嫁给首席总裁:初中英语300组常用词语辨析(2)

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§168  end/ finish/ stop
Ⅰ. ▲ end 指动作过程终止。
finish指动作已完成,再没有动作做。
stop 侧重动作的停止,即由“动”到“不动”。如:
Everything ended. 一切都结束了。
Have you finished your work? 你的工作做完了吗?
He stoppedreading to have a rest.      他停止阅读,休息了一会儿。
§169  enjoy/ like/ love/ prefer
     这四个词都有喜欢之意,但用法不同。
Ⅰ.like意为“喜欢、爱好”,语气较弱,其后可跟名词、代词、不定式、动名词等作宾语。like也跟复合宾语,宾语补足语常用动词不定式,即like sb. to do sth. “喜欢某人做某事”。如:
① In England many people like fish and chips.  在英国,许多人喜欢鱼和油煎土豆条。
② He likes playing volleyball. 他爱打排球。
③ I don’t like to eat pears now. 现在我不想吃梨。
Ⅱ.love意为“爱,爱好”,在感情上比like强烈,经常用于爱祖国、爱父母这一类程度比较深的情况,在口语中它往往仅指一般的喜爱,这样用时和like的意思相近,可以互换,后面可以跟名词、动名词或动词不定式。如:
We love our Party. 我们热爱我们的党。
I love to skate. 我喜欢滑冰。(可用like替换)
They love playing table tennis. 他们爱打乒乓球。(可用like替换)
Ⅲ.enjoy意为“喜欢、欣赏”之意;有“乐于;享受。。。。。。之乐趣”的意思,其后跟名词、代词、动名词作宾语,不接不定式形式。另外enjoy oneself 是“玩得愉快”之意,相当于have a good time,如:
Many old people enjoy living in a village.  许多老年人喜欢在乡村居住。
Did you injoy yourself in the park yesterday? 昨天你在公园玩得痛快吗?
Ⅳ.prefer为“更喜欢、宁愿”之意。常用于两者之间的选择,其后可跟名词、代词、动名词和不定式,也可跟宾语从句,但宾语从句要用虚拟语气。prefer还可以与介词to连用,表示“喜欢。。。。。。。,而不喜欢。。。。。。”。其中to为介词,后跟名词或动名词。Prefer to do…rather then do…意为“喜欢。。。。。。,不喜欢。。。。。。”。如:
Li Lei likes Chinese , but I prefer English. 李雷喜欢语文,而我更喜欢英语。
Mr Green prefers walking to riding a bike. 格林先生喜欢步行而不愿骑车。
Which would you prefer, tea or coffee? 你比较喜欢喝茶,还是咖啡?
He prefers to write her some letters rather then telephone her. 他喜欢给她写信,不愿给她打电话。
总结:rather than“宁可;是。。。。。。而不是。。。。。。”,连接各种并列成份,在语气上肯定前面否定后面。也可写成would…rather than;rather than…would…,相当于instead of,如:
He ran rather than walked. 他跑步而不是步行。
They lost fame rather than wealth. 他们失去的不是财富,而是名誉。
He would die rather than give in.=Rather than give in he would die. 他宁死不屈。
These shose are comfortable rather than pretty.  这双鞋不好看但穿起来很舒服。
She would rather be poor than do that.  她宁愿受穷也不愿那样做。
§170  enter/ enter into
Ⅰ.enter. “进入”表进入一个具体处所,如房间、场所等,后面无需加介词; 也可表“进入”某个时期或阶段;当表示加入某个组织而成为其成员时, enter相当于join.如:
① She entered the house.她走进那间屋子。(不用into)
② China is entering a new stage of development.中国正在进入一个新的发展阶段。
Ⅱ.enter into. “进入、参加、开始从事”,后加抽象名词,主要表示“进入”某种状态。一般用于表抽象和借喻的意义。
Tom’s accident didn’t enter into our plan. Tom的事故是我们的计划中没有预料到的。
§171  error/ mistake/ fault
Ⅰ.error的意思是错误、过失,指背离某种准则的偏差,表示精确、不正确、不对。在本组词中,这个词用得最广泛。例如:
This is an error in grammar. 这是一个语法上的错误。
He made an error in opinion. 你的意见有错误。
Ⅱ. mistake “错误”, 指由于粗心、疏忽、缺乏正确的理解等原因而造成的“错误”。与error可通用,但在某些固定词组中不能换用。如:
by mistake. In error 等。如:
You have made a mistake in your spelling.  你在拼写上弄错了。
I took his umbrella by mistake. 我拿错了他的伞。
Ⅲ. fault“缺点、毛病”也可表“过失、过错”含有当事人对造成的过错有责任的意味。如:
With all his faults , he is still a good comrade. 尽管他有缺点,分还是一个好同志。
§172  even if / even though/ though
三者都可以引导让步状语从句。Even if 与even though一般可以换用,意为“即使、纵然”,引出的从句叙述的是假设或把握我大的事情,有时动词可用虚拟语气;though 意思是“虽然”,引出的从句叙述的是事实。如:
He won’t tell me about it though he knows the news 虽然他知道这个消息但他不愿意告诉我。(他是肯定知道的)
He won’t tell me about it even if / though he knows the news 即使他知道这个消息,但他不愿意告诉我。(他对消息或知或我知,句子含有一定的推测意味)
I will try even if I may fail. 即使失败,我也要尝试一下。
Though it was very late, he went on working. 虽然很晚了,他还继续工作。
[注] though 和but 不能同时出现在句中。
§173  evening/ night
Ⅰ.evening的意思是“傍晚、晚上”,指从晚餐至就寝这段时间,如:
I must start by tomorrow evening.  我至迟到明天傍晚必须动身。
We have a film every Saturday evening. 我们每星期六晚上都有电影。
Ⅱ.night的意思是“夜、夜里、晚上”,指从日落到日出或从黄昏到拂晓这段时间。如:
They spent the night in the forest. 他们在森林里过夜。
We sleep during the night and work during the day. 我们夜里睡觉,白天工作。
We saw the play on the first night. 这戏第一晚上演我们就看了。
§174  every day/ everyday
Ⅰ.every day连写和分开,不但在句中的作用不同,意义也不同。 every day是副词词组,意为“每天、天天”,在句中作状语。如:
We go to school every day.
Ⅱ.everyday是形容词,意为“日常的、普通的”,在句中作定语。如:
I study everyday English every day.
§175  every one/ everyone
Ⅰ.every one是“每个”的意思,通常指物,后面常跟of短语。但跟of短语的every one既可指人,也可指物。具体指什么要看of短语的内容。如:
He ate up every one of those apples. 他把那些苹果一个个都吃完了。
Every one of us went there. 我们每个人都去了那儿。
Ⅱ.everyone是代词(=everybody),意思是“每个人、人人”,但一般不指具体哪个人,后接单数动词。如果需要跟物主代词,应用their或his,其后不跟of引起的介词短语。如:
Is everyone here?
Everyone can do it.
[注]every one后不与of连用时,即可指人又可指物,指人时与everyone 相同。如:
Everyone (every one) can do it.
every one与of连用必须分开写。
everyone 与not连用,只表示部分否定,并不是每个人的意思。
§176  examination/ test/ quiz
Ⅰ.examination表示考试的意思时,通常指比较正式的考试,如学期考试、入学考试等。如:
We have an examination in English today.我们今天考英语。
The students did very well in the terminal examination.  学生们学期考试成绩很好。(这里指多门课程的考试,故examination 用复数形式)
They’ve passed the entrance examination for Nanjing Teachers’ College. 他们通过南京师范学院的入学考试。
Ⅱ.test表示考试的意思时,指小考或考查。如:
We are going to have a midterm test next week.。我们下周进行期中考试。
The teacher gave us a test in grammer.  老师对我们进行了语法考查。
Ⅲ.quiz表示小考测验的意思时,指事先无准备,随时进行的短促的测验。如:
The teacher gave us a five-minute quiz.老师对我们进行了一次五分钟的测验。
How ofter do you have your quiz? 你们多长时间测验一次?
§177  exciting/ excited
Ⅰ. exciting 与excited 都含有“激动”的意思,在句中可作定语或表语。
  exciting 指某事物“令人兴奋、激动”,主语常是物。如:
Skiing is more exditing than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更令人兴奋。
It was an exciting match. 那是一场激动人心的比赛。
Ⅱ. excited 表示某人对某事物“感到兴奋、激动”,主语常是人。如:
The boys were excited when they saw their team was winning 男孩们看到自己的球队要赢了,都十分激动。
The excited children were opening their Christmas presents.兴奋的孩子们正在打开各自的圣诞礼物。
[注意]英语中与它有类似用法的词常见的还有:
interested 感兴趣的       interesting 令人感兴趣的
worried  感到着急的     worrying   令人着急的
tired    感到疲倦        tiring      令人疲倦的
bored   觉得厌烦的      boring     令人厌烦的
frightened 感到害怕的    frightening  令人害怕的
§178  excuse …for/ excuse … from
Ⅰ. excuse … for “原谅某事”。如:
He excused me for being late. 他原谅我迟到了。
Please excuse me for using your telephone without asking permission. 请原谅我没经你允许就用了你的电话。
Ⅱ. excuse … from “使免于……,允许不……”如:
The teacher excused him from the examination. 教师同意他免试。
The boy was excused from doing housework. 允许这男孩不做家务事。
§179  expect/ wait
Ⅰ.expect 是及物动词,作“期待,预料,指望”解,表“期待某人会来或某事会发生”的意思,后接名词、代词、动词不定式或从句。如:
We expected you yesterday. 我们昨天就盼你来。
We expect to meet you again next year.  我们期待明年再见到你。
expect 可引申为汉语的“等待”,多用于进行时态,主要指“期盼”的心理状态,其后不可接介词for. 如:
Mr Brown was anxious. He was expecting you.布朗先生很焦急,他在等着你来呢?
Ⅱ. wait 是不及物动词,常常与for连用,主要指“等候”的具体行为。如:
Xiao Hu is waiting to have a word with you. 小胡等着和你说几句话。
I have a month to wait yet. 我还得等一个月。
We are waiting for a bus. 我们在等公共汽车。
§180  family/ home/ house
 这三个词都可以作“家”讲。
Ⅰ.house指供一家人住的房子,侧重于具体的建筑物。如:
There are four rooms in the house.
Ⅱ.family指由父母、子女所组成的家庭,是集体名词,既可把它看成单数(指整体概念),以可视为复数名词(指家庭成员)。如:
His family is a large one. 他的家是一个大家庭。
My family are all watching TV. 我们家的人在看电视。
Ⅲ.home指一个人出生或居住的地方,具有抽象的含义。如:
Hise is home near the station. 他的家在火车站附近。
另外,home还可作副词。如:Let’s go home.
§181  faraway/ far away
Ⅰ.faraway指时间、距离、程度等,“遥远的”如:
the faraway guests 远方的客人
它还可表“心不在焉的”。如:
a faraway look 恍惚的神色
Ⅱ.far away是副词词组,只表距离远,在句中作状语还常作后置定语。如:
He’s standing far away.
He lived in a small village far away.
§182  farm / field
Ⅰ.farm是“农场”,它的范围大,包括田地、树木、家畜、家禽、房屋等,其前常用介词on。
Ⅱ.field是“田地”,或生长草木的原野,多用复数形式,但一块稻田可以说:a rice field,其前常用介词in。如:
There several kinds of animals on the farm.
They’re working in the rice field.
§1 83  farmer/ peasant
Ⅰ.farmer指经营农庄的人。
Ⅱ.peasant包括雇农、小佃农或小耕农。在我国将农民都译为peasant。
§184  farther/ further
father, further都可以是far的比较级,意为“较远、更远”,但further除此之外,还有“更进一步,此外的”等意思,既可以作形容词,也可以作副词。如:
They made further arrangement. 他们作了进一步的安排。
I may be able to give you some further information about it. 关于这件事,我可以提供另外一些信息。
She didn’t argue further about it. 她对此不再争论了。
§185  fast/ rapid/ swift/ quick
Ⅰ. fast “快”一般指物体的运动速度(speed)快,常用来形容交通工具跑得快,钟表走得快,人的动作快等。如:
A car goes faster than a truck. 小汽车比卡车跑得快。
How fast the horse runs! 这匹马跑得多快呀!
Ⅱ. quick 指较短的时间或较近的将来即可发生或完成某事,常用来形容动作敏捷、反应迅速。如:
Come quick! 快来呀!
Please give me a quick reply. 请迅速给我答复。
Ⅲ. rapid 表速度之快,往往可与fast通用,但它多指运动本身。如:
The boy is making rapid  progress. 这孩子进步很快。
Rapid speech is usually indistinct. 急促的语言往往不清晰。
The current was rapid. 水流得很急。
Ⅳ. swift 表速度很快而又常指运动平稳而不费力。如:
Eagles are swift in flight. 鹰飞得很快。
The curent was very swift. 水流得很快。
§186  feed/ keep
Ⅰ. feed “喂养”,强调具体的动作,意为:“给……喂食、给……东西吃”常用句型为:feed sb. / sth.(on sth); feed sth. to sb./ sth. 给(人或动物)某物作为食物。如:
Mr King has a large family to feed. 金先生要养活一大家人。
What do you feedyour dog on?你用什么喂狗?
Feed some stewed(炖的)apple to the baby.  给婴儿多喂些炖苹果。
Ⅱ. keep “饲养”,指总体情况,不涉及具体动作。如:
The old woman kept many dogs. 那位老太太养了许多狗。
§187  festival/ holiday/ red-letter day/ vacation
Ⅰ.festival“节日”其特点是同欢乐,如:外国的圣诞节,我国的春节等。
Christmas and Easter are Church festival.圣诞节和复活节都是教会的节日。
A number of new films were shown during the Spring Festival.
Ⅱ.red-letter day “纪念、节日、大喜日子”,指日历是用红字标明的日子,如:
There aare many red-letter day round the year.
