yes. They are accustomed ______ at meals.
A. to talk               B. to not talk                 C. to talking                  D. to not talking
30. It is ______ to spend money on preventing illnesses by promoting healthy living rather than spending it trying to make people ______ after they are ill.
A. good; good        B. well; better               C. better; better             D. better; good
31. —I’m still working on my project.
—Oh, you’ll miss the deadline. Time is ______.
A. running out B. going out                  C. giving out                 D. losing out
32. ______ you eat the correct foods ______ be able to keep fit and stay healthy.
A. Only if; will you                           B. Only if; you will
C. Unless; will you                               D. Unless; you will
33. —I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.
—I think so. He ______ for it for months.
A. is preparing                                     B. was preparing
C. had been preparing                                  D. has been preparing
34. To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear English ______ as much as we can.
A. speak.                  B. speaking                   C. spoken                     D. to speak
35. —I’m sorry. I ______ at you the other day.
—Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.
A. shouldn’t shout                              B. shouldn’t have shouted
C. mustn’t shout                                       D. mustn’t have shouted
二、完形
One evening, long after most people had gone to bed, one of my friends and I  36   happily home through the  37   street. We had been to a musical concert and  38   about the people we had seen and heard in it.
“The show  39   him a star overnight,” said my friend about one of them. “He was completely  40   before. And now thousands of people   41   him gifts and letters.” “I thought him quite good,” I said, “but not   42  thousands of letters. As a matter of  43  , one of his songs gave me a shock. It was too noisy.” “What was that?” my friend asked me, “  44   it to me.” I began to sing. “Do be quiet. You will give everybody a shock and  45   them up for miles   46  , besides, there will be a policeman   47   us.” My friend gave me an astonished look.
“Never mind. I don’t care. What is the matter?” I said and went on singing   48   the top of my voice.
Presently there came a policeman,  49   in front of me, his notebook   50  . “   51  , sir,” he said, “You have a very good voice, if I   52   say so. Who taught you singing? I’d very much    53   to find someone who can give my daughter singing lessons. Would you be   54   to tell me your name and address? Then my wife and I would   55   on you and we could discuss it.”
36. A. went           B. was coming   C. was making our way D. had lost our way
37. A. calm                   B. crowded            C. silent          D. quiet
38. A. were thinking    B. were talking   C. knew         D. were discussing
39. A. called            B. turned               C. named        D. made
40. A. famous           B. forgotten           C. stranger       D. unknown
41. A. show             B. write                 C. send          D. brought
42. A. worthy        B. worth                C. received       D. accepted
43. A. fact           B. facts                 C. a fact         D. the fact
44. A. Read          B. Sing                  C. Say           D. Tell
45. A. call              B. pick                  C. wake         D. join
46. A. long           B. far                    C. around        D. away
47. A. observing       B. after                 C. besides        D. in front of
48. A. with                   B. on                     C. in            D. at
49. A. stood          B. going                 C. standing       D. walking
50. A. closing         B. closed                      C. open           D. opened
51. A. Wait a minute    B. Stop singing             C. I’m sorry       D. Excuse me
52. A. may                  B. can                          C. must           D. don’t
53. A. liked            B. wanted                     C. like            D. eager
54. A. brave           B. kind enough              C. willing         D. honest
55. A. try             B. visit                         C. invite          D. drop
阅读理解
A
Over the last two decades, a new trend(潮流) in American education has developed. That development is home schooling. Home schooling is when parents decide to pull their children out of public or private schools and teach their children at home. Some parents establish their own curriculum(课程); others will use the same books that are used in the public schools, while others use a mixture of both. There are many different methods that parents use to teach their children at home. The overall phenomenon of home schooling has become so popular that the National Home Education Institute estimated that in 1999 between 0.7 to 1.2 million children are home schooled in the United States and a 2001 Time magazine article reported that the number of students educated at home is growing by 11% each year.
There are many reasons that home schooling has become so popular. Two of most important reasons are quality of education and the ability to teach religious values in the home. It is because of the improved education that can result from increased personal attention that many parents decide to home school their children.
In some city, the public school district provides a teacher to help families who are home schooling. For the first year the teacher comes once a week to the families to see how the children are doing and in the second year, the teacher comes every month. Public schools will sometimes monitor families who choose to teach their children at home. This varies greatly between school districts. Some districts monitor those who are home schooling very carefully and others are more relaxed or hands off in their approach.
