中华名医网:英语语音基础知识

要想说好英语语音，就要有英语语音的一些基本知识。

1．关于语音的几个概念

1)字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,

2)音标：词的语音形式。

3)音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。

4)音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand

5)元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。

6)辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。

7)开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike  ;b) 辅音+元音 he, go, hi

8)闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音+辅音it

9)重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。

2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)

1)[i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling                 2)[i] sit, build, miss, myth 

3)[e] bed, desk, head,                              4)[?] bad, land, bank, stamp 

5)[a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt          6)[?] hot, want 

7)[ ?:] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught 

8)[u:] good, who, blue, soup,                       9)[u] look, put, women, could 

10)[Λ] cup, come, blood, rough                    11)[?:] girl, work, serve, nurse 

12)[?] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday 

13)[ei] cake, they, play, eight, great, 

14)[ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye 

15)[?u] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow 

16)[au] house, town 

17)[?i] boy, oil                                18)[i?] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce, 

19)[ε?] pear, care, there, fair               20)[u?] tour, poor,

3. 容易混淆的元音

1)[e] [?] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land 

2)[i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid 

3)[e] [ai] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide 

4)[au] [?:] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause 

5)[au] [Λ] found fond; gown gone; down don

4. 辅音

1)[p] pen,                                             2)[b] bed, comb 

3)[t] tell,                                            4)[d], day, played, wanted 

5)[k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box     6)[g] big, go, guess, language 

7)[m] man                                             8)[n] nine, knife, autumn 

9)[η] bank, uncle, English, sing,                    10)[l] land, world 

11)[r] read, write, 

12)[f] five, cough, laugh                            13)[v] voice, of 

14)[θ] think,                                        15)[ e] this, bathe 

16)[s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf                17)[z] zoo, close, 

18)[∫] sure, she, social, nation                     19)[/] pleasure, 

20)[h] hot, who, hour 

21)[w] wall, what, answer 

22)[j] yes 

23)[t∫] child, teach, catch                         24)[d/] joke, bridge, 

25)[ts] boats                                        26)[dz] goods 

27)[tr] tree                                         28)[dr] dream

5. 容易混淆的辅音

1)[v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well 

2)[s] [θ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math 

3)[z] [e] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes 

4)[n] [η] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang 

6. 读音规则

1)重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)

2)非重读音节   [?] banana, student, today, after,

[i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday

7. 特殊读音

1)音的连读：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all

2)失去爆破：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme

3)音的同化：this year, Would you do it? Can't you see it?

8. 重音

1)单词重音

A)双音节词

a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry

b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。

a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, 

im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late 

c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre-  等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。

'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent 

d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。

'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war 

B)多音节词

a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy. 

b)有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。

'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment, 

c)词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。

cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective 

d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette 

2)句子重音

A) 英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重

B) 英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。

C) 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读(冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be.

D) 实词不重读的特殊情况

a) 实词第二次出现                         He thinks of that as a child thinks. 

b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰               I met her in the railway station. 

c) 代替词                                 Which book do you want? The small one. 

d) 感叹词中的 what 和how                 What a good day it is! How beautiful she is! 

e) street 在专有名词中                    Wangfujing Street.

f) this在这些短语中，                    this morning/afternoon/evening

E)虚词重读的特殊情况

a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词be在句首，句尾和否定时。

Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. 

I don't like you. He isn't a worker. 

b) 情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。

They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room. 

c) 介词在句首和句尾。         In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with. 

d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。    If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him. 

e)反身代词表示强调。           He couldn't come himself.