Ⅲ.vacation通常指按规定停下工作或学习等活动而休息的一段时间,一般较长,如学校里的寒暑假。如:
The summer vacation is over. 暑假已经过去了。
§188  few/ a few/ little/ a little
few和a few 修饰可数名词,little 和a little 修饰不可数名词;few和little表否定意义,可受very修饰。a few 和a little表肯定意义,可受only修饰。如:
Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous.
This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it.
-------There is little water left in my glass.
-------Will you please give me some?
④  Don’t worry, we have a little time left.
§189  fairly /quite / rather
Ⅰ. fairly 多用于褒义,语气最弱,表“适度、尚可”等意思。
It’s fairly cold out; wear a jacket. 外面颇冷,穿件外套。
This is a fairly easy book. 这是一本相当浅易的书。
Ⅱ. Quite 与fairly 用法相似,但语气较强。如:
It is quite cold out; wear a coat. 外面很冷,穿件外套。
 You are not quite happy this morning.  你今天早上我太高兴。
Ⅲ. rather 多用于贬义。语气在这三个词中最强。如:
It is rather cold out; wear a warm coat. 外面相当冷,穿件暖和人大衣。
§190  fight/ struggle/battle
Ⅰ.fight 意为“战斗”,指人与人,动物与动物,用武器或不用武器的战斗,也可以引伸其义,如:
They fought their enemies bravely. 他们勇敢斗敌。
Ⅱ.struggle意为“斗争”,指那些费力、很艰苦、时间长的斗争,如:
His life was a hard struggle with sickness. 他一生与疾病作了艰苦的斗争。
Ⅲ.battle“作战”,一般指有组织的武装部队之间的斗争。如:
They were wounded in battle. 他们都在战斗中受了伤。
作为名词时,fight和battle都有“战斗”的意思,有时可以通用。如:
The fight/battle lasted a long time. 这次战斗持续了很长时间。
fight的意义比较广泛,还可指人对自然界的斗争,有时也指人们之间的斗争。如:
We have starded a fight against pollution. 我们已开始了一场消除污染的斗争。
struggle相当于a hard fight(奋斗),如:
The slaves won their struggle for freedom.  奴隶们为自由而进行的斗争胜利了。
§191  fill/ full
Ⅰ.fill为及物动词,表“使……满”,常与介词with搭配,表达“被……充满”时用be filled with结构。如:
The bottle is filled with water. 这只瓶子装满了水。
He was filled with joy at the news. 听到这个消息,他内心充满了喜悦。
Ⅱ.full是形容词,多作表语,表示主语所处的状态,常见于be full of 结构中。如:
The schoolbag is full of books. 书包里装满了书。
He drew in an old badsket full of sand. 他捞上来一个灌满泥沙的旧蓝子。
[注]:be filled with = be full of .可以互换。但介词with与of 不能混淆。如:
The room is full of people. = The room is filled with people.
§192  final/ last
Ⅰ.final表终止或结束之意,有时带有决定性或结论性等意味。如:
Today is the final day of this term.  今天是本学期的最后一天。
We shall know the final results of the elections tomorrow. 明天我们将知道选举的最后结果。
Ⅱ.last “最后的、末尾的”指按次序的前后或时间的先后居于最后,并意味着后面不再有了。如:
My house stands in the last row.
He was the last one to enter.
§193  finally/ at last/ in the end
这三个都可以作“最后”讲,但用法不同。
Ⅰ.finally表动作的发生顺序是在“最后”,无感情色彩,只用于过去时,它居句首时较多。
Ⅱ.at last 表经过一定曲折之后某事才发生,强调努力的结果,带有较强的感情色彩,须用一般过去时。
Ⅲ.in the end 表事物发展的自然顺序的“终结”,有时或与 finally相互替换,但用于对将来的预测,则只能用in the end。如:
Did the man in the shop understand him at last?
Finally he went to see the famous man himself.
I hope that everything will turn out all right in the end.
§194  famous as / famous for
Ⅰ. (be) famous as “以(某种身份)……出名(著名)”as后跟人宾语往往与主语同位。如:
She is famous as a poet. 他以一名诗人而著名。
The town is famous as a car-making place.  该城镇以制造汽车而闻名。
Ⅱ. (be) famouse for “困……而闻名(驰名)”表示由于某种特征而出名,for后的宾语一般为主语人从属内容。如:
China has been famous for its silk. 中国素以丝绸闻名。
This city is famous for its big gambling resort. 该市因其大赌场而驰名。
§195 fix/ mend/ repair
Ⅰ. 这三个词都可译为“修理”,但fix 一词在美语中应用更广泛。fix 和repair 一样,都表示使受到一定损坏或失灵的东西恢复其性状或机能,如“修理、安装”钟表、收音机、照相机、电视机、汽车和机床等大型物体。repair 还可以用于修筑堤坝、道路和建筑等。如:
a    
Ⅱ  mend 一般用于“修补”破损的东西使其恢复原样,一般指较小之物。如衣服、鞋袜、伞和桌椅等。如:
mend
§196foolish/ silly / stupid
Ⅰ.foolish 的意思是“愚蠢的、傻的”,指显得缺乏判断力或普通常识的人或言行等。如:
How foolish of you to condent! 你竟会同意,多么愚蠢啊!
Don’t be so foolish. 别那么傻。
He is a foolish man to throw away such a chance. 他放弃这样的机会真是个傻瓜。
Ⅱ.silly的意思是“愚蠢的、傻的”,表示愚蠢到了极点,以致令人发笑或轻视,它还常常表示没有意思、无聊等意义。如:
How silly of you to do that! 你竟做那件事,多么愚蠢啊!
That is a silly story. 那是一个无聊的故事。
Ⅲ.stupid的意思是“愚蠢的、笨的”,指智力差,觉察理解力、学习能力等差。它有时可与foolish或silly通用,但其意味最强。如:
He is a stupid person. 他是个蠢人。
How stupid of him to overlook such an obvious mistake. 如此明显的错误他居然都没有看出来,多么愚蠢呀!
§197for short/ short for
Ⅰ.for short意为“简称”、“缩写”,是介词词组,常用作状语,如:
① The teacher told Tom to write the text for short. 老师要汤姆缩写课文。
Ⅱ.short for意为“是。。。 。。。的缩写”与be 动词连用,构成系表结构作谓语,如:
① “There’re” is short for “there are”.
§198 from now on/ from then on
   from now on“从现在起”,是以现在为起点延续下去,谓语通常用将来时态。from then on“从那时起”,是以过去为起点延续下来,谓语通常用过去时态和完成时态。如:
She is going to live with you from now on.  从现在起我将刻苦学习。
From then on, he hasn’t seen his uncle again. 从那以后他再也没有看见他叔叔了。
§199 game/ match/ race/ sport
Ⅰ. game 主要指决定胜负的游戏,通常有一套规则,凡参加者均须遵守。如:
After a game on the wports field they often become good friends. 他们在运动场上进行一场比赛之后,常常变成了好朋友。
[注]:说“比赛”, 在英国通常用match,在美国通常用game.另外game 的复数形式一般指大型的国际比赛或综合性体育运动会。如:the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会。
Ⅱ.match 表示相互间正式的体育比赛、球类比赛,英国人常用。
They are going to have a volleyball match. 他们将进行一场排球赛。
Ⅲ. race 主要用于赛跑、赛车等速度比赛。如:
Who can win the relay race, Class 3 or Class 4? 谁能赢这场接力赛,三班还是四班?
Ⅳ. sport 多指户外的游戏或娱乐活动,如打球,跳高,游泳,钓鱼,打猎,赛马和拳术等。如:
Swimming is his favourite sport.  游泳是他最喜欢的运动项目。
Skating is one of the winter sports.  滑冰是一个冬季运动项目。
[注]复数形式sports可指运动会。如:
He created a new record in high-jump at our school sports. 在我们学校的运动会上,他创造了跳高新纪录。
§200gift/ present
Ⅰ.gift“礼物”指较正式的礼物。如:
The watch was a gift from his father.
Ⅱ.present往往与gift通用,但不如gift正式。如:
I’m buying it for a present, so please wrap it up nicely. 我买这东西是作礼物送人的,请你包扎得好一点。
He gave me the book as a present. 他给我这本书作为礼物。
§201grow / keep / raise / plant
Ⅰ. grow & plant 都可表示“种植”如种植草、树、苗、花卉粮食等植物。grow 着重指种植以后的栽培、管理过程。
   plant 着重指“种植”这一行为。某人plant a tree 之后,树是死是活,不一定管,但某人grow a tree 则包括培育管理,使其生长的过程。如:
① The students are planting trees on the hill.  学生们正在山坡上栽树。(不用grow)
② The farmer grows wheat in this field.那位农民在这块田里种植小麦。(不用plant)
③  People grow bananas in Hainan. 海南种植香蕉。(不用plant)
Ⅱ. keep 表“赡养”后可接表人或动物的名词,不用来代替plant 或grow. 如:
He has a wife and three children to keep.  他要养活妻子和三个孩子。
My grandma keeps pigs and hens. 我奶奶养猪养鸡。
My uncle has a large family to keep.  我叔叔要养活一大家人。
Ⅲ. raise 除表“饲养(动物)”以外,还可表示“教育(子女)”; “培育(植物)”。如:
We raised a good crop of tomatoes this year.今年我们种的西红柿长得很好。
My grandma raised a family of five.  我祖母养育了五口之家。
Where were you raised ? 你在哪儿长大?
He raised some flowers in the back garden.  他在后园里种了一些花。
[注]:raise 强调从小精心培养到大,通常指培养花卉以及较难管理的植物。如:
① Let’s grow / raise some flowers in the garden.咱们在园子里种些花吧。
We grow rice, wheat and cotton in my hometown. 在家乡,我们种植水稻、小麦和棉花。(不宜用raise)
§202  glad/ happy/merry/ pleased
这组形容词都有:“高兴、快乐”之意。
Ⅰ.glad 多用在与人见面时的客套语中,指使人感到:情绪上有短暂的喜悦,常用作表语,一般情况下不作定语。如:
I’m glad to help you with your English.  我很高兴帮你学英语。
Ⅱ.happy指使人感到内心的满足、幸福和愉快,祝贺新年或庆贺生日时常用到它,可用作表语和定语。如:
Happy New Year! 新年好!
I’ll be happy to meet him. 我将高兴地与他见面。
Ⅲ.pleased 意为:“对……感到满意/高兴”常与be连用,后面接介词with(sb), at(sth) 等引起的短语,或不定式;pleased 通常不作定语。如:
He is pleased with his new job. 他对他的新工作很满意。
She was very much pleased at the news. 她听到这个消息非常满意。
[注意]:以下结构可互换:
be
Ⅳ.merry 除“高兴”之外,还有耳目可以感到的“热闹”,一般只作定语。如:
Merry Christmas!祝
§203  go / walk
Ⅰ. go 指朝着一定地点的方向运动。如:
We go to school at seven in the morning.
Please go downstairs to have lunch.
此外,go的主语还可以是动物、交通工具和机械等。如:
My watch goes fast.我的表走快了。
The train goes to Beijing. 火车开往北京。
Ⅱ. walk 指朝着一定地点或无目的地“走”,常译为“步行、散步”如:
He often walks after supper. 饭后他经常散步。
They are walking along the river. 他们正沿着河岸走。
Let’s go out for a walk. 我們出去散步吧。
§204  go on with sth/ go on doing sth/
go on to do sth
Ⅰ. go on doing sth,“(停顿以后)继续做某事”;“不停地做某事”即做原来在做的事情。如:
Now let’s go on writing. 我们继续往下写。
It’s raining, but the farmers went on working( = kept on working) in the fields.  天在下雨,然而农民們还在地里我停地干活。
Ⅱ. go on with sth 表示:“间断后做原来没有做完的事”后面跟名词,不能接动词-ing 形式。如:
After a rest, they went on with the work. 休息以后,他们继续劳动。
Ⅲ. go on to do sth. 指“接着做另一件事”,即接下来做与原来不同人事情。如:
That’s all for the text. Now let’s go on to learn the grammer. 课文就到这里,现在我们接着学语法。
He went on to show us how to translate the sentence in a different way. 他接着教我们如何用另一种方法翻译这个句子。§205  go to bed/ go to sleep/ sleep/ be(fall) asleep
Ⅰ. go to bed 指“就寝”, 只表示“上床去睡”这一动作,无“睡着”之意。是终止性动词。它的对应词 是get up “起床”
Ⅱ.in bed 表示一种状态,在句中常作表语,意为“躺在床上,睡着”。其中in不能用on 替换。
Ⅲ. go to sleep 与get to sleep 意义相近,也是终止性动词。即:“入睡、睡着”,强调进入梦乡的过程。“开始睡觉”,即:being to sleep.如:
I don’t know when I went to sleep / got sleep last night. 我不知道我昨晚什么时候睡着的。
Ⅳ. fall asleep意为“睡着”表示一个动作的过程,侧重于“自然而然地入睡”,有时也含有“不想入睡而入睡”之意;be asleep“熟睡”,强调睡眠的状态,该短语在句中作谓语。
Ⅴ. sleep 可动词和名词,表“睡着”“睡眠”,是可持续性的动词。
Ⅵ. asleep 是表语形容词,不能作定语 如:
The children are all asleep. 孩子们都睡着了。
Are you asleep? 你睡着了吗?
§206  good/ fine/ nice/ well
Ⅰ. good 是含义最广的形容词,表“好的质量”,“好的品质”。等意思。如:
Lucy is a good girl.
These eggs are good ( 指鲜人品质)。
Ⅱ. fine 侧重于“质量的精细”, “身体健康”,还可以表示“天气晴朗”等。如:
This is a fine house.
How are you?   I’m fine, thank you.