Home schooling is thought very beneficial for the children. Not only have parents begun to realize the benefits of it, but colleges and universities across America are also recognizing the academic(学业的) achievements of many homeschoolers. Many universities are eager to accept children who have been taught at home and consider those students a prime target(目标) for recruitment(录取) because of their success on standardized tests. Time magazine reported that the average SAT(学习能力倾向测验) score of a homeschooled student is 80% higher than the national average and the National Home Education Institute mentions that a homeschooled student has even won the national spelling bee(拼写比赛会). Students that have been educated at home are developing a reputation for academic excellence.
56 . Many parents decide to home school their children because        .
A. they can use any book they like to teach their children
B. they' re not satisfied with the quality of school education
C. the quality of home school education is better than that of school education, and the parents can teach their children religious values
D. Home school education can save a lot of time
57. What’s the meaning of the underlined word “monitor” in paragraph 3?
A. watch and check     B. control    C. notice     D. help
58. According to the passage, which of the following statements is True?
A. The task of the teacher provided by public school district is to monitor the families who are home schooling.
B. Each family who is home schooling can get a teacher to help them.
C. Home schooled children are given more personal attention.
D. Most homeschoolers are children who have difficulty in studying in school.
59. The best title of the passage is      .
A. The Development of Home Schooling
B. The Benefits of Home Schooling
C. Homeschoolers
D. Home-schooling
B
New scheme(计划) for getting children to and from school is being started by the education authorities in part of Eastern England. This could end the worries of many parents fearful for their children’s safety on the roads.
Until now the County Council have only been prepared to provide bus services for children living more than three miles from their school, or sometimes less if special reasons existed. Now it has been decided that if a group of parents ask for help in organizing transport they will be prepared to go ahead, provided the arrangement will not lose money and that children taking part will be attending their nearest school.
The new scheme is to be tried out this term for children living at Milton who attend Impington school. The children live just within the three-mile limit and the Council has said in the past it will not undertake to provide free transport to the school. But now they have agreed to organize a bus service from Milton to Impington and back, a plan which has the support of the school’s headmaster.
Between 50 and 60 parents have said they would like their children to take part. Final calculations have still to be carried out, but a Council official has said the cost to parents should be less than ￡6.50 a term.
They have been able to arrange the service at a low cost because there is already an agreement with the bus company for a bus to take children who live further away to Impington. The same bus would now just make an extra journey to pick up the Milton children.
The official said they would get in touch with other groups of parents who in the past had asked if transport could be provided for their children, to see if they would like to take part in the new scheme.
60. The children the Council ran buses for in the past were those______ .
A. whose parents were worried about them
B. who would have had to walk otherwise
C. who could not walk
D. who had to travel more than 3 miles
61. Taking part in the Council’s trial scheme are children who_______ .
A. live in Milton and go to Impington school
B. live in Impington and go to Milton school  
C. live in Milton and go to Milton school  
D. live in Impington and go to Impington school
62. The new bus service will run ________.
A. on morning journey to school only
B. in connection with an existing service
C. only for children living more than three miles away
D. only in wet weather
63. Agreement to pay for the new bus service has been obtained from_______.
A. the school’s headmaster
B. the County Council
C. the bus company
D. the parents
64. The parents the Council is now going to contact are those ________.
A. who have not yet answered letters
B. who don’t want to pay
C. whose children stay away from school
D. who asked about transport before
C
Business English Textbooks from Cambridge
The 21st Century ELT(English Language Teaching)Book Showroom is pleased to present an introduction to major titles of New Business English textbooks published by the Cambridge University Press. Interested readers may place orders by mail through our showroom with CNPIEC(China National Publication Import and Export Corporation)
In Print.
In print is a book for those students of business English who want to develop their ability to deal effectively with the kind of written documents(文件)which they meet or will meet in their day-to-day working lives. All the texts are very good and the 12 units deal with many topics, from Marketing to Legal Contract(合同).
In print is designed with an answer key at the back and can be used by students working on their own.
Company to Company
Company to company is for anyone studying or working in business, or management who needs to write letters in English.
The new edition is highly regarded and successful and brings the book up-to-date by including work on writing faxes and other recent developments in written communication technology.
The task-and-discussion-based methods and structure of the book remain unchanged.
Business Reports in English
A task-based method is offered in this course for those who have to read or write reports.
This six units cover the methods in writing a report, from collecting information, using figures, organizing and presenting material to recommending(推荐)and summarizing(概述).
