怀孕几天的症状有哪些:自动铅笔的历史

自动铅笔的历史

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

来自维基百科，自由的百科全书

【译者：WyBaby】

A mechanical pencil (U.S. English) or a propelling pencil (UK English)[1][2][3] is a pencil with a replaceable and mechanically extendable solid pigment core called a lead (pronounced/?l?d/). It is designed such that the lead can be extended as its point is worn away. The lead is not bonded to the outer casing and is usually graphite based, though colored pigments and other solid substances are also used.

自动铅笔（美式英语mechanical penceil，而英式英语为propelling pencil），是一种颜料芯可更换并且可以机械伸缩的铅笔。当铅笔芯的前端磨损的的时候，它可以向外延长。铅笔芯与外壳不是固定相连的，通常由石墨构成，当然也有用彩色和其他材料的铅笔芯。

A ratchet-type mechanical pencil

棘轮型自动铅笔

Mechanical pencils are often designed and used to provide lines of constant thickness without requiring sharpening, making them well suited to applications liketechnical drawing and fine-point or general writing. They have also, relatively unusually, been used, either with conventional pencils,[4] or by themselves, for fine-art drawing.[5]

自动铅笔通常用于需要写很多行同样宽度的文字而无需削铅笔的地方，这使得它很适合于工程绘图和小字号或普通的作品写作。也正因如此，相比于传统铅笔，它们不常用语美术创作中。

History

历史

The earliest extant example of a mechanical pencil was found aboard the wreckage of HMS Pandora, which sank in 1791.[6]

现存最早的自动铅笔发现于皇家海军潘多拉号的残骸中，该战舰在1791年沉没。

The first patent for a refillable pencil with lead-propelling mechanism was issued to Sampson Mordan and John Isaac Hawkins in Britain in 1822. After buying out Hawkins' patent rights, Mordan entered into a business partnership with Gabriel Riddle from 1823 to 1837. The earliest Mordan pencils are thus hallmarked SMGR.[7][8] After 1837, Sampson Mordan ended the partnership with Riddle and continued to manufacture pencils as "S.MORDAN & CO". His company continued to manufacture pencils and a wide range of silver objects until World War II, when the factory was bombed.

1942年，第一个可替换并且带有笔芯推进结构的铅笔的专利在英国被Sampson Mordan和John Isaac Hawkins获得。随后Mordan从Hawkins手里买断了专利权，在1823年到1837年间与Gabriel Riddle开展了商业合作，因此最早一批的Mordan铅笔都带有“SMGR”的标签。1837年后MorDan结束了与Riddle的合作，继续生产名为“S.MORDAN & CO”的铅笔，同时还广泛生产银器，直到二战时期他的工厂被炸掉。

Between 1822 and 1874, more than 160 patents were registered pertaining to a variety of improvements to mechanical pencils. The first spring-loaded mechanical pencil was patented in 1877 and a twist-feed mechanism was developed in 1895. The 0.9 mm lead was introduced in 1938, and later it was followed by 0.7, 0.5, 0.3. Even a 1.4 mm mechanism was available, and 0.4 and 0.2 versions are now produced.

1822年到1874年间注册了超过160个专利，在多方面推动了自动铅笔的发展。第一只弹簧式自动铅笔在1877年申请专利，随后的1895年出现了拧填式铅笔。1938年，0.9mm笔芯进入市场，随后又出现了0.7，0.5，0.3mm的笔芯，甚至1.4mm，现在，0.4mm和0.2mm同样也成为一个规格。

Pencil lead for a modern mechanical pencil.

现代自动铅笔的铅芯

The mechanical pencil became successful in Japan with some improvements in 1915 by Tokuji Hayakawa, a metal worker who had just finished his apprenticeship. It was introduced as the Ever-Ready Sharp Pencil. Success was not immediate, since the metal shaft—essential for the pencil's long life—was unfamiliar to users. The Ever-Sharp began selling in huge numbers, however, after a company from Yokohama made a large order. Later Tokuji Hayakawa's company got its name from that pencil: Sharp.