It’s a fine day for walk. 这是一个散步的好天气。
Ⅲ. nice 指从外表上的“好看、漂亮”。取悦于人的感觉。也可指“(对人)友好和蔼”如:
It’s a nice watch, but it’s not a good/fine one. 这块表看上去不错,但却不是一块好表。
It’s very nice of you. 你真太好了。
They are nice mooncakes. 这都是美味的月饼。
Ⅳ. well 是副词。表干/做得“好”,修饰动词。也可作表语,指身体好。如:
Well done! 干得好!
I’m well. 我好了。§207  grow/ increase
Ⅰ.作不及物动词,两者有相同的含意“增长”。如:
The population of the world is growing/increasing faster and faster. 世界人口增长越来越来快。
Ⅱ.grow还有“生长,发育”的意思。如:
The rice is growing fine. 水稻长势不错。
Ⅲ.作及物动词,用法各异。
   grow种植,栽   如:
Wheat is grown in north of China. 中国北方种植小麦。
increase增加、增长   如:
They are working hard to increase production. 他们正在努力工作以增加产量。
Ⅳ.increase可作名词,意为“增加、增长”。如:
①We are trying our vest to slow down the population increase in China. 在中国我们正在尽全力降低人口数量的增长。
§208  hand in/ turn in
Ⅰ. hand in  “传递、交给”。指交作业等。如:
The teacher told them to hand in their exercise-books. 老师要他们交作业本。
Ⅱ. turn in “上交、交出”。指将某物归公。或交给上级或组织以便找到失主。一般也可与hand in 互换。如:
You should turn in the money. 你应该把那钱上缴。
You should turn in / hand in your finished homework.你们应该把完成的作业交上来。
§209  hands up/ put up one's hand
Ⅰ. hands up 是一句祈使语气的口语,相当于Put up your arms over your head! “举起手来!”如:
① “Hands up, or I’ll shoot.” The policeman demanded the robber. “举起手来,不然我开枪了。”警察命令抢劫犯。
Ⅱ. put up one’s hand 意思与hands up 相同。但语气要弱得多。如:
Who knows the answer? Hands up / Put up your hands, please. 谁知道这个答案?请举手。
Put up your hands if you have any question.如有问题请举手。
§210  happen/ take place/ occur
都有“发生”之意
Ⅰ. happen 是普通用语,应用广泛,指事情的发生有直接原因或带有偶然性。即:“(某人)发生了什么事——happen to sb”,或 “(某物)发生了什么情况——happen to sth”。其主语通常由 accident 或 类似it, what this , that , thing, something 等代词担任。还可表示“碰巧发生某事,——happen to do sth.”如:
What has happened? 发生什么事了?–––
What happened to you? 你发生什么事了?
It happened through your negligence.  这事的发生是由于你的疏忽。
He happened to be working. 他恰好正在工作。
 I think it’s because I happened to like English. 我想这是因为我碰巧喜欢英语。
Ⅱ. take place 常指经过安排的事,无偶然之意。其主语常是表:“运动、活动、会议等”的名词。如:
The Olympic Games take place every four years.  奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次。
The May 4th Movement took place in 1919.  五四运动发生于一九一九年。
Great changes have taken place in our country since liberation. 解放来,我国发生了巨大的变化。
Ⅲ. occur[?`k?:] 常与happen 通用。但,是较为正式的用语。指在一定的时间内发生一定的事情。
When did the accident occur? 那事故是什么时候发生的?
Don’t let the mistake occur again? 不要让这样的错误再次发生。
§211  hare/ rabbit
Ⅰ. hare “野兔”比rabbit大,不打洞栖身。如:
That is a hare.  那是只野兔。
Ⅱ. rabbit 指“野兔”时,比hare小,不打洞栖身。它也可指家兔。如
I saw a rabbit hole. 我看到一个野兔洞。
He came back with a couple of rabbits and a hare. 他带了一对家兔和一只野兔回来。
§212  harm/ hurt
Ⅰ. harm 与hurt 均有“伤害”之意,但二者有区别:
   harm 用面较广,往往暗示“不良的后果”, 所指伤害往往是抽象、笼统的。
   hurt 往往暗示“肉体上疼痛或精神上的不快”其宾语常常是身体上一部分的名词,所指的伤害是具体的。可见的。
① The nose of machines harmed their hearing.   
机器的噪声伤害了他们的听力。
② He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌倒时伤了背。
§213  have been to / have been in / have gone to
Ⅰ. have been to … 表示:“曾经到过某处”但目前人未在那儿。如:
Where have you been? 你到哪儿去了?(现在已回来)I have been to Beijing. 我去北京了。(现不在北京)
I have never been there before, have I?  我以前从未去过那儿,是吗?
Ⅱ. have been in 表示:“去了某地,并曾在那儿(一段时间),或现在仍在那儿。
She has been in Shanghai for a few weeks.
Ⅲ. have gone to … 表示:“去了”指人已经走了,(至少目前不在说话的地点,在去的途中或已经到目的地)。如:
Kate isn’t at home, She has gome to school.  凯特不在家,她上学去了。(在路上或已经在学校了)。
She isn’t here, she has gone to Nanjing. 她不在这儿,她去南京了。
§214  have sth done/ have sb done/have sb do sth/ have sb(sth) doing/ have sb(sth) +prep
Ⅰ. have sth done “让某事被做”如:
I’ll have my hair cut tomorrow.  明天我要去理发。(让别人理)。
Ⅱ. have sh done。“让某人被……”如:
He had me whipped. 他叫人用鞭子打我。(让别人打)
Ⅲ. have sb do sth. “让某人做某事”如:
I will have Uncle Wang repair my TV.  我要让王叔叔修理我的电视机。
Ⅳ. have sb./ sth. doing “让某人/ 某物处于某种状态。如:
Don’t have the students studying all day. 别整天让学生們学习。
They had the machine working all day and all night. 他们让这机器整日整夜地工作。
Ⅴ. have sb./ sth. +介词短语或副词,如:
The teacher had her students in the classroom.老师让学生留在教室里。
Have her here! 让她到这儿来。
§215  have to / must
Ⅰ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要,含有不得不的意味。如:
Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗?
It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。
Ⅱ. must “必须 ”往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。如:
We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。
We must go. 我必须去。
§216  have/ own
Ⅰ. have “有”表人与物/人,物与物之间存在的“所有;所属”的关系。有时人不一定是物/人的主人。如:
I have an English book here. 我这儿有一本英语书。
Do you have any money with you? 你带有钱吗?
Ⅱ. own 用于较正式场合,强调“(合法地)拥有”某物的所有权,主语一定是该物的主人。如:
I own a bike. 我有一辆自行车。
Who owns the car? 这辆小汽车是谁的?
§217  head/ brains
Ⅰ. head 指外表看得见的,有形的“头”。如:
Don’t hit the boy on the head. 别打那孩子的头。
Ⅱ. brains 指抽象的,无形的“脑力、智力”。
[注]use one’s head 和 use one’s brains含义基本相同。brains 常作单数看。
§218  hear/ hear of/ hear from
Ⅰ. hear “听见”指听力,强调听的结果。如:
I often hear Lucy sing in the next room.
Ⅱ. hear of “听说”强调间接听到有关某人的情况或得到消息。有时可用about 代替of,意义无多大的区别。如:
We are all glad to hear of your success. 听到你成功的消息,我们都很高兴。
Have you heard of her lately? 你最近听到她什么情况吗?
Ⅲ. hear from “接到……的来信(电话等)”如:
Hope to hear from you soon. 希望你早点来信。
We have not heard from him since he left. 自从他离开后,我们一直没有收到他的来信。
§219  hear/ listen
Ⅰ. hear “听到”强调听的结果。不一定是有意识的。如:
Can you hear me? 你能听见我说话吗?
I heard her voice but I didn’t bother to listen to what he was saying. 我听到了她的声音,但并不用心去听她说的是什么。
Ⅱ. listen “听”强调倾听的动作,当然未必能听到什么。是不及物动词,接宾语时常与介词to连用。如:
Listen! What do you hear what she is saying? 听!你听见她在说些什么?
We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing. 我们仔细地听了半天,但什么也没听到。
§220  heaven/ sky
Ⅰ. heaven “天、天国、天堂”与earth和 hell(地狱)相对。在文学语言中,它也可以指天空,常用算数形式。如:
The commune members are fighting heaven and earth. 社员们在战天斗地。
He looked at the starry heavens = He is looking at starry sky. 他瞧着布满星星的天空。
Ⅱ. sky “天、天空”,一般用作单数。但在文学语言中,有时也用算数形式(skies).如:
There were no clouds in the sky. 天上没有云。
Bitter sacrifice strengtnens bold resolve .Which dares to make sun and moon shine in new skies.
为有牺牲多斗志,敢教日月换新天。   (毛泽东)
§221  high/ tall
Ⅰ. high “高(的)”,普通用语。与low 相对。指块状物体的高度。主要指本身比一般同类东西较高,或指所处位置较高。如:
That’s a very high mountain. 那是一座很高的山。
He looked at the high ceiling. 他望着高高的天花板。
Ⅱ. tall “高的”,常与short相对,也指同类中较高的,尤其是表示高度远远超过宽度或直径。即指细长物体的高度。因此可以指人,也可指物。当指物时,往往可与high 通用。但不可指山,或大型建筑物。如:
She is rather tall. 她相当高。
We can see the tall (high) tower. 我们可以看到那个高塔。
§222  hill/ mountain
Ⅰ. hill “小山”通常比mountain 小。如:
I went down the hill. 我从山上走下来。
The house stands on the top of a hill. 房子在山顶上。
Ⅱ. mountain “高山”,比hill大。如:
We made our way up the mountain. 我们登山。
He was brought up in the mountain. 他在山里长大的。
§223 help with / help…with.
Ⅰ. help with “帮助”后面直接跟名词。如:
Jones will help with the concert. 琼斯将帮助搞音乐会。
The children are helping with the housework. 孩子们正在帮助做家务。
Ⅱ. help …with. “帮助某人做某事”即help st with sth. 如:
May I help you with your luggage? 我帮你拿行李好吗?
My father used to help me with my lessons. 父亲过去常常帮助我做功课。
§224  human being/ man / person/ people
Ⅰ. human being “人类”,可数名词,算数为human beings. 意义较具体,以区别于动物、鬼神之类。如:
There were no sight of human beings  on the island although there were monkeys, wild goats and snakes.  那个岛上虽然有猴子,野羊和蛇,但没有人居住过的痕迹。
Ⅱ. man “人类”,单数或复数均可。其前不用限定词。如:
Man must make the earth support more people.  人类必须使地球养活更多的人。
Ⅲ. person. “人”着重指个别而言。与animal相对。指男,女,老,少均可。如:   
There are only three persons in the room.  房间里只有三个人。
Ⅳ. people “人”是集合名词。与enemy相对,有较强的感情色彩。指普通人时,可与person代换。其复数形式为“民族”之意。如:
Most people think so 大多数人这样想。
There are more than 50 peoples in our country. 我国有50多个民族。
§225  hanged / hung
这两个词都是hang的过去分词。
Ⅰ. hanged 是hang用作“上吊;绞死”时的过去时和过去分词。
The murderer was hanged this morning. 那个杀人犯今天上午被绞死。
He hanged himself from a beam in the attic.  他在阁楼上悬梁自尽了。
Ⅱ. hung 是hang 用作“悬挂;下垂”等 意思时过去时和过去分词。如:
She hung the Christmas decorations on the tree. 她把圣诞节的装饰品挂在树上。
He hung his head in shame. 他羞耻得垂下脑袋。
§226  hurry up/ hurry off(away) / hurry to
Ⅰ. hurry up 中的up是副词。“赶快、快点、加紧”之意。含有催促、命令之意。且常用于肯定结构,偶而用于否定结构时,up可省。如:
Hurry up! There is not enough time. 赶快!时间不够了。
Don’t hurry. There is enough time. 别着急。还有时间。
Ⅱ.hurry off / away中的 away是副词。“匆匆离去”无催促之意。如:
Li Lei hurried off /away without a word. 李雷一句话不说就匆匆走了。
With this, the woman hurried away / off. = With this, the woman went away in a hurry.说完这话,那妇人匆匆离去。
Ⅲ. hurry to 是短语动词。to 介词。“匆匆去某地”如:
He hurried to his office. = He went to his office in a hurry.