The book is connected to any commercial(商业)field, from production to finance(金融)and marketing.
English for International Banking and Finance
English for International Banking and Finance develops language skills, It’s very useful for those who work in financial institutions and related areas of business.
Each of the nine units contains listening practice, speaking activities, reading passages and writing tasks designed to match the interests and needs of the learner. The topics include different types of banking organization, international currency(货币)dealing, and electronic banking.
65. If you work in Bank of China, which book will you most probably buy?
A. In Print
B. English for international banking and Finance
C. Company to Company
D. Business Reports in English
66. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. All the books have an answer key.
B. You can buy all the books in most of the bookstores in China.
C. All the Business English Textbooks are written by foreign writers.
D. Company to Company will tell you how to find a good job in a company.
67. The new edition Company to Company brings the book up-to-date because_______.
A. it has more information about writing letters in English
B. you will find more articles in it about how to manage a factory
C. it tries to keep up with the recent developments in written communication technology
D. it is highly regarded by business people and is a great success
68. What is the meaning of the underlined word “match” in the last paragraph?
A. It has the same meaning as the word “match” in “the football match was very exciting”.
B. It has the same meaning as the word “match”in“I’m ready to match my strength against yours.
C. It has the same meaning as the word “match” in “You are no match for him.”
D. It has the same meaning as the word “match” in “The tie should match the coat.”
D
How would you like to teach yourself, rather than have teachers? According to the UK’s Department of Education and Skills, students will teach themselves in the schools of the future. This means that there will be no more problems such as finding enough teachers.
Estelle Morris, the UK Education Secretary, opened the 2002 Educational Technology Conference in London recently. To start the conference, she presented a video showing a computer—generated model of the school of tomorrow. Greater use of computer technology and classroom assistants will help students develop their own way of learning, Morris said. She added that this is a more exciting, as well as more interesting, way of learning. At the same time, teachers will be “freed from their traditional role as the source（来源）of all knowledge.”
Children of all abilities will “form. the course around their own needs.” They will “learn in their own time, at their own speed and in their own environment（环境）.” At home or at school, they will follow their learning programs by looking at online libraries and watching lessons by world-class teachers and subject experts. Instead of going on field trips, students will use virtual（虚拟的）reality. If they do not understand something, they can ask other students—“take part in virtual communities with learners with similar needs”—or e-mail their teachers. They will hand in their work electronically to be “auto-marked”.
The classroom of the future is fast becoming a reality.
69. According to the UK’s Department of Education and Skills, the schools of the future will__________.
A. cause more problems such as not being able to find enough teachers
B. set no homework and no tests for students
C. make good use of computer technology and classroom assistants
D. enable students to teach themselves in their own ways
70. Estelle Morris thinks that computer technology will_________.
A. help students develop their own way of learning
B. enable students to experience interesting and exciting ways of learning
C. provide students with knowledge from other sources as well as teachers
D. A, B and C
71. If students do not understand something, they can_______.
A. go on a field trip
B. go to ask their teachers to help them
C. send e-mail to ask for a teacher’s help
D. have a look at other learners’ homework
E
Many parents who welcome the idea of turning off the TV and spending more time with the family are still worried that without TV they would be too often on call as entertainers(娱乐者) for their children. They remember thinking up all sorts of things to do when they were children. But their own children seem different, less good at finding things to pass the time, somehow. When there’s nothing to do, these parents notice regretfully that their children seem unable to come up with anything to do besides turning on the TV.
One father, for example, says, “When I was young, we were always thinking up things to do, projects and games. We certainly never complained in an angry way to our parents, ‘I have nothing to do”. He compares this with his own children today: “They are simply lazy. If someone doesn’t play with them, they’ll happily sit there watching TV all day.”
There is one word for this father’s disappointment: unfair. It is as if he were disappointed in them for not reading Greek though they have never studied the language. He feels his children’s lack of inventiveness a great pity, as if the ability to play were something born that his children are missing. In fact, the tendency(倾向) to play is built into the human species, but the actual ability to play—to imagine, to invent in a playful way, and the ability to gain satisfaction after successful effort from it—these are skills that have to be learned and developed.
Such disappointment, however, is not only unjust, it is also destructive(毁灭性的). Sensing their parents’ disappointment, children come to believe that they are, indeed, lacking something, and that this makes them less worthy of admiration and respect. Giving children the chance to develop new things to enjoy themselves, to enrich their knowledge and experience and discover the pleasure of doing things on their own is, on the other hand, a way to help children develop a confident(自信)feeling about themselves as able and interesting people.
