火影忍者手游vip共多少:盘点岩石雕刻成的15座美丽建筑

世界上最令人惊叹的建筑中有一部分是由“原生岩石”雕刻而成，它们被称作“石切建筑”，从缅甸到埃塞俄比亚，世界许多地方都有这样的建筑，其中多数含有价值连城的古代艺术作品。有些雕刻而成的洞穴简直不可思议，其历史可追溯到数千年前。与此同时，还有一部分洞穴具有现代气息，令人无法想象。以下15座建筑由巨大峭壁、独块巨石和火山岩雕刻而成，它们美丽又壮观，是传统文化中一道不可磨灭的亮丽风景。 1.意大利马特拉古石城 

意大利马特拉古石城 在意大利西南部的古岩城马特拉，人们住在基本上完全一样的家中，和9000年前他们祖先的居住方式没什么两样。马特拉由多岩石的峡谷和“萨西·迪马泰拉”地区的许多天然洞穴构成，是该地区新石器时代居民最早的居住地。这些洞穴错综复杂，构成一个像迷宫一样的住宅区。人们几乎无法将古代建筑与天然的岩石形状区分开来。这些房子就像岩石中长出来的。20世纪中期，这里从一个城镇废墟变成令世界各地游客向往的旅游胜地。梅尔·吉布森的著名影片《耶稣受难记》就是在马特拉拍摄的。 2.缅甸婆温唐洞穴 

缅甸婆温唐洞穴 缅甸婆温唐山上有许多洞穴，有许多埋藏于地下的宝藏――雕刻而成的佛像，雕刻时间从14世纪到18世纪间不等。缅甸自有原始居民开始，这些小山就被占据。在这些洞穴中，有4000幅壁画，沿着隐蔽楼梯，可以爬上一座小山，到达一个很有名的洞穴圣坛。杂乱雕刻而成的佛像在洞穴和入口处起着支柱的作用。 3.埃塞俄比亚拉里贝拉石凿教堂 

埃塞俄比亚拉里贝拉石凿教堂 在由原生岩石雕刻而成的最令人惊叹的建筑当中，埃塞俄比亚拉里贝拉石凿教堂就很有代表性。这里的11座石凿教堂都分别由一整块花岗岩刻成，而且它的顶部和地面一样平。12世纪国王拉里贝拉委托教会建造一座圣城，以便让那些不能去耶路撒冷朝拜的信徒完成心愿。建造者在岩石的4个边上都雕刻上一条宽阔深沟，然后通过艰苦劳作凿出内部。最大的石凿教堂有40英尺高。 4.印度阿旃陀石窟 

印度阿旃陀石窟 印度马哈拉施特拉邦阿旃陀的这些石切寺庙让人震憾。这些洞穴由瓦古尔纳河谷的花岗岩峭壁雕刻而成，由修道院和圣堂两部分组成。它们的开凿时间在公元前1世纪和公元7世纪间，里面有绘画和被认为是佛教艺术杰作的雕像等。 5.埃及阿布·辛贝勒的努比亚遗址 

埃及阿布·辛贝勒的努比亚遗址 建于埃及拉姆西斯二世时期的4个巨大雕像守护着阿布·辛贝勒神庙大门，这座神庙由尼罗河上的砂岩峭壁雕刻而成。在拉姆西斯二世的命令下，阿布·辛贝勒神庙面向东方，这样一来一年中光线有两次照进最深处的圣地，从而照亮孟斐斯城主神卜塔、阿蒙神、拉姆西斯二世和太阳神雷·赫拉克提的雕像。20世纪60年代，建造纳塞尔水库时，为防止大水淹没神庙，这里全部被从原始地点迁移出来。 6.中国云冈石窟 

中国云冈石窟 中国山西大同的云冈石窟由53个洞穴和5.1万尊雕像组成，是中国最漂亮的洞窟艺术作品。游客可穿梭于洞穴中，欣赏那些壮观的雕刻品。大佛高耸于游客之中。20世纪初，这里的许多艺术珍品被盗，而保护洞穴的木制寺庙建筑也被烧毁。所以，云冈石窟现在急需保护，已被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。 7.土耳其卡帕多西亚岩屋 

土耳其卡帕多西亚岩屋 土耳其现在有73个省，而卡帕多西亚就是其中之一，这里拥有世界上最奇特最迷人的景观。这里的地上随处可见岩石和繁盛的树丛，“精灵烟囟”等奇形怪状的石灰华岩层以及由软石灰华雕刻而成的地下城和建筑都是这里的特色。卡帕多西亚还有许多教堂，其中许多有用天然大块岩石雕刻而成的柱子和拱门。 8.斯里兰卡丹布拉金庙 