Ⅳ. in a hurry. 介词短语。“匆忙地(地)”,“慌忙地(的)”
She dressed herself for the party in a hurry.  她为参加联欢会而匆忙地换穿衣服。
You are always in a hurry. 你总是匆匆忙忙地。
§227  hurt/ injure/ wound
Ⅰ.hurt的意思是“使受伤、使疼痛、使伤心、伤害”,它是普通用语,可以表示使肉体受伤或疼痛,也可以表示使感情受到伤害。如:
He hurt his back when he fell. 他跌到时伤了背部。
My shoe is too tight, it hurts (me).  我的鞋太紧,使我的脚感到痛。
That’ll hurt her feelings. 那会伤她的感情。
Ⅱ.injure的意思是“伤害、损害”,指损害一个人的外表、健康、完好的东西(如自尊心、名誉、成就)等。如:
He injured an arm in a car accident.  他在一次车祸中伤了一只手臂。
You will injure your health by smoking too much. 你吸烟太多,有伤身体。
This injured his pride. 这伤了他的自尊心。
Ⅲ.wound的意思是“受伤、伤害”,通常指因外来的暴力使身体受伤,尤指在战争中或遭袭击受伤。它也可以指精神上受创伤。如:
Ten soldiers were killed and thirty wounded. 十名士兵阵亡,三十名受伤。
The bullet wounded him in the shoulder.  枪弹打伤了他的肩膀。
He felt wounded in his honour. 他觉得他的名誉受到了伤害。
§228  if/ whether
Ⅰ.都有“是否”之意。在某种情况下右互换。如:
I don’t know if / whether he’ll come tomorrow. 我不知道明天他是否来。
Ⅱ. 但在下列6种情况下if 不能替换whether:
正式文体中,句中有or not时。如:
I wonder whether it is big enough or not. 我不知道它是否够大。
  2.引导主语、表语、同位语从句时。如:
   Whether it is true(or not) is still a question. 它是不是真的还是一个问题。
  3. 作介词宾语时,如:
  I haven’t decided the quwstion of whether I’ll go back home. 我还未决定是否要回家去。
  4. 放在不定式前,与不定式组成词组。如:
  Li Lei hasn’t decided whether to go or not. 李雷还未决定去还是不去。
  5. 作discuss等词的宾语时,如:
   They discuss whether they should close the shop. 他们讲座是否该关闭那家商店。
  6. 引导的从句放在句首时。如:
   Whether this is true or not, I cannot say.这件事是否真实我说不上。
Ⅲ. if 还有连词的功能,意为“如果”引导条件状语从句;而whether另有“不管,无论”之意,引导让步状语从句。如:
I will be happy if you call me. 如果你打电话给我,我将很高兴。
Whether you like it or not, you’ll have to do it. 不管你喜欢不喜欢,你必须做这件事。
§229  ill/ sick
Ⅰ. ill “病”,常用作表语,一般不作名词的前置定语用;而sick可直接作前置定语用。如:
She is looking after her sick mother. (不能用ill) 她在照顾她生病的母亲。
He was ill yesterday. 昨天他病了。
Ⅱ. ill 可放在被修饰的名词后面。如:
He is a man ill with TB. 他是一个患肺结核的人。
Ⅲ. ill 的比较级和最高级分别是worse和worst. 表病重时,一般不说heavily ill/ sick. 而应说:seriously sick/ ill. 如:
He caught a cold and soon got worse. 他得了伤风,不久就更厉害了。
His uncle is seriously ill. 他的叔叔病得很重。
§230  in / after/ later
都有“在……之后”的意思,区别在于:
Ⅰ.in是介词,用来表示从现在算起的“过一段时间以后”,常于将来时态的肯定句中,一般与go, come, start, arrive, return ( be back), finish等表示瞬间动作的终止性动词连用。如:I’ll come and see you in two days. 两天之后我再来看你。
Ⅱ.after是介词,用来表示在某一具体时间或某一具体事件以后,谓语动词可用于过去时,也可用将来时。如:
He will arrive after four o’clock. 他将在四点以后到达。
She said she would be back after five o’clock.
[注] 此情况下时间名词应为点时间。
after 还可以表示从过去某时起若干时间之后,谓语动词用过去时,不能用将来时。如:Lucy started after two days. [注] 此时应为段时间名词。
Ⅲ.later是副词,不能用于从讲话时刻算起的若干时间之后,要根据上下文推断从何时起至何时之后。如:
I shall call on Mr Li on May 1st and shall call again about a week later.   五月一日我将拜访李先生,大约一星期之后我再来拜访。
I shall call again later.
[注] later只能放在段时间名词之后。
§231  in / of
均可用来表比较范围。
Ⅰ.of 表“属性”,意为“在同类中,最……”
Ⅰ.in表“在……内”,意指“在某地或某范围之中最……”,其后接表地点或组织、机构等的名词,与比较对象不属同一范畴。如:
Li Lei is the tallest of the three boys.
Li Lei is the tallest in our class.
§232 in the future/in future
这两个词组都有“在将来”的意思,但含义上有区别。
Ⅰ.in furture多指从现在开始近期的将来,在时间上包括现在。如:
You must be more careful in furture. 你今后必须更加小心。
He promised to give me more help in furture. 他答应今后给我更多的帮助。
Ⅱ.in the furture多指较遥远的将来的某一时间,在时间概念上一般不包括现在。如:
Who can tell what will happen in the furture? 谁能说准将来会发生什么?
In the furture travel agencies may be organizing trips to the moon. 将来,旅行社可能会组织去月球的旅行。
[注] in the furture 的 furture 前加形容词时,不要去掉 the 。如in the near/far /distant furture。
§233 in time/on time
Ⅰ.in time“及时”,指的是不迟到或在提前的时间之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短语。
Ⅱ.on time“准时”,指按规定的时间或指定的时间做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短语。如:
Joe was just in time for the bud. Joe正好赶上那班汽车。
They got there on time to see the exhibition.  他们准时到那儿,去看了那个展览。
Can you get there in time? 你能及时感到那儿吗?
You must always return your library book on time. 你必须总是按时归还从图书馆借的书。
§234  in/ on/ to
Ⅰ.in 表示“在某范围之内”,如:
In the Northwest, there will be snow in the night.
Beijing is in the north of China.
Ⅱ.on 表示“两地接壤”。如:
Tianjin is on the north of Beijing.
Jiangshu is on the south of Shandong.
Ⅲ.to 表示“在某范围之外,两地不接壤”。如:
There will be a strong wind to the north of the Huai River.
Japan is to the east of China.
§235  increase by/ increase to
Ⅰ.“increase by + 倍数或百分数”,表示“增加了。。。。。。倍/百分之”。“inctease to + 具体的增长后的数字”,表示“增加到了。。。。。。”。如:
① The population of this town has increase by 5 percent.  这个镇的人口增长了5%。
② The population of our country has increased to 1.3 billion. 我们国家的人口已增长到了13 亿。
Ⅱ.表示“在。。。。。。方面增长”用in 来引导的短语。如:
It has increase 30 percent in price. 它的价格增长了30%。
Its members are increasing in number.  它的成员数量正在增加。
The country is fast increasing in population. 这个国家人口增长很快。
§236  indeed/ really
Ⅰ.indeed的意思是“真的、的确”,多用以肯定或证实人家所说的话,或加强自己说话的肯定语气,如:
① -----It’s a difficult problem. 这是一个困难的问题。
   -----Indeed it is. 的确如此。
② We were indeed very glad to hear the news.听到这消息我们真高兴。
Thank you very much indeed. 真感谢你。
Ⅱ.really 的意思是“真的、真正、的确”,指和事实或现实不相违背,用以表示肯定人家所说的是实话,希望人家说实话或强调自己说的是实话。它有时还用以表示对人家所说的话感到惊讶、生气、怀疑等。如:
① -----He is a good student. 他是一个好学生。
   -----Really. 的确是。
② It was really not my fault. 那的确不是我的错。
Do you really wish to go? 你真的想去吗?
------We’re going to Qingdao this summer.  今年夏天我们要去青岛。
------Oh, really? 啊,真的吗?§237  interest/ interesting/ interested
Ⅰ.interest. n. “兴趣;趣味”v. “使(人)产生兴趣”
What you said interests me. 你的话引起了我的兴趣。
He shows an interest in music.他对音乐感兴趣。
Ⅱ.interesting. adj. “有趣的;引起兴趣的”可作表语或定语,指物或人本身能引起兴趣。如:
The film is very interesting. 电影非常有趣。
He is an interesting man. 他是一个有趣的人。
Ⅲ.interested是动词interest 加ed 构成的形容词,意为“感兴趣的”,其主语一般指人。
常构成短语:interested in , 如:
 When he was only a child, he got interested in science. 当他仅是一个孩子时,他就对科学产生了兴趣。
§238  job/ work
   两者均表示“工作”,后者(work)含义更广,为不可数名词。也可作不及物动词;前者(job)强调工作的性质或工种,为可数名词。如:
I like the job/work. 我喜欢这份工作。
The work is easy to do. 这份活很易做。
§239  join / join in / take part in
Ⅰ. join 可用来表示加入某个政党、团体、组织等, 指成为其中的成员。如:
My uncle joined the Party in 1989.
We are going for a swim .Will you come and join us. 我们要去游泳,你和我们一起去好吗?
Ⅱ. join in 表“加入、参与”某种活动,后接名词或动词的ing 形式,表“参加某人的活动”可以说:join sb. in (doing) sth. 如:
He joined them in the work.他同他们一起工作。
Will you join us in playing basketball? 你跟我们一起打篮球好吗?
Ⅲ. take part in 指“参加”会议、考试、竞赛或群众性活动,重在说明句子主语参加该项活动并在其中发挥作用。如:
The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday. 昨天老师参加了我们的讨论。
When will you take part in the meeting?  你将在什么时候参加会议?
[注意]:join in 后面可以不跟宾语。而take part in 后面必须跟宾语。如:
Let me  join in.  让我参加吧。
§240  journey/ trip/ voyage/ tour/ travel
Ⅰ. journey “旅游” 着重指:从甲地到乙地所走的路程和花费的时间。多指陆路“旅游”用英语可解释为:a trip of some distance usually by land.
Ⅱ. travel “旅行、游历”多指到世界各地的活动,国与国之间旅行,(没有回到原出发地的含义)表某次具体的旅行时,常用复数。英译为:the activity of moving about the world.
On his doctor’s advice, he went on his travels. 遵照医生的意见,他出发旅行了。
He came home after years of foreign travel.
Ⅲ. trip 多指带有特殊目的或定期的旅行,为了高兴进行的较短距离的,旅游或远足。
We’ll make a trip on Sunday.
He came back from a trip. 他旅归来。
Ⅳ. tour “周游、旅游、观光、游览”等,多指不同地点的漫游或短途旅行参观。通常是回到原出发地点时就意味着旅行结束。英译:a journey during which several places of interest are visited; a short trip to or through a place on order to see it. 如:
I’m going to set out on a walking tour. 我即将动身去徒步旅行。
He has gone for a tour in Europe.
Ⅴ. voyage 多指较长距离的水上航行,但也指空中航行。
He made a voyage from Shanghai to Qingdao. 他从上海航行到青岛。
They made a voyage to France by air.他们乘飞机到法国。
§241 known as / known by / known for/ known to
Ⅰ. known as “作为…而出名”;“被称作…”,as后面的宾语与句子主语是同位的。如:
George is known as a successful banker. 乔治作为成功的银行家而出名。
The first tomb, known as Chang Ling, was built in the 15th century. 第一座陵墓叫长陵修建于是5世纪。
Ⅱ. known by “凭……来判断或认识”一般不太常用,多出现在某些谚语中。如:
A man is known by the company he keeps.  (谚)见其友,知其人。
Ⅲ. known for “因……而出名”,for后面多接表示特征、品质之类的词。如:
Guilin is known for its beautiful sceneries.  桂林因风景优美而闻名。
He is known for his frankness. 他以坦率而出名。
Ⅳ. known to “为……所知的”,to后面常接表示人的名词或代词。如:
She is known to everyone in the college.  他在学院里人人皆知。
The usage of that word is known to us all. 这个词的用法我们人人皆知。
§242  keekp doing sth/ keep on doing sth/ keep sb doing sth/ keep sb or sth from doing sth/ stop……from doing sth/ prevent……from doing sth
Ⅰ.keep doing sth 表示“继续(不断)地做某事”指无停顿或停顿较短。或后接表静态的动词。如:sit sleep. Wait, stand,等。
He kept sitting there for half an hour without moving. 他一动不动地在那儿站了半个小时。
Ⅱ.keep on doing sth 表经过一段时间的间隙后“继续做同一件事”后可接表动态的词。如walk, write talk 等。还暗指不顾困难、反对、警告而“坚持”做某事。
They kept on working in the field, though it was raining.虽然天正在下雨,他们还是继续在田里干活。
Ⅲ.keep sb doing sth.  “使某人处于某种状态”
Our Chinese teacher kept us reading by ourselves the whole class. 整个一节课, 我们的语文老师都让我们自己看书。
Ⅳ.keep sb / sth from doing sth. “阻止、防止某人/ 某物做某事”如:
The policeman kept the children from crossing the road when it was dangerous.  危险的时候,这位警察阻止了孩子们过马路。
Be carful! Keep the glass from dropping on to the floor. 当心!防止玻璃掉到地板上。
Ⅴ. prevent……from doing sth与上同意,但较正式,隐含预防之意。From在被动语态中不可省。如:
In many countries, laws have been passed to prevent factories from sending out poisonous gases and polluted water. 许多国家已制定法律来制止工厂排放有毒的气体和污水。
Ⅵ,stop……from doing sth. 与上可代换。它常指现场的具体行为。如:
The policeman stopped the children from playing football in the street. 警察制止孩子们在街上踢球。
§243  kill/ murder/ slaughter
Ⅰ.kill的意思是“杀”,是普通用语,不限于用刀杀人,而可指用任何办法把人或动物弄死。如:
He was killed. 他被杀死了。
He was killed in a train accident. 他在一次火车事故中死亡。
They killed animals for food. 他们宰杀动物为食。
Ⅱ.murder的意思是“谋杀”,指非法地、存心不良地或有预谋地杀人。如:
They murdered a revolutionary. 他们谋害了一个革命者。
Ⅲ.slaughter的意思是“屠杀”,指大批地、残酷地杀人,也可指屠宰动物。如:
Old men, woman and children were mercilessly slaughtered. 老人、妇女和孩子们都遭到残酷的屠杀。
§244  kind/ sort
Ⅰ.kind表示种类的意思时,指属于同种类的东西。如:
This is a new kind of machine. 这是一种新式机器。
What kind of man is he? 他是怎样的人?
Ⅱ.sort的意思也是“种类”,指大体相似的东西。在语言实践中,这两个词常被毫无区别地使用着,不过,当表示带有轻蔑的意味时,多用sort。如:
What sort of book do you want? 你需要哪一种书?
I’ll never do this sort of thing. 我决不会干这种事。
What sort of people go there? 什么样的人到那儿去?