1915年，由刚刚出师的冶金工人Tokuji Hayakawa对自动铅笔做出了一些改进，才使得它能够获得成功。Tokuji的铅笔被人称为“总是锋利的铅笔”。但那之后，Tokuji并未马上获得成功，直到保证铅笔寿命的金属杆被引入，这对现在的使用者来说已经是不陌生的了。一家横滨的公司想Tokuji发出了一个大订单，使得Ever-Sharp从此开始大卖。之后Tokuji的公司给自己起了个名字叫做Sharp。

At nearly the same time, in America, Charles R. Keeran was developing a similar pencil that would be the precursor of most of today's pencils. Keeran's design was ratchet-based, whereas Hayakawa's was screw-based. These two development histories are often combined into one.

几乎就在同时，美国的Charles R.Keeran开发了一种类似的铅笔，而这正是今天大多数铅笔的鼻祖。Keeran设计的铅笔依赖于棘齿，而Hayakawa的则以螺丝为基础，这两项不同的发展史经常被人们联合起来。

Mechanism types

结构分类

Tip of a Ratchet-based mechanical pencil

基于棘齿的自动铅笔头部

A Pentel Sharp ratchet draughting pencil disassembled, showing three 0.5 mm graphite leads.

Pentel Sharp棘齿绘图铅笔拆解图，以及三根0.5mm石墨笔芯

A Faber-Castell propelling pencil

Faber-Castell自动铅笔

Mechanical pencils can be divided into two basic types: those that both hold the lead and actively propel it forward during use, and those that only hold the lead in position against gravity.

自动铅笔可以分为两种基本类型：一种为夹住铅芯并且随着使用向前推进，另一种只是夹住铅芯使其不掉下来。

　　Propelling pencil　

Most mechanical pencils use small sub-millimeter leads and have an internal mechanism that propels the lead forward from a holding chamber inside the barrel. There are a number of different mechanism types:

多数自动铅笔使用小于1mm的铅芯，夹在笔杆中间的腔里，内部有机械装置将将铅芯送出。而机械结构则有以下几种：

Ratchet-based pencils are a variant of the clutch pencil, in which the lead is held in place by two or three small jaws inside a ring at the tip. The jaws are controlled by a button on the end or the side of the pencil. When the button is pushed, the jaws move forward and separate, allowing the lead to advance. When the button is released and the jaws retract, the "lead retainer" (a small rubber device inside the tip) keeps the lead in place, prevents the lead from either falling freely outward or riding back up into the barrel until the jaws recover their grip.

基于棘齿的铅笔是抓握铅笔（原文clutch pencil）的一种变体，铅芯在头部被三个小颚夹住，小颚外又套有一个金属环。铅笔尾部的按钮控制了小颚的张合，按钮按下时，小颚向前张开，铅芯前进，按钮放开时小颚收紧，“铅芯护圈”（在笔尖里的一个小橡皮圈）能保持铅芯的位置，使其不至于向外滑落或者随着小颚的夹紧滑向笔杆内。

　　●A Ratchet-based pencil is the most popular type of mechanical pencil, and is sold in stores. Variations of this include:

　　●基于棘齿的自动铅笔是卖得最好的一种，其变种包括：

　　●A variation of the ratchet-based pencil, in which shaking the pencil back and forth causes a weight inside the pencil to operate a mechanism in the cap. A button may be present.

　　● 一种前后摇动，使其内部重量操纵盖子上的装置，这种铅笔可能会有一个按钮。

　　●Another variation advances the lead automatically. In this design, the lead is advanced by a ratchet but only prevented from going back into the pencil, just held from falling by a small amount offriction. The nib is a spring-loaded collar that, when depressed as the lead is worn away, pulls out more when pressure is released.