72. Many people think that, instead of watching a lot of TV, their children should_______.
A. think up things to enjoy themselves
B. find chances to talk with parents
C. enjoy themselves outdoors
D. sit silently studying Greek
73. Fathers often blame their children for not being able to play by themselves. This is unfair because________.
A. they do not lack the ability to play
B. they have not been given the opportunities to learn and develop their ability
C. the children are too young to do that
D. the children are not really lazy, but there’s nothing for them to do
74. When parents show continuous disappointment in their children, the children will________.
A. be more disappointed
B. refuse to learn new things
C. discover the pleasures of doing things on their own
D. lose their confidence and respectability
75. What is the author’s main idea?
A. Parents should give children more help on how to be inventive.
B. Turning off the TV will help us solve a lot of family problems.
C. It’s not right for parents and children to blame(抱怨) each other.
D. Today’s children are becoming less able and independent than before.
第二卷
四、阅读表达（每小题3分，共15分）
Modern life is a lot less to the advantage of friendships and neighborliness than it used to be. The average American moves every five years. People drive straight into their garages, hire lawn services, hang out in their backyards instead of their front porches (前走廊). These days, neighbors don't even know each other's names.
Good neighbors and good friends are a lot like electricity or running water: We don't know how much we depend on them until we don't have them. In fact, the authors of a recent book, Refrigerator Rights, claim that refrigerators are signs of close relationships--after all, you wouldn't snatch a drumstick(鸡腿) from the refrigerator of a stranger.
The surprising thing is that all it takes to strengthen your relationship with friends and neighbors is respect for their feelings, concern for their property, and a helping hand when it's needed. Here's how to develop your relationships with two types of vitally important people in your life.
_________________. A true friend doesn't flee when changes occur. The sign of a good friend is one who stays true through it all--marriage, parenthood, new jobs, new homes, the losses. Just because situations change doesn't mean the person has to.
Friendships fade away if there isn't an balance between the give and the take. So make sure you aren't being a burden to your friends. Be sensitive to how much your friend can and can't offer you--be it time, energy, or help -- and don't step over the line. Meanwhile, friendships that drain(耗尽) you will not last. If a friendship is out of balance in this way, you'll need to talk the situation through.
76. Which sentence in the passage is the closest in meaning to the following one?
A true friend will stay the same even when the situations change.
_______________________________________________________________
77. Fill in the blank in Paragraph 4 with a proper sentence. (Within 10 words)
_______________________________________________________________
78. What advice is given in the last paragraph? (Within 10 words)
_______________________________________________________________
79. What do you think the author will go on talking about if the passage continues? (Within 10 words)
_______________________________________________________________
80. Translate the underlined sentence in the last paragraph into Chinese．
_______________________________________________________________
第五部分：
第二节 写作（满分30分）
随着生活节奏的加快，人们对是在家吃饭，还是上饭馆吃饭意见不一，请你简单描述上述现象并简单陈述自己的观点。
注意：1．词数120-150词左右。
2．可根据要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
参考答案
一、单项
21.【标准答案】B
【试题分析】本题主要考查冠词用法。第一空考查零冠词，在交通工具前不用冠词，如by air/by car等；第二空考查定冠词用法，定冠词用于名词之前，指世上独一无二的事物，如the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth等。
【高考考点】冠词用法。
【易错提醒】by the sea意为“在海边”，按题意来看，“我们”到西海岸是“坐船（by sea）”去的，所以排除A、C。
【备考提示】掌握好冠词，包括定冠词、不定冠、零冠词基本用法是解决此类问题的关键。
22.【标准答案】C
【试题分析】题意为：“－我录下您的演讲您介意吗？－不介意，录吧！”根据“Go ahead”可知对方同意了请求，所以说“不介意”。如果不同意，回答应选择D.
【高考考点】考查交际用语。
【易错提醒】Never mind不要紧，没关系，用来回答别人道歉或安慰别人。No way没门，不可能，和语意不符。
【备考提示】注意本题曾在2004年广东卷出现类似题目（35题）。 高考前要多练习历年各省高考试题。
--Do you mind if I open the window?
--__________I feel a bit cold．
A．Of course not．  B．I’d rather you didn’t．   C．Go ahead．  D．Why not?