§245  know/ know about/ know of
Ⅰ. know “知道”;“了解”。侧重直接性。如:
I know her very well. 我很了解她。
I don’t know his current address. 我不知道他目前的地址。
Ⅱ. know about “知道知道关于……的情况”。
I happened to know about him. 我碰巧了解他的情况。
I don’t know about that matter. 我不知道那件事。
Ⅲ. know of “知道有……”;“听说过……”,侧重间接性。
I know of the town but I’ve never been there. 我知道有那么个镇子,但从未去过那里。
I don’t know Mark, but I know of him.  我不认识马克,但我听说过他。
§246  know/ recognize
Ⅰ.know表示认识的意思时,可以表示认识或熟悉某人,也可以只表示认识某人是谁(即认得某人是个什么样子)。它不仅可以用于人,还可以用于地方等。如:
Do you know him? 你认识他吗?
I have known him for more than ten years.  我认识他有十多年了。
I know him by sight but have never spoken to him. 我认识他是谁,但从没有和他谈过话。
He knows the city thotoughly. 他很熟悉那个城市。
Ⅱ. recognize表示认识的意思时,表示能认出曾经见过或原来认识的人或物。如:
Do you recognize him? 你认得他是谁吗?
I did not recognize him at once. 我一下子都认不得他了。
When he came back to Nanjing, he hardly recognized the city. 当他回到南京时,他几乎认不得这个城市了。
§247  lay / lie
这两个词常易混淆,主要是因为两者的意义及它们的过去式和分词形式极易混淆。
Ⅰ.lay通常用作及物动词,意为“摆、放、下蛋或产卵”等,过去式、过去分词和现在分词分别为laid, laid, laying。如:
He laid the papers on the desk and then went out.  他把文件放在桌上,然后出去了。
They were laying the foundation of the house. 他们在给房子打地基。
The cuckoo lays its eggs in other birds’ nets.  杜鹃在别的鸟巢中产卵。
Ⅱ.lie一般作不及物动词用,作“躺;平放”解时,其过去式和过去分词分别为lay, lain;作“撒谎”解时,其过去式和过去分词均为lied,现在分词均为lying 。如:
She lay on the beach all morning. 她整个上午都躺在沙滩上。
How long has he lain there like that? 他像那样躺在那儿有多久了?
He lied to me. 他对我撒了谎。
§248  learn/ study
Ⅰ. 这两个动词都作“学习”讲,有时可以互换使用。
He is learning / studying English now. 现在他在学习英语。
Ⅱ. learn 往往通过学习、练习或由别人教授以获得某种知识或技能,侧重学习的成果,有“学会、学到”的意思。study 通常指比较深入地学习,含有努力去学的意味,它侧重学习的过程,有“研究、钻研”的意思。如:
He studied hard and finally learned the language. 他努力学习,终于学会了这种语言。
He studies in a school near here. 他在附近的一所学校读书。
But I am learning to skate. 但我在学习滑冰。
§249  leave sw/ leave for sw
Ⅰ. Leave的意思是“离开”,既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。
He left Rome. 他离开了罗马。
It’s time for us to leave. 我们该走了。
Ⅱ. Leave for 的意思是“前往”,指离开某地去另一地,for 后面跟表示目的地的地点名词。
He left for Rome. 他动身去了罗马。
The delegation left for Guangzhou by plane.  代表团乘飞机前往广州。
§250  leave/ forget
Ⅰ. 这二个词都有“忘记”的意思。但leave 表示“忘了带……”; “把……落在某个地方了”,后面有地点状语。          
forget  + 如:
I left my handbag in the office.我把手提包落在办公室了。
We often see Mr. Gates standing outside his own house because he often leaves the key in the house.我们经常看到盖茨先生站在他自家门外,因为他常把钥匙忘在家里。
I have never forgotten my family’s birthdays. 我从没忘记过家人的生日。
Ⅱ. 还有“离开、留下;使处于……状态; 听任”的意思。如:
In 1933, Einstein and his family left Europe for USA. 1933年爱因斯坦和他的家人离开欧洲去了美国。
Jim left a message on the computer to you just now. 刚才吉姆在电脑上给你留言了。
They went into the café, leaving the car unlocked. 他们没锁车,走进了咖啡厅。
[谚语]:Never leave today’s work until tomorrow. 今天的事今天做。§251  lift/ raise
Ⅰ. lift “举起、提起、抬起”常常表举(提、抬)起某物时需要费些力气。如:
This is too heavy for me to lift. 这太重了,我举不起。
He lifted a pail of water from the ground.  他把一桶水从地上提了起来。
Ⅱ. raise “举起、抬起”着重指使某物竖立起来。如:
Those who are ready, please raise your hand. 准备好的人,请举手。
He raised his head. 他抬起了头。
§252  like/ love/ be fond of
Ⅰ. like “喜欢、喜爱”与dislike相对。是本组词中语意最弱的词。如:
I like the poem. 我喜欢这首诗。
I don’t like smoking. 我不喜欢抽烟。
Ⅱ. love “爱、热爱”与hate相对。带有强烈的感情,是本组词中语意最强的词。如:
We love our socialist motherland.  我们热爱我们的社会主义祖国。
I like her , but I don’t love her. 我喜欢她,但并不爱她。
Ⅲ. be fond of “喜欢、爱好”,语意比like强,但比love弱。其后不能接不定式。如:
He is fond of music. 他爱好音乐。
I am fond of reading. 我喜欢读书。
He is very fond of his mother. 他很喜欢他的母亲。
[注]:prefer “比起……更喜欢……”,其比较对象通常用在介词to 后。如:
Which would you prefer, tea or coffee?
I prefer tea to coffee. 茶和咖啡,你喜欢哪? 比起咖啡来我更喜欢茶。§253  little/ small
Ⅰ. little “小的”与big 和great 相对,表本身小,不含比一般小的意味。用这个词时,往往带有感情色彩。如:
What a pretty little house! 一所多漂亮的小房子!
I want the little box, not the big one. 我要小箱子,不要大的。
[说明]:little指人时,表和成年人相比,个子小年龄也小。
Ⅱ. small “小的”与large 相对,它常与little 通用。但多指,就一般标准而言比较小的东西,不带感情色彩。如;
The boy is small for his age.  就年龄来说,这男孩的个子小了些。
He lives in a small room. 他住在一个小房间里。
§254 like / as
Ⅰ. like 用于比较或比喻,表示“像……一样”。
Sometimes he behaves like a fool.  有时他的行为举止像个傻瓜。
I beg you not to say anything like that to my parents. 我恳求你不要对我的父母说那样的话。
Ⅱ. as 则表示某人或某事实际上具有as后面所描写的特征或身份,此时as当“作为;当作”解。如:
He works as a gardener. 他的工作是个园丁。
Originally, our house was used as a hotel. 原先我们的房子是作旅馆用的。
Ⅲ. 另外一点要提及的是as可用作连词,后面接句子;like在正规英语中不能用作连词。如:
When in Rome, do as the Romans do.  (谚) 入国问禁,入乡随俗。
§255  look/ look at/ notice/ see/ watch / read / gaze.
Ⅰ. look “看”强调看的动作,指有意思地看,是不及物动词。接宾语时用介词at 即:look at.如:
Look, what’s the boy doing? He is looking at the picture.
Ⅱ. see 强调“看”的结果。指视力。如:
He looked at the blackbord but he didn’t see nothing.
Ⅲ. notice 是指用眼睛或其它感官或感觉去“注意到”;“看到”
I noticed that he came early,我注意到他来得很早。
I noticed him enter(ing) the office. 我看到他走进了(正在走进)办公室。
Ⅳ. watch 强调“观看”其行为动作,跟踪其运动着的目标。含有“监视”之意。如:
watch TV / a game /a play /sb. 看电视 / 比赛 / 戏曲/某人
Ⅴ, read 指“看书、报、杂志等”, 指用大脑去思考,含有阅读之意。如:
He is reading a book. §256  look/ look for/ find/ find out / look up
Ⅰ. look “看”指看的意识,强调看的行为动作。是不及物动词。不能直接接宾语。如:
Look, they are playing on the playground.
Ⅱ. look for “寻找”指有目的地找。强调“寻找”这一动作。
What are you looking for? 你在找什么?
Ⅲ. find “找到、发现”指经过一番努力后“找到”丢失的人或东西。强调“找”的结果。如:
I can’t find my pen. 我找不到我的钢笔了。
The poor granny is looking for her little son. I hope she can find him.   这个可怜的老奶奶在找她的小儿子,我希望她能找到他。
Ⅳ. find out “找出、查明”用着及物动词短语,常表达找出答案,弄明真相,查明情况等意思。如:
Please find out when the train leaves. 请查一下火车什么时候离站。
Ⅴ. look up “向上看;查字典”如:
She looked up and she saw many birds in the sky.
You must look up the new words when you don’t know how to pronounce it.§257  what’s …like?/ How’s …?
Ⅰ. What’s …like? “询问某人或事物的持久的特性、特征, 如相貌等。 如:
① ---What’s your elder sister like? ---She’s a kind and humorous woman. 你姐是怎样一个人? 她是一个既和善又幽默的女人。
② ---What’s your father like?  ---He is tall and fat.  你父亲长得怎么样? 他又高又胖。
③ ---What’s the spring in the north like?  ---It’s usually very windy and dry.   北方的春天怎么样?  通常风很大而且干燥。
Ⅱ. How’s …? 用来询问暂时 的情况,或对经历过事的感受,或问候别人的健康。如:
① --How’s your study these days?   --Very well. Thank you. 近来的学习情况怎样?  很好, 谢谢。
② How was the film last night?  Great!  昨晚的电影怎么样? 好极了!
How is your sister?  She’s very well.  你姐好吗(身体怎样)? 她很好。
[注意]:下面两句子的含义是不一样的。
How was the film? 这电影怎样?
What was the film like? 这电影讲什么?(请对方对电影作一番描述或评论)§258  none / nobody / no one
Ⅰ. none 既可指人,也可指物,意为“没有人;没有东西”等,表三者或三者以上的人或物的全部否定。与all是反义词。后可接of 短语。作主语时,如果它指代的是可数名词,谓语动词用单数、复数形式都可以,用单数时强调个体,表“没有一个人”;用复数则强调整体,表“所有人都没有”。如果它指代的是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式。常常用来回答how many & how much 以及有特定范围的问题。如:
How many of the women are teachers? None (of them is / are). 这些女士中有多少是老师? 一个也没有。
How much water is left in the bottle? Nove (of it is left). 瓶子里还剩多少水? 一点儿也没剩。
Which of the boys plays football well? None(of them does). 这些男孩中哪个足球踢得好? 一个也没有。
Ⅱ. nobody & no one 指代人,意为“没有人”。作主语时谓语动词有单数形式,后不能跟of 短语,常常用来回答who 和不确定的问题。如:
Luckily, nobody / no one  was gurt in this accident.  幸运的是,没有人在这场事故中受伤。
Who went to the net bar this week? Nobody / No one.  这周谁去过网吧? 没有人。§259  look/ seem
Ⅰ. seem “看来、似乎”既可作连系动词,以可做不及物动词,后接:形容词、名词、介词短语或不定式。    如:
Mother seemed to know that. 母亲好像知道那件事。
Bill doesn’t seem to a understand. 比尔似乎不太理解。= Bill seems not to understand.(这更正式)
Ⅱ. 常用搭配:
It seems (that)好像、看来、似乎,如:
It seems to me that her accident is all your fault! 在我看来她出事都是你的错。
But it seemed that it wasn’t the only letter. 但是好像这不是唯一的一封信。
seem as if / though. “看起来像”如:
It seems as though Ken will win the rice.看来赛跑Ken好像要赢。
It seems (as if ) it is going to rain. 天好像要下雨了。
Ⅲ. look “看来、似乎”着重于由视觉得出的印象,seem 则暗示有一定根据,这种判断往往接近事实。在搭配上两者都可接:形容词、名词(前常有形容词修饰)、动词不定式to be、过去分词 和 介词短语。如:
He looks / seems a nice man.他看上去是个好人。
You look / seem tired. Let’s have a rest. 看来你累了,我们休息一会儿。
The boy looked / seemed to be very ill. 那男孩看上去病得很重。
Ⅳ, 但在下面情况下,只能用seem, 不能用look:
后面接动词不定式:to do 时。如:
The captain seemed to know all his soldiers.
2. 用于It seems that …结构时。如:
① It seemed that he had missed the train.看来他没搭上火车。
3. 用于There seemed to (不定式) 结构时:如:
There seemed to be hundreds of people on the playground. 运动场上好像有几百人。§260  lose/ miss
Ⅰ. lose “丢失、失去”语气较强,一般指失去后不易找回;而 miss 指人们觉察到东西已经“丢失”,含有可能找回的意思。miss 还有“想念”之意。而lose 则没有。如:
My grandfather lost a leg in in the war. 我爷爷在战争中失去了一条腿。
We shall all miss you when you go away. 你不在时,我们都会想念你的。
Ⅱ. 作定语和表语用时,lose 用过去分词 lost, 而mess用现在分词missing.如:
Who has found my lost pen?谁找到了我丢失的钢笔?
Missing book is found now. 丢失的书现在已经找到了。§261 meet / meet with
Ⅰ. meet “遇见、遇到;接(人)”;“集会”;“满足(要求等)”。
I know his name, but I’ve never met him. 我知道他的名字,但从未见过他。
The staff members will meet tomorrow to discuss the problem. 员工们明天开会将讨论这一问题。
I will meet my wife at the airport. 我将去机场接我的妻子
This will meet your needs. 这将满足你的要求。
Ⅱ. meet with. “遇到;碰到”强调偶然性;还常表示“遭遇;经历;遭到”此时不能只用meet. 如:
I met with a childhood friend on the bus. 我在汽车上遇到一个儿时的朋友。
They met with an accident on their way back. 他们在回去的路上遇到车祸。
I met with some difficulties when I tried to enter the country. 我在入境时遇到一些困难。§262  many/ much/ a lot of/ lots of/ a good or great  many/ many a / a number of/ a great or large number of/ a great deal of/ plenty of/ the number of
Ⅰ. many “许多、大量”修饰可数名词复数。如:
Many students think so. 很多学生都这样想。
Ⅱ. much 指量而言,与不可数名词连用。如:
He mever eats much breakfast.他早餐从来吃得不多。
Ⅲ. the number of “……的总数”number 指“数目、人数”是句中真正的主语。故动词须用单三式。如:
①The number of the students in our class is sixty-five.