斯里兰卡丹布拉金庙 斯里兰卡丹布拉金庙由一块巨大岩石雕刻而成，在史前时代是有人居住的洞穴，后来用于佛教到来之前的宗教仪式。公元前89年，瓦拉加姆巴国王建造并装饰了这座寺庙。里面的洞穴顶部和墙壁都有根据岩石轮廓创作的宗教绘画。卡丹布拉金庙有150尊根据佛教次序排列的佛像、许多斯里兰卡的历史人物雕像和印度神像。一尊由这块岩石雕刻而成的14米高佛像耸立于第一个洞穴内。 9.印度埃洛拉石窟 

印度埃洛拉石窟 和阿旃陀石窟一样，埃洛拉石窟位于印度的马哈拉施特拉邦。5世纪和6世纪间，埃洛拉石窟由查兰安德里山岩石雕刻而成。在印度教再次崛起时，这个只是被用于佛教的圣地受到冷落，结果这里又出现了印度教石窟。从那以后，埃洛拉石窟就有了各式各样的宗教艺术品，包括许多精雕细镂的圣坛等。在印度，作为佛教和印度教融合的范例，埃洛拉石窟今天具有不容忽视的重要价值。 10.沙特阿拉伯石谷 

沙特阿拉伯石谷 沙特阿拉伯最有名的建筑遗址是石谷，这里还被叫做玛甸·沙勒遗址。公元前2000年，石谷住所的正面建于砂岩山丘中。石谷的字面意思是“多岩石的地方”。有人认为，这里曾是纳巴泰人和萨穆德人的居住地。水井、保存很好的巨大墓穴、碑文和洞穴绘画都是石谷的特色。 11.中国重庆大足石刻 

中国重庆大足石刻 中国重庆大足石刻由悬崖边上的岩石雕刻而成，共有5000多尊雕像和10万多个碑文汉字。尽管佛像占多数，大足石刻也有道教和儒教人物，这在中国石窟艺术中十分罕见。这些雕刻创作于公元650年的唐朝，后来一直延续到明朝(1368年到1644年)和清朝(1616年到1911年)。 12.约旦古城佩特拉 

约旦古城佩特拉 众所周知，约旦古城佩特拉是好莱坞名片《夺宝奇兵3：圣战奇兵》的外景地，还是世界七大新奇迹之一。人们能毫不费力地知道这里出名的原因，那就是雄伟的佩特拉是已知石切建筑中最为完美的。这座古城建在何珥山斜坡中，在古罗马时期繁荣起来。但是，在1812年瑞士探险家约翰·路威格·柏克哈特发现这个地方以前，西方国家并不知道这座古城。佩特拉有800多个遗迹，包括墓穴、浴室、葬礼大厅和寺庙等。 13.巴厘岛象窟寺庙 

巴厘岛象窟寺庙 象窟寺庙是巴厘岛历史最悠久的遗址。显然，这个石窟的一部分很久以前因自然灾害遭到破坏。象窟寺庙数个世纪以来一直不被人所知，直到一队荷兰考古学家1923年偶然发现这个神秘地方。虽然这里建于11世纪，却以印度教和佛教的雕像为特色，还含有许多供隐士或僧人使用的秘密冥思室。据说，洞穴外面的两个传统浴池的水有不可思议的神力。 14.保加利亚伊万诺沃石凿教堂 

保加利亚伊万诺沃石凿教堂 在保加利亚鲁塞地区，有许多用坚岩雕刻而成的整体式教堂、小教堂和修道院，但最有名的还是伊万诺沃石凿教堂。尽管这些教堂因建于悬崖边给人留下深刻印象，却以美丽而保存完好的中世纪壁画著称。13世纪，基督徒凿出这些洞穴，并把这里建成教堂。许多世纪前，人们必须用绳索攀上悬崖才能进到里面。但是现在，人们可以轻而易举地走进去。 15.意大利达曼胡尔庙 

意大利达曼胡尔庙 

意大利达曼胡尔庙 达曼胡尔庙由意大利瓦尔奇塞拉村下面的巨大岩石雕刻而成。有人可能会认为这是远古奇迹。但这个被意大利政府称为“世界第八奇观”的所在实际上是一个现代作品，充分体现了人的想象力。据说，一个57岁的前保险经纪人在这个占地近30万立方英尺的地方，用16年时间秘密建造了这座装饰华丽的神殿。由于这块岩石十分坚固，所以奥贝尔托·艾何迪才选择这里建了座打掩护的房子，然后在房子下面开始了漫长的开凿工作。艾何迪事后承认，他们每4小时就换一次班，经过十几年辛苦工作，最终凿出9个洞室，而且它们都有美丽的壁画、镶嵌图案、雕像、密门和彩色玻璃窗等，令人叹为观止。 =============================================================================== 15 Beautiful Buildings Carved from 'Living Rock’ 