【答案及解析】 B选项A表示不介意；B表示希望对方不要打开窗户；C表示要对方去打开窗户；D表示责问对方为什么不干某事的原因。根据I feel a bit cold，答案选B。
23.【标准答案】B
【试题分析】题意为：“－彼特在吗？－请不要挂断电话，我去看看能否找到他。”hold on hold on 继续，坚持，保持；不挂断电话。此处意为“别挂，等一等”，相当于hold the line。
【高考考点】考查交际用语和动词短语的含义辨析。
【易错提醒】搞不清楚每个动词短语的具体含义而误选，hold up 举起，竖起，支持，使停滞；hold out 伸出，提出，支持，主张；hold off 耽搁，不接近，离开。
【备考提示】在复习中一定要积累一定量的动词短语用法，要分清它们的含义和在具体语境中的意思，如与have, take, put, come, go, make ,set等相关的词组的意思和用法。此考点为高考必考。
24.【标准答案】A
【试题分析】题意为：“在最近去英国的旅行中我们参观了科学博物馆，它是伦敦最吸引游客的地方之一。”分析从句的结构，we是主语，visit是谓语，during a recent trip to Britain是状语，visit后缺宾语，所以选择关系代词which。
【高考考点】考查定语从句的用法。
【易错提醒】不注意分析句子结构易误选D，不知道非限定性定语从句中不能用that 则易误选C。
【备考提示】在复习中有关定语从句的知识时，一定要学会分析从句的结构，理清其基本用法和特殊用法，如关系词在从句中充当什么成分，关系代词that和which用法区别等问题要特别注意。
25.【标准答案】D
【试题分析】题意为：“－恐怕到明天我也无法修理这些东西。－没什么，不着急。”根据句意易选D。
【高考考点】考查交际用语和There be结构。
【易错提醒】There is no hurry,意为不必着急，不忙。如Don't drive so fast. There is no hurry.别开那么快，不用着急；There’s no wonder.难怪；There’s no doubt.毫无疑问；There’s no problem.没问题。
【备考提示】掌握There be 结构的各种变化形式和句型：There is something wrong with/There is no need to do /There is no(some) difficult(trouble)in/ There is no help for/There is no difference between/There is no possibility that /There is no saying that/There is a chance that /There is a possibility that/There seems to be /There used to / There happen to be。
26.【标准答案】A
【试题分析】句意为：“－如果我们在聚会后都自愿帮忙的话，那清理工作应该不会花很长时间。－是的，人多活儿轻嘛。”. B项“聊胜于无”；C项“多多益善”；D项“速战速决”。
【高考考点】在语境中英语谚语的应用。
【易错提醒】一定要分析句子的含义和说话者要表达的意图，否则易误选其他选项。
【备考提示】在复习中要了解西方的文化和积累一些英语成语，俚语和谚语，如：Many heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。
27.【标准答案】D
【试题分析】句意为：“人们通常说：旅行的快乐不在于要去的地方而在于旅行的过程。”根据句意不难选择D。
【高考考点】考查短语not…but用法。
【易错提醒】本题解题的关键在于题意的理解。如果选择B，则意为：旅行的快乐在于要去的地方或者旅行的过程；如果选择C，则意为：旅行的快乐既不在于要去的地方也不在于旅行的过程。这样就不符合常规的思维逻辑。
【备考提示】not…but是个连词词组，作 “不是……而是……”解，连接两个并列的成分，表示意思上的转折。
[举例](1) He is not English, but American.
他不是英国人，而是美国人。(连接两个表语)
(2) The servant can\'t read and write in English, but can speak English fluently.
这个仆人不能读英语和写英语，但却能流利地说英语。(连接两个谓语)
(3) They need not money but farm labors.
他们不需要钱，而需要劳动力。(连接两个宾语)
(4)Not the students but the teacher is hoping to go there.
不是学生而在老师希望去那儿。(连接两个主语)
[注意]“not…but”连接两个主语时，谓语动词要与紧靠它的主语在人称和数上保持—致。 这点和not only…but also连接两个主语时谓语动词用法一致。
[举例] Not the teacher but the students are hoping to go there.
不是老师而是学生希望去那儿。
2007 全国卷I中，把not…but和强调句放在一起考查：
Between the two generations, it is often not their age, ____their education that causes misunderstanding.