其它的见下表:
 
 词汇 后面可跟的词 作主语时
谓语动词的形式   
many 复数可数名词 复数   
much 不可数名词 单三式   
 复数可数名词与不可数名词(一般用于肯定句中;否定句和疑问句多用many, much) 复数或
单三式   
amany 复数可数名词 复数   
many a 单数可数名词 单三式   
 复数可数名词 复数   
a great deal of 复数可数名词
与不可数名词 复数或
单三式   
plenty of  复数可数名词或不可数名词(一般用于肯定句中;否定句或疑问句多用enough, many much) 复数或
单三式  §263  may be/ maybe
Ⅰ. may be “也许是”“可能是”may 是情态动词,与be一起作谓语。而maybe是副词,意为“也许”“可能”用作状语。如:
Maybe you put it there.也许你把它放在那里了。
But I’m afraid I may be a little late.  但我担心我可能晚了一点。
Maybe he’s wrong. = He may be wrong. 或许他错了。
Maybe the twin brothers are boating now. = The twin brothers may be boating now.现在那对双胞胎兄弟可能在划船。
Maybe /perhaps they’ll go on a picnic next week. = They may go on a picnic next week. 他们下周可能要去野餐。§264  mend/ repair
Ⅰ. mend “修理、修补”。普通用语。指对由于穿戴或使用等原因而破烂或破损的东西加以修补或修理。如:
There’s a hole in your shirt. Better mend it right away.  你的衬衫上有一个洞,最好马上补一补。
The broken window requires to be mended.  这扇破窗户需要修理。
Ⅱ. repair “修理、修补”。常与mend换用。但当需要修理之物,由于使用或年代等原因已经损坏,修起来比较复杂时,多用repair. 如:
They have repaired the car. 他们已把汽车修好了。
It will take all the summer to repair the house. 需要整个夏天才能把房子修好。§265  message/ news
Ⅰ.这两个词都有“消息”之意,但词义范围有所不同。Message含义较广,可指书面、口头、无线电等多种渠道传来的信息,因而有“消息、口信、电报”等意思,为可数名词;news含义较窄,主要是通过报纸、电台、电视等新闻媒介向公众报道的最新消息,也可指原来未曾听到过而现在听到的消息,为不可数名词。如:
I’ll leave a message for her. 我将为她留个口信。
I haven’t had a message from him for a month. 我一个月没有得到他的音讯了。
[联想]:和 news搭配的词组:
latest news 最新消息。     stale news 过时新闻
current news   时事       highlighted news 重要新闻
inside news 内幕消息      grapevine news 小道消息
invested news 不实消息    distorted news 歪曲的新闻§266  middle / center
Ⅰ.middle指“中间”,表示时间和空间的“中间”,是相对而言的,也可指笼统的“中部”,如:
We have lunch in the middle of the day.
另外middle还可表程度的“中等”如:the middle school
Ⅱ. centre “中心”,通常用于空间方面,强调指正中心。它还可以用于借喻,表某一事物的中心。如:
Dray a circle round a given centre. 就指定的中心画一圆圈。
We live in the centre of London. 我们住在伦敦中心。
Beijing is the political, economic and cultural centre of China. 北京是中国的政治、经济和文化中心。§267  mist/ fog
Ⅰ. mist “雾”指比fog 薄的“薄雾”,形容词为:misty. 它还可指:“(眼睛)朦胧”等。如:
The mountain top was covered with mist.   山顶笼罩着雾气。
She tried to see him through the mist of tears. 她试着透过朦胧的泪眼看他。
Ⅱ. fog 指较浓的“浓雾”,其形容词为:foggy.如:
The fog was so thick that he had to drive very slowly.  雾太浓了, 他必须慢慢地开车。§268  most /a most / the most
Ⅰ. most adv. 前无冠词,一般表“很、十分”如:
Most likely it will rain. 很可能要下雨了。
The author is most serious in writing the essay.  作者写这篇文章的态度是很严肃的。
Ⅱ. a most 后接形容词,修饰单数可数名词,意思是“很,十分”如:
That was a most enjoyable party. 那是一次非常快乐的晚会。
These children lead a most happy life.  这些孩子过着非常幸福的生活。
Ⅲ. the most  是much or many 的最高级。意为“最”如:
That’s the most beautiful place I’ve ever been. 那是我到过的最美丽的地方。§269  mouse / rat
Ⅰ. mouse “老鼠、耗子”,比rat 小。如:
I have set a trap for mouse. 我装置了一个捕鼠器捕鼠。
When the cat’s away, the mice will play. [谚]:猫儿一跑耗子闹。
Ⅱ. rat “老鼠、耗子”,比mouse 大。如:
A rat has fallen into the trap. 一只老鼠落到了捕鼠器里。
A rat crossing the street is chased by all. 老鼠过街,人人喊打。§270  much too/ too much
Ⅰ. much too 太、非常, 用作副词词组,修饰形容词或其它副词。如:
It’s much too cold today. 今天天气太冷。
The old man walked much too slowly. 这位老人走得太慢了。
Ⅱ. too much “太多”有三种用法:
用作名词词组。如:
You gave me too much. 你给我的太多了。
用作形容词词组。修饰不可数名词。如:
I don’t like winter because there’s too much snow and ice.我不喜欢冬天,因为雪和冰太多了。
用作副词词组,修饰动词,如:
Don’t speak too much. 别讲得太多。
[注]:much too 与too much都可用作副词词组,但too much 不可以修饰形容词,much too 不可以修饰动词。§271  must/ have to
Ⅰ. must “必须”,往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。
We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。
Imust go. 我必须走。
Ⅱ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要,含有“不得不”的意味。如:
Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗
It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。§272  neither/ either
Ⅰ. neither “(两者)都不”,pron 如:
Neither of the books is mine. 这两本书都不是我的。
[注]作连词用时,neither 与nor连用,表示“既不……也不”如:
The ground must be just right ——neither too wet nor too dry.地面务必适合——既不太湿,也不太干。
Ⅱ. either “(两者中的)任何一个”pron. 如:
There are two bikes in the room. You can ride eitheri of the two. 房里有两部自行车,你可以任骑一部。
[注]作连词用时,与or连用,表示“或者……或者……”、“不是……就是……”。如:
They were either too big or too small.  它们不是太大,就是太小。
作副词用时,二者都有“也不”之意,但所使用的句型及在句中的位置不同。如:
He doesn’t like swimming, I don’t like swimming, either.
He doesn’t like swimming. Neither do I . (用于倒装结构中)§273  neither/ none
Ⅰ. neither “两者都不”与both相对,其后的谓语动词用单三式。如:
Neither of my parents is at home.  我父母亲(任何一个)都不在家。
Ⅱ. none “三者或三者以上都有不”,与all相对。如:
None of the students are in the classroom. They have all gone to the playground. 所有的学生都不(一个也不)在教室里,他们都到操场上去了。
§274  next / the next
Ⅰ. next 用于将来时态中
Ⅱ. the next 用于过去时态中。有时也可用于将来时。如:
I’ll finish school next June. The next month I’ll go on trip to my hometwon.  明年六月我要毕业了,第二个月(即七月)我就要回家乡。
She said in her letter that she would visit us the next week. 她在信中说她要在第二个星期拜访我们。§275  no / not
Ⅰ. no “不”既可作形容词,又可作副词。作形容词时用来否定名词、代词或动名词。作副词时,主要用于否定回答。
The poor boy had no money for books. 那个穷孩子没钱买书。
No smoking. 禁止吸烟。
Isn’t he a teacher?  No, he isn’t.
Ⅱ. not “不”只用作副词。用来否定动词、不定式、形容词或副词。通常放在“三类词”(情态动词,助动词,系动词)之后,行为动词之前。否定不定式时,直接放在不定式的小品词to前。如:
I have not been to Beijing.
He doesn’t like reading.
no 和not  都可与形容词或副词的比较级连用,但句子的含义不同。如:
I am no taller than he. 我不比他高。(两人都矮)
I am not taller than he. 我不比他更高。(两人都高)
no = not a 或not any 如:
She has no books = She doesn’t have a book. = She does not have any books.
no 表示它所修饰的名词的相反的意思。而not只能表示一般的否定。如:
He is no teacher. 他根本(绝)不是老师。(不善于教书)
He is not a teacher. 他不是老师。(可能是其它职业)
He is no fool = He is clever. 他不笨(他是聪明的)
He is not a fool. 他不是个傻子。§276  no longer/ not…any longer/
no more / not any more
Ⅰ. no longer = not … any longer, “不再”强调时间和动作不再持续,常与状态动词和延续性动词连用,如wait, stay, be等。 但no longer与no more 一样通常放在“三类词(情态动词、 助动词、连系动词)”之后。行为动词之前。而not … any longer 与not … any more 一样,其中的not与谓语动词构成否定式,常放在“三类词”之后。any longer,与any more 放在句末。如:
He’s no longer living in this city. 他不住在这个城市了。
You are not a child any longer. 你已不再是个孩子了。
Ⅱ. no more = not … any more “不再”强调数量、次数上不再增加和强调动作终止的结果,因此,常与名词、瞬间动词连用,如hear, see, leave等。如:
There’s no more bread. 不再有面包了。
He didn’t go there any more. 他再没去过那儿。§277  no matter what/ whatever/ what ever
Ⅰ.no matter what“不管什么,无论什么”用来引导让步状语从句。类似的词组还有:no matter where “不论哪里”, no matter which “不论哪一个”,no matter how“不论怎样”如:
They are going to win the football match, no matter how bad the weather is.  不管天气多么糟糕,他们会赢得这场足球比赛。
No matter who knocks, don’t open the door. 不管谁敲门,都不要开门。
Give me a call first no matter when you come. 不管什么时候来,都请你先给我打个电话。
Ⅱ.whatever 是连接代词,可以作“无论什么”解,引导让步状语从句,可以这样用的连接代词或连接副词有whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however等。如:
Whatever you do, do your best. =No matter what you do, do your best. 无论你干什么,都要尽最大努力去干。
Whoever telephones, tell him I am out. = No matter who telephones, tell him I am out.  无论谁给我打电话,就说我出去了。
Wherever he may be, he will be happy. = No matter where he may be, he will be happy. 无论在什么地方,他都是乐呵呵的。
Ⅲ.whatever 还可以解作 “凡是……的;所……的东西”(anything that),用来引导一个名词性从句,这时不能用no matter what 替换。如:
Take whatever you want. 你要什么就拿什么吧。
Whatever I have is yours. 我所有的东西全都是你的。
Ⅳ. what ever 中的ever意为“究竟;到底”,用在疑问词what后面,以加强语气,着重表示说话者的情绪,如惊讶、愤怒、兴奋等,what ever 在意义上等于what on earth 或what in the world, 其他疑问词也可以这样用。如:
What ever do you think you’re doing?你想想,你到底在干什么?
Who ever left the door open?究竟是谁把门敞着不关?
Where ever did you pick up the pen? 你到底在哪儿捡到的这支钢笔?§278  not at all/ not … at all
Ⅰ. not at all 是客套话,意为“别客气”相当于 That’s all right; You are welcome. 如:
①--Thank you very much.  –Not at all.
Ⅱ. not…at all “根本不”;“一点也不”。at all 用以加强语气。如:
She doesn’t like it at all. 她根本不喜欢它。
He didn’t come at all. 他根本没来。§279  officer/ official
Ⅰ. officer “官员”常指武官,有时也指文官。如:
The officer put down his arms and jumped into the pond for the fish. 那军官放下武器,跳到池塘里捉鱼去了。
His father is a police officer. 他父亲是警官。
He is an administrative officer.他是行政官。
Ⅱ. official “官员”通常指政府的文职官员。如:
An official is suspended from office. 有一位官员被停职。
They are government officials. 他们是政府官员。§280  on time/ in time
Ⅰ.in time “及时”,指的是不迟到或在提前的时间之前做某事,后面可接不定式或for短语。
Ⅱ.on time“准时”,指按规定的时间或指定的时间做某事,后面不可以跟不定式或for短语。如:
Joe was just in time for the bus. Joe正好赶上那班汽车。
They got there on time to see the exhibition.  他们准时到那儿,去看了那个展览。
§281  one/ it
Ⅰ. it 所指代的,与前面的名词是同一事物;它常替代限定词the, this, that 所修饰的单数名词,此外还可用来表示称赞或责备某人做了某事。如:
Whose is the pen? Oh it’s mine. 这支笔是谁的?哦,是我的。
It’s very kind of you to invite me to the party. 承蒙邀请,不胜感激。(代to invite…)
Ⅱ. one 所指代的是前面名词提到的同类事物,但不是同一件,它具有泛指的性质;它只能代替可数名词,复数形式是ones 如:
Have you got a pen?  No, I haven’t. Please ask Tom, I think he has got one. 你有钢笔吗?不,我没有。你去找一下汤姆吧,我想他有一只。§282  pardon/ sorry/ excuse/
Ⅰ.pardon主要用于没有听清别人的说的话,请别人重复。或宽恕严重的过失或冒犯。可作名词和动词。
   sorry 用于因做错了事或伤害了他人而向某人道歉。是形容词
   Excuse则用于打扰别人或防碍别人的场合。
Please pardon me for not arriving sooner.  请原谅我没有及时赶到。
 I did wrong and I’m going to beg their pardon.  我做错了,我打算去请求他们原谅我。
I’m sorry to hear that your mother is ill. 听说你的母亲病了,我很难过。
You’ll be sorry about that. 你会为此事后悔的。
Excuse me, may use your pen?§283  past/ passed/ pass/ passor
Ⅰ. past 是动词pass的过去时和过去分词。在句中作谓语。意为“通过、传递”,时间的“消逝”等。如:
He passed (by) the bank. 他路经银行。
She passed him the cake. 她把蛋糕递给他。
Two months passed before we had any news of them.  两个月过去了,我们才得到一点他们的消息。
Ⅱ. passer “过路人”;“过客”。
Ⅲ. past 不是动词形式,它除作为pass的过去分词形容词,作表语与定语外,还可作介词、副词及名词。如:
He has been working hard in the past few weeks. 他在过去的几周里工作得很努力。(形)
The past is past. 过去的事就让它过去了。(形,名)
She walked pasti him hurriedly. 她从他身边匆匆而过。(介
The years went past without notice. 岁月不觉流逝。(副词)§284  path/ road/ way
Ⅰ. path “道路”侧重于指“小道;小径”通常指走出来的路或指人行道等。如:
There is a path to the top of the hill. 有一条小路通向山顶。
Keep to the pathor you maybe lose your way. 沿着这条路走,否则你可能会迷路。
Ⅱ. road 通常人和交通工具通行的一条条的路,它可以用作借喻,表示导致……途径。如:
Where does this road lead to?这条路通什么地方?