　　●另一种铅笔能自动向前推进铅芯，这种设计使用棘齿推进铅芯，但只是用很小的摩擦力阻止其滑落或者退回到铅笔里面。笔尖是一种弹簧扣，铅芯磨损时变短，减小了弹簧的压力，从而使铅芯自动推出。

●A very modern one has a mechanical engine that twists the pencil lead 9 degrees counter clockwise every time the lead is pressed on to the paper to keep the lead 50% less broad than the common propelling mechanical pencils, resulting in uniform thickness of the lines written onto the paper. It was first developed by Mitsubishi Pencil Co.,LTD, and named Kuru Toga.[9]

　　●一种现代的铅笔拥有一个机械装置，能够在铅笔芯接触纸时将其逆时针旋转9°，从而使笔尖的宽度只有普通自动铅笔的一半，这样写出来的字便具有统一的黑度。这种铅笔名叫Kuru Toga，是由三菱铅笔有限公司研发出来的。

Kuru toga pencil lead

Kuru toga铅笔芯

●Screw-based pencils, in which the lead is advanced by twisting a screw, which moves a slider down the barrel of the pencil. This was the most common type in the earlier part of the twentieth century.

●基于螺丝的铅笔则不同，它依靠拧动螺丝推动铅芯前进，而螺丝则沿着笔杆内的导轨移动。这种铅笔在二十世纪前期得到了广泛应用。

●Screw-based pencils in which the lead is advanced by direct friction with the screw.

●在基于螺丝的铅笔中，铅芯的前进依赖于和螺丝的直接摩擦。

●Twist-based pencils, in which the lead advances upon twisting the head of the pencil. Many of these have a locking mechanism one way to allow the lead to be pushed back into the pencil.

●拧动的铅笔（twist-based）依靠拧动铅笔头是的铅芯向前，很多这样的铅笔具有一种锁定的结构，允许铅芯退回到笔杆中去。

　　Clutch pencil

　　离合型铅笔

A Staedtler Mars 780 Leadholder

Staedtler Mars 780型铅笔

Tip of a clutch pencil

离合型铅笔头

A clutch pencil (or leadholder) tends to use thicker leads (2–4 mm) and generally holds only one piece of lead at a time.

离合型铅笔（直译为铅芯抓握者）一般使用较粗的铅芯（2-4mm）并且一次只能用一根铅芯。

A typical clutch pencil is activated by pressing the eraser cap to open the jaws inside the tip, allowing the lead to freely drop through from the barrel (or into it when retracting). Because the lead fall freely when the jaws are opened, its forward movement cannot be controlled except by externally halting its progress. This can be easily done by keeping the tip of the pencil a few millimeters above a work surface or the palm of one's hand.

按动铅笔后端的橡皮帽，使笔头处的小颚张开，铅芯就可以自由地从笔杆内滑出（或缩回），但这滑动只能由外部协助控制，当然，把笔尖离开桌面几毫米或者挡在手心就很容易做到。

Some clutch pencils do have mechanisms which incrementally advance the lead, such as the Alvin Tech-Matic leadholder, but are not normally considered to be in the same category as most pencils with propellant mechanisms.

一些铅笔能够延长铅芯，如Alvin Tech-Matic铅笔，但通常被认为与带有推进装置的铅笔不是一个种类。

Lead variations

铅芯的演变

Compared to standard pencils, mechanical pencils have a smaller range of marking types. Nevertheless, numerous variations exist. Most mechanical pencils can be refilled, but some inexpensive models are meant to be disposable and discarded when empty.

相比于传统铅笔，自动铅笔类型范围较窄，同时也存在诸多变种。多数自动铅笔可重新装填，也有一些便宜的类型用完后可以丢掉。

　　Diameter

　　铅芯直径

Mechanical pencil mechanisms use only a single lead diameter. Some pencils, such as the Pentel Function 357, place several mechanisms within the same housing, so as to offer a range of thicknesses, in this case three: 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 mm.

自动铅笔的结构一般只能使用一种直径的铅芯，也有一些如Pentel Function 357，其内置的多种结构允许使用多种直径的铅芯，如：0.3mm，0.5mm和0.7mm。

Different sizes of lead diameters are available to accommodate various preferences and pencil builds, as shown in the table below. The most popular lead sizes are 0.5mm and 0.7mm, whose line widths allow for precise writing and drawing. There are also rare .05, .1, and .2 mm leads.