A. like                 B. as                      C. or                 D. but
28.【标准答案】B
【试题分析】题意为：“－为什么你建议我们买一台新机器呢？－因为这台旧的已经坏掉了，无法修理了。” beyond reach够不着；beyond control控制不了；beyond description无法描述。
【高考考点】考查交际用语和介词beyond用法。
【易错提醒】本题要注意句意的理解。出题者把介词beyond放在具体的语言环境中考查了其做状语的用法，提高了对句意理解的要求。
【备考提示】平时学习中，要特别注意加强对常用介词的用法识记。beyond作介词时可以表示范围、水平、限度、能力等，意思是“超出；多于；为……所不能及”。在句中常作表语、定语或状语。①作表语 Your work is beyond all praise．你的作品叫人赞扬不尽。 ②作定语 These were matters beyond his understanding as yet．这些事情他那时候还不了解。 ③作状语 We succeeded beyond our hopes．我们获得如此之成功，是我们始料所不及的。beyond还可以表示位置和时间，如：beyond that hill在山的那边；beyond midnight半夜以后。
29.【标准答案】D
【试题分析】题意为：“－他们很安静，是吧？－是的，他们习惯了吃饭时不说话。”根据短语be accustomed to doing的用法，不难选择D答案。
【高考考点】考查交际用语和短语be accustomed to（习惯于）用法。
【易错提醒】如果不能熟记短语be accustomed to doing，易误选A、B；如果对句意不能很好理解，易误选C。
【备考提示】be accustomed to 出现于牛津英语模块六第三单元，重点要识记to是介词，后面用doing. 类似的短语还有：look forward to 期望，盼望 /prefer to宁愿/compare … to把A比喻B/in addition to除...之外　　　      /the key to …的关键/see to负责, 注意/stick to 坚持/lead to 导致/pay attention to注意/devote oneself to奉献/ give way to　给…让路/according to　根据/get down to 着手做/be open to 愿意接受/object to　反对/turn to转向, 变成, 求助于/due to由于, 应归于/refer to查阅, 提到, 谈到, 打听/second to仅次于。但使用时要注意句子结构。如：The letter they look forward to arrived.此处they look forward to修饰主语the letter，和arrived无关。
30.【标准答案】C
【试题分析】题意为：“要把钱花在通过提高健康的生活质量来防止疾病上，而不是花在生病后的治疗康复上。”第一空中，把钱的两种投入方式进行对比，所以用比较级；第二空，make people better使身体更健康，含有“越来越好”之意，所以也用比较级。
【高考考点】考查形容词比较等级的用法。
【易错提醒】此句题干较长，一定要注意理解题意，分清有几个对象在相比较，不要受汉语的影响而误选其他选项。
【备考提示】这是一个it作形式主语的主语从句。长句的句子结构分析是高考之前考生必备的一项能力。可以通过熟练掌握五种基本句型的方式或通过大量阅读培养语感的方式来理解长、难句的结构。
31.【标准答案】A
【试题分析】题意为：“－我还在忙着我的项目。－哦，你要错过最后期限了。时间要用完了。”run out表示“被用完了（become used up)”的被动含义，其主语通常是时间、金钱、食物等无生命名词。例如：His money soon ran out. 他的钱很快就花完了。根据句意选择A。
【高考考点】考查短语动词辨析。
【易错提醒】在理解句意的基础上，明白其它短语含义：go out 出去，熄灭；give out用完，耗尽；分发；放出（气味，热量等）；lose out (比赛)输掉, 失败。
【备考提示】加强基本英语知识识记。平时做题过程中遇到的短语动词都要清晰地牢记每个短语的含义。平时多积累，考试反应就快。同时注意把动词短语放在情景交际用语中考查这种新趋势。
32.【标准答案】A
【试题分析】题意为：“只有在你饮食正确的条件下，你才能保持健康。”only用于句首和条件状语连用时，后面使用倒装结构。
【高考考点】考察倒装句的用法。
【易错提醒】unless = if not（除非），用于句首时引导条件状语从句，主句不用倒装。如：Unless I work hard and hold it on, I won't go to the NO.1 high school.首先排除C项。D项句意为：“如果你饮食正确，你将不能保持健康。”语意逻辑有问题。
【备考提示】only在句首倒装的情况：①only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，其后面的主语部分要进行倒装；②如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。例如：Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed. 病得很重时，他才卧床休息。倒装结构是英语语法中较为容易掌握的一项，最近几年高考都有所涉及，一定要逐条记忆。
33.【标准答案】D
【试题分析】题意为：“－我确信安德鲁会赢得决赛的第一名。－我也这样认为。他几个月来一直在准备。”题干中for months决定了句子使用完成时，而且据句意，他一直在准备，所以最好使用进行时。这样，D项的现在完成进行时就是最佳选择。