It was very hot day, and the road was terrible dusty. 那是非常炎热的一天,路上的尘土多得惊人。
It is the road to success. 这是成功之路。
Ⅲ. way  不是指人和交通工具通行的一条条的路,而是指要达到特定的地点必须通过的地方。如:
It is a long way from here to the station. 从这儿到车站有一大段路。
Which is the shortest way there? 到那儿去哪条路最近?
They are still on the way. 他们还在路上。§285  personal/ personnel
Ⅰ. personal [`p?:s?nl]与 personnel[?p?:s?`nel]两个词音形相近,但词性和词义不同。如:
personal 是形容词,“个人的;私人的;亲身的”。
That is my personal opinion. 那是我个人的意见。
She made a personal appearance. 她亲自到场。
Ⅱ. personnel 是个集体名词,没有复数形式。“全体人员;工作人员”如:
Our personnel are very highly trained.  我们的工作人员训练有素。
The personnel are unhappy about these changes.  全体工作人员都不满意这些变动。§286  point / score
Ⅰ. point 指在考试、比赛中的“分”。如:
90 points . 90 分
We won / lost the game by 3 points. 我们以三分之差得胜/ 失败。
Ⅱ. score 指“成绩”。如:
a score of 90 points . 90分的成绩。
She scored 20points in the competition. = Her score of the competition is 20. 她在竞赛中得了20分。§287  point to/ point at
point to 与point at 都有用手指着某人或某物的意思。但后者还可表“对准;瞄准”之意。如:
She pointed to a boy and said that he was her brother.
He pointed his gun at the enemy and shouted “Hands up”他把口对准敌人,大声喊:“举起手来”。
§288  police/ policeman
Ⅰ. police 常用作复数,其后不加-s. 如:
The police are on duty. 那些警察在值班。
Ⅱ. policeman “警察”与police 同意。其复数形式为policemen. (policewoman→policewomen) .但表一个警察时,应说:one / a policeman. 而不说:one / a police.
§289  problem/ question
Ⅰ. problem 通常指须急于解决或决定的重大问题或难题。如
This is a difficult social problem to solve. 这是很难解决的社会问题。
He is clever enough to work out the maths problem.
Ⅱ. question 着重指由于对某事感到疑惑不解或不能断定而提出,并等待解答的问题。一般是不难的,在较短时间内能解决的问题。因此,我们可说:answer the question. 如:
Please answer the question.§290  propose/ suggest
Ⅰ. propose “建议、提议”,是书面语,带有正式和庄严的色彩。如:
I propose an early start. 我建议及早开始(或动身)。
We propose that the house (should) be repaired. 我们建议对房屋进行修理。
Ⅱ. suggest “建议、提议”,但没有propose正式。如:
I suggest a visit to the theatre. 我建议去看戏。
I suggest that we (should) begin at once.  我建议我们立即开始。
He suggest going to the Summer Palace. 他建议去颐和园。
§291 pupil/student
Ⅰ.pupil 特指“小学生;初等学校的学生”。也可指在教师指导下从事研究的“学生;门徒”如:
The peanist often gives pisno lessons to her pupils. 这位钢琴家经常给她的学生上钢琴课。
Ⅱ.student 指“大专院校的学生;中学生”。 有时,也可指研究或攻读某一学科的人。如:—→a college student. a middle school student.
He is a student of science. 他是一个理科学生。
§292  quick/ fast / rapid /soon
Ⅰ. quick “快”一般指动作敏捷迅速,毫不延迟,在较短的时间内发生或完成某项动作。如:
She ran with quick steps to the house. 她快步跑进屋子。
Ⅱ. fast“快”主要用作副词。指运动着的人或物体速度快。
The watch is only two minutes fast. 这只表只快两分钟。
Ⅲ. rapid 指一个或一连串的动作迅速、敏捷,着重指运动本身,有时也指激流。如:
The diligent boy makes rapid progress in his studies. 这个勤奋的男孩儿学业进步迅速。
Their country house stands by a rapid steam. 他们的农舍在急流的溪边。
Ⅳ. soon 着重指时间方面的快,可指现在或某个特定的时间的不久以后。如:
He will come back very soon.他将很快就回来。§293  quite / very/ too
Ⅰ. Quite 是程度副词,可修饰副词、形容词和动词。跟表程度的词连用时,有“相当”“非常”的意思;跟没有程度差别的词连用时,作“完全”讲。如:
I feel quite well. 我觉得身体不很不错。
I am quite tired. 我相当 累了。
We are not quite ready. 我们还没有完全准备好。
Ⅱ. Very 也是程度副词。“很;非常”可用来修饰形容词或副词。 如:
This factory is very large.
He runs very fast.
[注意]:very 不能直接修饰动词。如:
I quite like her. = I like her very much
Ⅲ. Quite 与 very 有时可以通用。但在份量上very 比quite 重。试比较:
His English is quite good.(= not bad)他的英语很不错。
His English is very good. (= excellent)他的英语好极了。
Ⅳ. Quite & very 与不定冠词连用时位置不同。即依照:“a(n)+very+形容词+中心名词”和“quite + a(n) + 形容词 +中心词”的顺序排列。 如:
Jimes was quite a small baby. Jimes是个小孩子。
Jimes was a very small baby. Jimes 是个很小的孩子。
Ⅴ. Too “太、过分”含有超过容许的程度。带有否定的意味。
It is too cold today. 今天太冷了。(含有不喜欢或不……)
It was very cold yesterday. 昨天很冷。
[注意]:very 不能与too连用。不可以说:It’s very too cold.应将very 改为much或far.如:
The cap is too big for me.§294  quite/ rather/ very
都是程度副词,意为:“非常、相当、很”,无比较级和最高级。其区别在于:
Ⅰ. quite 可直接修饰动词。如:
Some people don’t like the winter, but I quite like it.
Ⅱ. rather 不可直接修饰动词。语气稍强。可与would 连用构成 would rather…than…这个平行连词结构。如:
She is rather tall. 她相当高。
Iwould rather stay at home(than go for a walk) 我宁愿呆在家里。(也不愿到散步)
I would rather you stayed at home.
I would rather listen to music than to swimming. 我宁愿听音乐,也不愿去游泳。
Ⅲ. very 也不能直接修饰动词。修饰形容词或副词时,语气最强。如:
I like English very much = I quite like English.
His English is very good. (程度强=excellent) →His English is quite (rather) good. (程度轻=not bad)
[注]:quite (rather) 和very 与“不定冠词+形容词+名词”连用时位置不同。其排列顺序是:
▲ “quite + a (an) +adj + noun” → “a + quite (rather) +adj +noun” 如:
This is quite an interesting film.
It’s a quite (rather) fine day today. (只有名词前有形容词修饰时,冠词a / an 才可置前。
“a + very + adj + noun” 如:
① I watched a very interesting TV play.§295  real/ true
Ⅰ.real 指客观上存在,并非想象和虚构的,它是与“无”相对而言的。如:
This is a story of real life.  这是一个从真实生活中取材的故事。
This is a real diamond.这是一颗真正的钻石。
Ⅱ. true 指符合某一标准或实际情况的,强调真实性。如:
True love should last for ever. 真爱永不渝。
Is it true that you’re going abroad for your holidays? 你要到国外去度假是真的吗?
[注]:come true “(梦想)实现”不用real.
      genuine [`dЗenju:in]指没有掺假的,货真价实的,强调纯真度。如:
Is the bracelet[`breislit] genuine gold? 这手镯是真金的吗?§296  river/ stream/ brook
Ⅰ. river 指流向湖、海等有一定航运能力的“江、河”。是通用词。常见于河流名称中。如:
the Changjiang River
Ⅱ. stream “川、溪、小河”指比江、河小的溪、小河等。
Ⅲ. broom “小溪、小河”指流量极小的stream.§297  road/ street/ way
Ⅰ. road 指人和交通工具通行的“路”,也借喻:“导致……的途径”如:
Where does the road lead to? 这条路通什么地方?
It is the road to success. 这是成功之路。
Ⅱ. street “街道”指由建筑物夹成的路。无road用法广泛。
Don’t play in the street.
Ⅲ. way 不是指实实在在的路,而是指达到特定的地点所须经过的地方。与方向有关。如:
It is a long way from here to the station. 从这儿到车站有一大段路程。
Which is the shortest way there?到那儿去哪条路最近?§298  say/ speak/ talk/ tell
Ⅰ. say “说、讲”普通用语,指用言语表达思想,强调所说的内容。如:
What did he say? 他说了些什么?
He said that it was true. 他说那是真实的。
Ⅱ. speak “说、讲”可表示以任何一种方式说话。它着重于说话这一动作本身。而不强调所说的内容。为不及物动词。作及物动词时与表语言的词连用。如:
Please speak more slowly. 请说得慢一些。
The baby is learning to speak. 这小孩在学说话。
She can speak English fluently. 她英语说得很流利。
Ⅲ. talk “谈话、讲话”,通常表连贯地与别人谈话。强调谈话这一动作,而不是内容。如:
He was talking to a friend. 他在和一个朋友谈话。
He went on talking for a long time, but he spoke so fast that few of us could catch what he said.       他滔滔不绝地讲了半天,但是他说得太快,我们几乎没有什么人能听懂他说的些什么。
She is always talking nonsense. 她总爱讲废话。
Ⅳ. tell “告诉、讲述”指将某事讲给别人听。它有时还有“吩咐、命令”等含义。如:
He told the news to everybody in the village. 他把这消息告诉了村子里的每个人。
She told me not to write the letter. 她叫我不要写信了。§299  seat/ sit
Ⅰ.seat 多用作名词。表“座位”,当它用作动词时表“坐、就座”,是及物动词,与反身代词连用。如:
He seated himself at a desk. 他在桌旁坐下。
Please be seated , gentlemen.请就座,各位先生。
Please go back to your seat. 请回到你的座位上去。
Ⅱ. sit 为不及物动词。如:
①Sit down , please. §300  see sb doing sth/ do sth
Ⅰ.see sb doing sth. “看见某人正在做某事”,用动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语,表动作正在进行。
Ⅱ.see sb do sth. “见到某人做了某事”,表动作发生了,即动作的全部过程已经结束了。类似的动词还有:hear, feel, watch,等感官动词,及have, let, make等使役动词。如:
① She saw a boy go into your classroom. 她看见一个男孩进了人的教室。
② I saw him walking in the street.我看见他正在街上散步。
③ The teacher heard Jim reading English when she came in.   老师进来时,听见Jim在读英语。§301   so…that / such…that 
Ⅰ. so that 可引导目的状语从句和结果状语从句,引导目的状语从句时,句中常有情态动词can, could 等。如:
They climbed higher so that they might see farther. 他们爬得更高,以便看得更远。
I got up early this mornign so that I caught the first bus. 今天早晨我起得很早,结果赶上了头班车。
Ⅱ. so …that “如此……以致……”,so 是副词,在其后可跟形容词或副词,再跟that引导结果状语从句。如:
He spoke so fast that no one could understand him. 他说得太快,没人能听得懂。
The T-shirt cost so little that she bought several. 那件T恤衫很便宜,她买了好几件。
Ⅲ. such … that 与so … that 同意。但such 后跟名词或名词短语。如:
She is such a girl that everyone likes her. 她是个人人喜欢的女孩。
He made such raped progress that before long he began to write articles in English for an American newspaper. 他进步如此之快,以至于不久就开始用英语给一家美国报纸撰稿了。
[注]:如果名词前为many 修饰时,用so 而不用such. 见下节例子。§302  so/ such
Ⅰ. 两者都可以表“这样、如此”之意。So 是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词。如:
I am so glad to hear from my friend.收到朋友的信我真高兴。
He writes so well. 他写得这么好。
Ⅱ. Such 是形容词, 用来修饰单数可数名词,其后需加不定冠词 a 或an. 如:
He told us such a funny story. 他给我讲了一个很有趣的故事。
You are interested in such things. 你对这样的事感兴趣。
[注意]:当单数可数名词前面有形容词修饰时,也可以有 so, 但要调整冠词的位置。
He told us so funny a story. 他给我讲了一个如此有趣的故事。
如果被修饰的名词前有表 “多”或“少”这两个意义的 many, much, small 和 little 时,用 so 而不用 such. 如:
Don’t bame him. He is just such a little boy. 别责备他,他只是这么小的一个孩子。
We have a long way to go yet, but there’s so little water left. 我们还有很长的路要走,但所剩的水已很少了。§304  socks/ stockings
Ⅰ. socks 指不到膝盖的“短袜”如:
He bought a pair of nylon socks. 他买了一双尼龙袜。
My socks have been darned [da:nd] again and again. 我袜子已经一补再补。
Ⅱ. stockings 指到膝盖或过膝盖的“长袜”。 如:
She bought a pair of silk stockings. 她买了一双长丝袜。§305  some time/ sometime/ sometimes/some times
Ⅰ,sometime,是副词, 意为“在某个时候”,可与将来时连用,也可以与过去时连用。如:
He was here sometime last year. 去年某一时候他在此地。
We shall visit the Science Museum sometime next week. 我们将在下周的某一时候去参观科学馆。
Ⅱ.some time 是名词词组,意为“一段时间”。也可副词词组,用来指一个未肯定的时间,常指将来,可与sometime通用。
I stayed here for some time. 我在这儿呆了一段时间。
Let’s have dinner some time(=sometime) next week. 下星期我们找个时间一块吃顿饭。
Ⅲ.sometimes. “有时、不时”,是频度副词,常与一般现在时或过去时连用。如:
Sometimes they make modes ships.有时他们制作轮船模型。
Ⅳ.some times “几次、几倍” 表次数或倍数。如:
We have been there some times. 我们去那儿几次了。§306  sound/ voice/ noise
Ⅰ. sound “声音”,为最常用词,指可以听到的任何声音,强的,弱的,令人愉快的或不愉快的,有意义的或无意义的。如:
I was reading last night, when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room. 昨晚我正看书时,突然听到隔壁房间有声音。
Not a sound was heard. 听不到一点声音。
Ⅱ. noise 常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音,“嘈杂声、喧闹声”。
I am always disturbed by the noise of the traffic. 我老受到车辆噪声的打扰。
The boys made too much noise. 孩子们太吵闹了。
Ⅲ. voice 指“说话声”“唱歌声”“嗓音”如:
That sounds like Mary’s voice. 那声音听起来好象玛丽的声音。
She has lost her voice.她嗓子哑了。§307  space/ universe
Ⅰ. space “宇宙”指“空间,时间”如:
The earth moves through space.地球在太空中运行。
The moon is our nearest neighbour in space and men have visited it already. 在宇宙里,月球是我们最近的邻居,人们已经访问过它了。
There isn’t enough space in the classroom for thirty desks. 教室里没有足够的空间放三十张桌子。
Ⅱ. universe “宇宙”是世界上独一无二的。前要用定冠词the. 除指时、空外,还指在时、空内万事万物。
Our world is only a small part of the universe.我们的世界只是宇宙的一小部分。§308  steal/ rob
Ⅰ. steal “偷”, 指暗中盗取,句型为“steal +被盗物+from+被盗人或地点”。如:
Their car was stolen。他们的汽车被偷了。
He stole some money from her. 他偷了她的钱。
Ⅱ. rob “抢劫”,指公然用暴力抢劫他人物品,句型为:“rob+被盗人或地点+of+被盗物”。如:
Their car was robbed. 他们的汽车被抢了。
He robbed her of her money. 他抢了她的钱。
[注]:和steal相关的名词是 “thief”(贼,小偷);和rob相关的名词是robber “强盗,盗贼”§309  stop doing sth/ stop to do sth/
 stop from doing sth
Ⅰ.stop doing sth.“停止做某事”表停止正在做的事情。如:
They stoped talking to me. 他们中断了与我交谈。
Stop running about. 不要乱跑。
Ⅱ.stop to do sth. “停下来去做某事”即停止正在做的事,而去做另一件事。不定式为stop的目的状语。如:
They stopped to talk to me. 他们停下来和我交谈。
Let’s stop to have a rest 让我们停下来休息一会儿。
Ⅲ.stop (sb/sth).from doing sth. “阻止某人/物不要做某事”from可省略。=prevent sb. from doing sth; keep sb. from doing sth. 但keep~ 中的from不能省略。如:
We must stop him (from) doing such a foolish thing. 我们必须阻止他做这样的蠢事。
The Green Great Wall stopped the wind blowing the sand to the field of the south.