Written by Steph on December 8th, 2008 - Topics: Art and Design, Geography and Travel, Nature and Ecosystems

Perhaps among some of the most astonishing buildings in the world are those cut from living rock. Known as rock-cut architecture, buildings like this can be found all over the world from Myanmar to Ethiopia and many contain priceless works of ancient art. Some of these incredible carved caves date back thousands of years while others are surprisingly a bit more modern than you’d think. These 15 buildings carved from colossal cliffs, monoliths and volcanic rock are breathtakingly beautiful and a fascinating look inside the traditions of cultures long gone.

Ancient Rock City of Matera, Italy

(images via: Flickr user vic15)

In the ancient rock city of Matera in southwestern Italy, people live in the same exact homes that their ancestors did 9,000 years ago. Matera was created from a rocky ravine and the many natural caves in the area – called the 'Sassi di Matera’ - were the first houses of the Neolithic inhabitants of the region. The caves create a labyrinth of houses, and it’s practically impossible to distinguish the natural rock formations from the ancient architecture. The houses seem to sprout from the rock in an organic way, creating somewhat of a tourist attraction from what was in the mid 20th century a ghost town. Matera was notably the setting for Mel Gibson’s film 'The Passion of the Christ’.

Po Win Daung Caves, Myanmar

(image via: Travel Blog)

Dozens of caves in the Po Win Daung hills contain a treasure trove of carved Buddhas dating from the 14th to the 18th centuries. The hills have been occupied since the dawn of human inhabitation of Myanmar – formerly Burma. Within the caves you can see 4,000 murals, and take a covered stairway up a hill to the main cave shrine. Intricately carved Buddhas act as pillars within the caves as well as sentinels outside the entrances.

Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela, Ethiopia

(images via: Sacred Destinations)

Among the most amazing structures carved from living stone are the churches of Lalibela, Ethiopia. 11 rock-hewn churches have each been carved from a single block of granite with its roof at ground level. 12th-century King Lalibela commissioned these churches with the goal of creating a New Jerusalem for those who couldn’t make the pilgrimage to the original city. Each church was created by carving a wide trench on all four sides of the rock and then painstakingly chiseling out the interior. The largest among them stands at 40 feet tall.

Ajanta Caves, India

(images via: Shunya.net)

The stunning rock-cut temples of Ajanta in Maharashtra, India, are among India’s most underrated treasures. Hollowed out of granite cliffs on the inner side of a ravine in the Wagurna River valley, the caves consist of two complexes: monasteries and sanctuaries.  They were excavated between the 1st century BCE and 7th century CE, and contain paintings and sculpture considered to be masterpieces of Buddhist religious art.

Abu Simbel Nubian Monuments, Egypt

(images via: National Geographic)

Four colossal statues of ancient Egyptian Pharoah Ramesses II guard the entrance of Abu Simbel, a temple cut out of the sandstone cliffs above the Nile River. Commissioned by Ramesses himself, the temple faces east so that twice a year, the sun’s rays reach into the innermost sanctuary, lighting up the statues of Ptah, Amun-Re, Ramesses II and Re-Horakhty. The complex was relocated entirely from its original setting in the 1960s to avoid being flooded when Lake Nasser was created.

Yungang Grottoes, China

(images via: Wikimedia Commons)

The Yungang Grottoes of Datong in the Shanxi province of China are comprised of 53 caves and 51,000 statues, and are one of China’s most beautiful examples of cave art. Giant Buddhas tower over visitors who wind through the caves viewing the many sculptures inside. Much of the artwork that was once inside the grottoes was stolen in the early 20th century and the wooden temple buildings that once protected the caves burned down. So, the site is now in urgent need of protection and has been named a UNESCO world heritage site.

Cappadocia Cave Houses, Turkey

(images via: First Class Wallpapers + Wikimedia Commons)

Cappadocia is one of the 73 current provinces of the Republic of Turkey, and has one of the most strange and fascinating landscapes of the world. The rocky, scrubby land features bizarre volcanic 'tufa’ rock formations referred to as 'Fairy Chimneys’ as well as complex underground cities and buildings cut from the soft 'tufa’. Many of these are churches, with columns and arches decorating the stony face of an otherwise natural hunk of rock.