【高考考点】考察动词的时态。
【易错提醒】因为句子中没有过去时，所以就不会有“过去的过去”，C项错误；B项只强调过去某几个月里他一直在准备，和现在关系不大，所以就不可能有对安德鲁获胜的把握较大的推测。现在进行时很少和段时间状语连用。
【备考提示】时态问题是高考的重点考察项目，也是学生英语学习中的重点难点，在复习中一定要掌握好各种时态的基本用法以及它们的表现形式，最佳的办法就是把自己当作说话人，去体会句子中语境的时态。平时要多做高考时态试题，慢慢体会时态用法。
34.【标准答案】C
【试题分析】语意为：“为学好英语，我们应该尽自己所能找机会听别人说英语。”hear sth. done听到某事被做。本句中，英语被别人说，所以用过去分词表被动用法。故选择C。
【高考考点】考察非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法。
【易错提醒】hear后可以用do/doing/done三种形式作宾语补足语。hear sb. do听到动作的全过程；hear sb. doing听到某个动作正在做；hear sth. done听到某事被做。本句中hear的宾语是English，应该是“被说”的，所以排除A、B。D项结构错误，首先应该排除。
【备考提示】掌握非谓语动词时，要重点掌握三种形式的特点。如-ing形式强调动作正在进行或主动，过去分词强调已经完成或被动，动词不定式强调将要发生或具体动作等。还要清晰掌握细节，如能带分词作宾补的动词常见的有see, hear, keep, find, notice, watch, think, want, smell, observe等。
35.【标准答案】B
【试题分析】题意为：“－对不起，前几天我不应该对你大喊大叫的。－没事，我自己也有点失控。” shouldn’t have本来不应该做而做了。根据题意选择B。
【高考考点】情态动词+have done sth.
【易错提醒】不能搞清楚情态动词的基本含义和用法。如D项must have done用来表示对过去发生事情的肯定推测，否定推测使用can’t/couldn’t have done。还要注意审清题干，本题中the other day的含义是前几天，所以不用A、C选项。
【备考提示】情态动词的用法是高考必考项目。对情态动词的复习中一定要搞清楚情态动词的基本含义和用法，尤其是情态动词+have done sth.表推测的用法的具体意思，结合上下文加以准确判断：should have done 表示“过去本应该做某事却未做。” /ought to have done 表示“过去本应该做某事却未做。” / need have done 表示“过去本有必要做某事却未做。” /could have done 表示“过去本能够做某事却未做。” /might have done 表示“过去本可以做某事却未做。”
二、完形
36—40 ADBDD  41—45 CBABC  46—50 CDDCC  51—55 DACBD
重点解析：
37. calm冷静，镇静，多形容人的情绪，情感；silent意为沉默不语的，排除A、C。crowded意为拥挤的，与most people had gone to bed 不相符。故答案为D。
38. A、C都不符合句意，discuss为及物动词，后直接接宾语，故只有B为正确答案。
41. show不符合句意，brought意思和时态都不恰当，排除A、D；letters可write，但gifts不行，排除B。故答案为C。
43. as a matter of fact为固定搭配，意为“事实上”。
44. 根据下句I began to sing判断，此处应为sing。
45. call up打电话；pick up捡起，拾起；join up连接起来；wake up叫醒。根据上下文，C为正确答案。
46 for miles around意为“周围几里”。
48. at the top of one’s voice习惯搭配，意为“以最大的噪音”。
50. 此处强调状态，不强调动作，因此用形容词open。
52. may可以用于礼貌地评价或提问等，意思是“可以”，例如：You look lovely, if I may say so. (我觉得你看上去很可爱)。
53. 解题时，首先确定I’d是I would还是I had的缩写。从句意看，I’d是I would的缩写。故选C项，构成I’d like to do sth结构。
54. Would you be kind enough to do…?是请某人做事或帮忙，是一种非常委婉客气的表达式。
55. drop in on sb. 意为visit sb. 拜访某人，故选D。
三、阅读理解
56.答案：C解析：该细节题。选项A、B、D所说都是父母决定让孩子在家受教育的原因之—，但都不是最根本的原因。根据第二段第一句话可知，父母决定让孩子在家受教育的最重要的两个原因”—是教育质量，二是父母可以教给孩子一定的宗教观念。因此，C为正确选项。
57.答案：A解析：该题属于词句释义题。monitor的常用义为“班长，监视器”之意，此处做动词意为“督察，监控”之意。只有选项A合乎题意。因此，A为正确选项。
58.答案：C解析：该题属于事实细节题。从第三段第一句话可知，一、学校派老师的目的是帮助那些进行家庭就学教育的家庭；二、一个社区的家庭只能有一个老师，而不是每个家庭各有一个。因此，选项A、D错误。从最后一段《时代》杂志的报道来看在家庭就学接受教育的孩子并不存在学习困难的问题。因此选项D错。从第二段中"It is because of the improved education that can result from increased personal attention that…”可知，该题答案为C。