 下表列出了不同的铅芯直径，以满足多样的喜好和制作，最常用的是0.5mm和0.7mm，其线宽适用于精确的书写和绘画，0.05mm，0.1mm和0.2mm则较为罕见。

Diameter     Uses

0.2mm    technical work

0.3mm    technical work

0.4mm    technical work

0.5mm    general writing, general technical work, beginner’s technical work

0.7mm    general writing

0.9mm    students/general writing

1.0mm    rare, used in pre-1950 Parker pencils

1.18mm    older, used in pencils like the Yard-O-Led

1.3mm    Pentel manufactures glitter leads in this diameter

1.4mm    Faber-Castell e-Motion and the new Lamy ABC as well as some Stabilo children's pencils

2mm    drafting leadholders

3.15mm    non-drafting leadholders

5.6mm    non-drafting leadholders

Pencils with sub-millimeter leads can usually hold multiple leads at the same time, reducing the frequency of refills. A notable exception was the Pentel 350 E, possibly Pentel's first mechanical pencil,[10] which could only hold a single stick of 0.5mm lead. Refill leads can be bought in small tubes and inserted into the barrel as needed.

使用亚毫米铅芯的铅笔能同时容纳多跟铅芯，以减少重新装填的次数。一个值得注意的例外是Pentel 350E，这可能是Pentel的第一款自动铅笔，它只能容纳一根0.5mm的铅芯，当需要时可以从一根小管子中把新的铅芯填入笔杆。

Pigments

色彩

As with non-mechanical pencils, the leads of mechanical pencils are available in a range of graphite/binder ratios, depending on the user's desired balance between darkness and durability.

Mechanical pencils with colored leads are relatively rare, but do exist. Crayola's "Twistable" product line includes two different types of colored pencils (erasable and non-erasable) with mechanical feed mechanisms, but does not offer refill leads. Several non-US companies such as Pentel, Pilot, and uni-ball currently manufacture colored refill leads in a limited range of diameters (0.5mm, 0.7mm, or 2mm) for their own products. Koh-i-Noor makes mechanical colored pencils with replaceable leads in 2.0, 3.15 and 5.6mm sizes.[11]

自动铅笔彩色铅芯却较为少见，Crayola的“Twistable”系列包含两种彩色铅笔（可擦除的和不可擦除的），其中含有机械推进结构，却不提供替换的铅芯。一些美国以外的公司如Pentel，Pilot和uni-ball为他们的产品在小范围的直径（0.5mm，0.7mm和2mm）制造了彩色可重新装填的笔芯。Koh-i-Noor则在2.0,3.15和5.6mm上做出了彩色可充填的自动铅笔。

References

参考文献

^ mechanical pencil – definition. American English definition of mechanical pencil by Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillandictionary.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-14.

[1]   mechanical pencil – definition. American English definition of mechanical pencil by Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillandictionary.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-14. 

^ propelling pencil. Cambridge Dictionary on-line

^ Other names include automatic pencil, drafting pencil, technical pencil, clicky pencil,clutch pencil, leadholder, pen pencil, and pacer (or spacer).

^ "Artistic Realism Art Studio: Graphite pencil, charcoal and pastels fine art by David and Faith Te, works in progress, and updates to www.artisticrealism.com: Archive for the ‘Pencil Drawing Tutorials’". Retrieved 2011-05-26.

^ "In the Land of Polio (or Headhunters) he Weeps for and is in Love with the Girl Who Disappeared, mechanical pencil drawing by Daniel C. Boyer". Retrieved 2011-05-27.

^ National Geographic Magazine, Vol. 168, No. 4 (October 1985), p. 450 (illustrated p. 451)

^ "History of Leadholders". Leadholders.com. 2008-01-04. Retrieved 2008-02-27.

^ "Sampson Mordan Pencils". Mark Hill Collects: The 20th Century Design and Collectibles Blog. 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2009-12-12.

^ Kurutoga Website, Amazing lead spinning pencil,Kurutoga.

^ "Pentel 350 Series Mechanical Pencil | Leadholder". Leadholder.com. Retrieved November 14, 2010.

^ Koh-I-Noor 2.0mm leadholders and colour leads. pencil talk. Retrieved on 2011-10-14.