Golden Temple of Dambulla, Sri Lanka

(images via: My Sri Lankan Holidays)

Carved from a giant rock in Sri Lanka, the Golden Temple of Dambulla was once a set of caves inhabited during prehistoric times and then used for pre-Buddhist ceremonies. The temple was built and decorated in 89 BC by King Valagambahu. Inside, the cave ceilings and walls are painted with religious images that follow the contours of the rock. 150 statues of Buddhist order, figures from Sri Lankan history and a few statues of Hindu gods. A 14-meter-tall Buddha statue carved from the rock dominates the first cave as you enter.

Ellora Caves, India

(images via: Sacred Destinations)

Like the Ajanta Caves, the Ellora Caves are located in the Indian state of Maharashtra.  Carved from the Charanandri hills between the 5th and 6th centuries, the Ellora Caves were built just as Buddhism was declining in India and Hinduism was once again becoming more popular. As a result, there are both Buddhist and Hindu caves within the complex, with a rich variety of religious art including many elaborately carved shrines. The Ellora Caves are highly valued today as an example of the country’s tolerance of both religions.

Al-Hijr, Saudi Arabia

(images via: National Geographic + Zubeyr-Kureemun.com)

Among Saudi Arabia’s best-known architectural sites is Al Hijr, also known as Madain Saleh. The facades of the dwellings in Al Hijr were carved into the sandstone mountains sometime in the second millenium BC. Al Hijr – which literally means 'rocky place’ – is believed to have been inhabited by the Nabataeans and the Thamud.  It features water wells, well-preserved monumental tombs, inscriptions and cave drawings.

Dazu Rock Carvings, Chongqing, China

(images via: Wikimedia Commons)

The Dazu rock carvings in Chongqing, China are hewn from the cliffside, featuring more than 5,000 statues and over 100,000 Chinese characters of inscriptions or epigraphs. Though Buddhist statues dominate, Taoist and Confucian figures can also be seen which is rather rare in Chinese grotto art. The carvings were made in 650 CE in the Tang Dynasty and continued in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and Qing Dynasty (1616-1911).

Petra, Jordan

(images via Atlas Tours + Wikimedia Commons)

The city of Petra in Jordan is known as a setting of the movie, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. It’s also one of the new 7 wonders of the world, and it’s easy to see why – its majestic rock-cut architecture is among the most sophisticated ever seen. Built into the slope of Mount Hor, Petra flourished during Roman times but was unknown to the western world until 1812 when discovered by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt. Over 800 individual monuments can be seen in Petra, including tombs, baths, funerary halls and temples.

Goa Gajah, Elephant Cave Temple, Bali

(images via: My Budget Travel)

Goa Gojah, the Elephant Cave Temple, is one of Bali’s most historically significant sites. The cave was apparently partially destroyed by a natural disaster long ago, and was undetected for centuries until a team of Dutch archeologists stumbled upon it in 1923. Thought to have been built in the 11th century, Goa Gojah features statuary influenced by both Hinduism and Buddhism and contains secret meditation chambers for priests or hermits. Two traditional bathing pools outside the cave contain water said to have magical properties.

Churches of Ivanovo, Bulgaria

(images via: Wikimedia Commons)

In the Ruse area of Bulgaria, there are a set of monolithic churches, chapels and monasteries hewn from solid rock known as the Churches of Ivanovo. Though the presence of these churches in the cliffside is impressive in itself, the structures are best known for their beautiful and well-preserved medieval frescoes. Christian monks dug out the caves and made the churches in the 13th century and though it’s a bit easier to access now, centuries ago people had to climb the cliff with ropes to get inside.

Temples of Damanhur, Valchuisella, Italy

(images via: The Daily Mail)

Viewing photos of the Temples of Damanhur, carved into the rock under the village of Valchuisella, Italy, one might think they’re an ancient wonder. But what the Italian government has deemed “the 8th wonder of the world” is actually a modern product of one man’s very active imagination. A 57-year-old former insurance broker created the ornate temples, occupying almost 300,000 cubic feet, in secret over a period of 16 years. Oberto Airaudi selected the hillside for its sturdy rock, built an unassuming house and began excavating underneath it. The self-described 'paranormal’ eccentric had volunteers work in 4-hour shifts to create the nine chambers full of astonishing murals, mosaics, statues, secret doors and stained glass windows. Airaudi’s entire story is a long and bizarre one, and though some may deem his creations a bit gaudy, the fact that he pulled all of this off certainly is amazing.