59.答案：D解析：该题属于主旨大意题。文章开头句“Over the last two decades，a new trend in American education has developed．That development is home schooling”,是全文的主旨。后文分别介绍了家庭就学兴起的原因、优势、效果、发展趋势等等。选项A、D、C都只概括了文章的一个方面。因此，该题选D。
60.答案：D解析：从第二段知，目前提供的汽车接送服务的对象是家离学校三英里远的学生或有特殊原因的学生。
61.答案：A  解析：从第三段第一句话的内容知，这项新计划的实施范围。
62.答案：B解析：从文章倒数第二段内容得出答案。
63.答案：D 解析：从文章第四段可知。
64.答案：D解析：从文章的最后一段内容知，政府打算和从前询问过能否提供交通服务的家长取得联系，看看他们是否赞成这一项计划。
65.答案：B解析：中国银行是从事国际金融业务的，故English for international banking and Finance 一书较为适合，而Business Reports in English只是与金融有关。
66.答案：C   解析：从第一段的内容知，书展上展出的都是由英国牛津大学出版社出版的图书。
67.答案：C  解析：从本部分第二段“The new edition…technology.”判断得知。
68.答案：D解析：文中说这本书共分九章，包括听、说、读、写各个方面，都与读者的兴趣与需求一致。 故答案为D项。match在此是“相搭配”的意思。
69.答案：D 解析：分析文章的前两段内容知，将来的学校重在培养学生的自学能力。
70.答案：D解析：从文章的二、三段可知。
71.答案：C解析：从文章的倒数第二段的最后两句话If they do not understand something, they can ask other students—“take part in virtual communities with learners with similar    needs”—or e-mail their teachers. They will hand in their work electronically to be“auto-marked”.的意思知，学生如有问题可用多种方式解决，发e－mail向老师请教是其中之一。
72.答案：A解析：这些人把自己童年时所做的事情和今天孩子们所做的事情相对比。孩子们不应该老是看电视，而应该想其它方式娱乐。
73.答案：B解析：文章的第三段尤其是最后一句话说明了这一原因。
74.答案：D解析：从最后一段理解：这种失望不仅是不公平的，而且是毁灭性的，它使孩子越来越缺乏自信。
75.答案：A解析：这不是孩子的错。家长不能仅仅埋怨、失望，而是应帮助孩子树立信心。
四、阅读表达
76.答案：Just because situations change doesn't mean the person has.
77.答案：Be a good / true friend to people around you.
78.答案：You should keep a balance between you and your friends.
79.答案：How to get on with your neighbors. 解析：本题为篇章结构题。根据文章第三段最后一句可知，本文将要讲述如何培养与朋友和邻居之间的关系，而上文只说了与朋友之间的关系，所以下文将要讲述与邻居之间的关系。
80.答案：要知晓你的朋友能够在多大程度上能够或不能够给你——无论是时间、精力或是帮助——一定不要超越这条界线。
第五部分：写作
Great progress has been made in our society. As a result, some people are too busy that they can’t spare time to make meals at home, so restaurants turn to the best place for them.
Firstly having meal in restaurants is very convenient; people can stuff themselves within several minutes. Secondly the restaurant, especially those that serve fast food, may provide very comfortable environment as well as a warm atmosphere, people can not only enjoy the food they are being offered but can communicate with their friends. Of course, every coin has two sides. While feasting in restaurant people will lessen the contact with their families. Besides, compared with home-cooked meals the food served by restaurants may be expensive or has little nutrition.
Though having meal in restaurants has many prohibits, I still think people should eat at home.
All in all, east or west, home is best.