You’d better keep the fire  你最好§310  stop/ station
Ⅰ.stop 表“站”,一般指路途的公共汽车停靠点。
Ⅱ.station 着重指车、船等的始发和终点站,范围较前者在。如:The bus stop is in front of the station. §311  subject/ theme/ topic
Ⅰ. subject “题目、科目” 是应用最广泛的用语,可指讨论、研究、写作或艺术创作等的题目。如:
Let’s change the subject. 让我们改换话题吧。
I have studied the subject. 我研究过这个题目。
Ⅱ. theme “题目、主题”,尤指文学或艺术作品的主题。如:
The students are discussing the theme of a novel.  学生们在讨论小说的主题。
Waterfalls are from very early times a favourite theme for the painter. 瀑布很早就是画家喜爱的主题。
Ⅲ. topic “题目”指选定作为个人写篇文章或一些人进行讨论的题目。如:
The students were asked to write an essay [e`sei ]on one of the assigned [?`saind] (指派)topies. 要求学生根据指定题目当中的一题写文章。
Baseball is their favourite topic of conversation. 棒球运动是他们最喜好谈论的话题。
[注]: title  指书籍、诗歌、图画等的名称以及标题。§312  surprise/ surprising/ surprised
Ⅰ.surprise作名词,意为“惊奇,诧异”。如:
To my surprise,they lost! 使我惊奇的是他们输了!
He said to me in surprise, “Can’t you skate?” 他惊奇地对我说:“你不会滑冰”?
Ⅱ.surprise作及物动词,意为“使人惊奇,使感到意外”。如:①You surprise me. 你真使我惊奇。
Ⅲ.surprising是现在分词作形容词用,意为“使惊奇的,出人意料的”,常指物。如:
The surprising success makes us very happy. 这出人意料的成功使我们非常高兴。
Ⅳ.surpised是过去分词作形容词用,指人“对。。。。。。感到惊奇”。如:
We’re surprised at your words. 对你的话我们感到诧异。
[联想] 现在分词作形容词表“进行”,“主动”的含意;而过去分词常表“完成”,“被动”的含意。类似的词还有exciting/excited;interesting/intereisted,relaxed/relaxing,如:
I was surprised at the news. 我对这消息感到吃惊。
The news is surprising. 这消息令人感到惊奇。
We are all interested in her idea. 我们对她的想法感兴趣。
She has an interesting idea. 她有一个有趣的想法。§313  talk with/ talk of/ talk on/ talk about
Ⅰ. talk with 后接的对象作宾语,介词with可用to代替。如:
He was talking with / to a friend. 他在与一位朋友谈话。
Ⅱ. talk about “谈论”,后接谈话的内容,宾语可以是人,也可以是物。如:
What are you talking about ?你们在谈论什么?
Let’s not talk about it now. 咱们别谈这事了。
Ⅲ. talk of “谈到、谈及”,与talk about 同义,只是talk of 仅指“浅谈表面现象(如作者、书名等)”如:
We often talk of you. 我们常谈到你。
Ⅳ. talk on “论述”不仅指内容,而且还指评论。如:
They seldom talk on politics in those days.  那时候他们很少谈论政治。§314  telephone/ ring/ ring up
Ⅰ. telephone “打电话”是及物动词,后接名词、代词或从句。也可作不及物动词,其后用介词to再接宾语。它可缩略为phone.多用于口语中。如:
Did you telephone Li Lei?
Telephone (Phone) me tomorrow.
He telephoned that he couldn’t attend the meeting.
Ⅱ. ring “打电话”可用作及物动词和不及物动词。如:
He wanted you to ring him. 他要你打电话给他。
此外:ring for 按铃叫(某人);ring back 回电话;ring off挂断电话。
Ⅲ. ring up “给……打电话”(= call up)如:
①I will ring him up. 我会打电话给他。§315  tell of/ tell about
    一般情况下tell of 可与tell about 换用。Tell之后常接表示人的名词或代词,介词of与about后接谈到的事情或内容。但在表示提起某事时倾向于tell of ;在表示详细地讲述有关情况时,倾向于tell about。如:
Have you told your mother of your idea? 你把比的想法告诉你母亲了吗?
I told her about that the other day.  前些天我和她谈了这件事。§316  thanks for/ thanks to
Ⅰ. thanks for = thank you for “为……谢”强调谢的原因。如:
Thanks for lending me your umbrella.谢谢你借给我雨伞。
Thank you for your dictionary. 谢谢你的字典。
Ⅱ. thanks to “多亏了……”;“由于……的帮助”相当于because of …或 with the help of … , 在此短语中,to是一个介词,后接名词或代词。如:
Thanks to the doctor, I am well again.  多亏这位医生,我身体又康复了。
Thanks to our teachers, we all passed the exam.  多亏了老师的帮助,我们都及格了。
Thanks to your help, I finish the work on time. 多亏了你的帮助,我才能按时完成工作。§317  that/ who/ which
Ⅰ. 引导定语从句的关系代词有:who, whom, whose(一般指人),which(一般指物),that ( 指人或物)等。关系副词有:where(地点)when(时间), why(原因)等。
Ⅱ. that 在从句中指物,也可指人,可作主语和宾语。如:
Water that is polluted often causes serous illness. 受污染的水常会引起重病。(that 在句中指物,用作主语)
Do you have everything that you need? (that在从句中指物,用作宾语) 你所需要的东西都有了吗?
He is the man that they talked about just now. (that 在从句中指人,用作宾语) 他时刚才他们谈论的那个人。
Do you know the man that / who spoke just now? 你认识刚才讲话的人吗?
Ⅲ. who 和whom 在句中指人,分别作主语和宾语。如:
A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health. ( who 在从句中用作主语) 医生是保护人们健康的人。
I have just met a lady whom I saw last week. (whom在从句中用作宾语) 我刚遇上一位我上星期见过的人。
Ⅳ.which 在从句中指物,可作主语和宾语。如:
My aunt was not on the train which arrived just now. (which 在从句中作主语) 我阿姨不在刚才到达的那列火车上。
This is the coat which you wanted.(which 用作宾语)这就是你要的那件外套。
Ⅴ. whose 在从句中多指人,也可指物,用作定语。如:
You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. (whose 作advice的的定语) 只有你的话他可能听。
I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。
[注意]:在下述情况下,定语从句中关连词只能用 that. :
Ⅰ. 先行词是 all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时,如:
Only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant.只有科学家知道这追求意味着什么。
I am sure she has something that you can borrow. 我相信她有你能借到的东西。
Everything that we saw was of great interest to us. 我们对见到的一切都感兴趣。
There is little that I can use. 我能用的东西几乎没有。
He saw much that was bad. 他见了很多坏东西。
[注]:① 先行词是 something 时,关系代词用 that 或 which 都可以。
      ② 先行词是:someone, anyone, everyone, somebody, anybody, nobody,everybody 时,关系代词用 that 或 who 都可以。
Ⅱ. 先行词被 all, every, very no, some, any, little, much 等修饰时,如:
I have read all the books that you gave me.  我把你给我的书全都看了。
He is the very man that came here yesterday. 他就是昨天来的人。
Ⅲ. 先行词被序数词、形容词最高级 修饰时。如:
This is the first composition thathe has written in English. 这是第一篇他用英语写的作文。
The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bateria. 在显微镜下我们能看见的最小的东西是细菌。
This is the best novel that I have ever read.  这是我读过的最好的小说。
Ⅳ. 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 等修饰时。
That white flower is the only one that I really like.白花是我唯一真正喜欢的花。
This is the very book that I want to find. 这正是我想要的书。
The last place that we visited was the chemical works. 我们最后参观的是化工厂。
Ⅴ. 当有两个或两个以上分别表示人和物的先行词时,定语从句只能用that 与主句连接,而不能用who / whom / which引导。如:
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited . 他谈了关于他访问过的老师和学校的情况。
Ⅵ. 当主句是以 who 或which 开头的特殊疑问句时,关连词只能用that . 而不能用 who / whom / which. 如:
Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门口的那人是谁。
Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?我们当中哪一个懂物理的人不知道这个?
[注]:在使用一些固定搭配的短语动词时,that 与其它关系词有时可以互用,其介词不能提前,而必须放在动词之后,这时指物用that, which 均可,指人时用who, whom, that 均可.
① This is the key which / that you are looking for.
② He is a man (whom / that ) you can safely depend on.  他是你能依赖的人。
The person whom / that / who he looks after is his mother.§318 think of / think about/think over
Ⅰ. think of “想起、记起;有……想法、看法;对……有意见;考虑” 如:
① Will you think of me after I’ve left? 我离开后,你还会记着我吗?
② I know the person you mean,but I can’t think of his name. 我知道你讲的人是谁,但记不起他的名字。
We are thinking of going to Spain for our holiday this year.我们今年有 到西班牙去休假的想法(打算)。
What do you think of my new dress? 你认为我的新衣服怎么样?(可与think about 互换)
She thinks of no one but herself.她除自己外不考虑任何人。
Ⅱ. 当它作“想到过去的某事”或“考虑到某事”解时,常与think about 通用。即:“……考虑”;“对……看法”
We have many things to think of / about before going there. 在动身去那之前,我们还有许多事情要考虑。
见Ⅰ④
Ⅲ.think about 可以表“想、回想”着重于想的过程。如:
I am thinking about the friends I have lost.我正在回想那些失去了的朋友。
[注]:think of 可以表“想象一下,想想”而think about 则不能。—→Think of your mother!想想你的母亲吧!
    —→Think of the danger! 想象一下危险吧!
Ⅳ.think over “仔细考虑”其中over 是副词。如:
①I will think the thing over. 我要把这事仔细考虑一下。§319  think much(well) of/ think highly of/
 think little(poorly) of/ sing high praise of/ speak highly of
Ⅰ. speak highly of “高度评价,赞扬”,相当于 think highly of 如:
Our headmaster spoke highly of my classmates at the meeting. 我们校长在会上高度赞扬了我班的同学。
The people speak highly of the TV play.  人们对这部电视剧评价很高。
[注] speak 构成的短语:
speak English 讲英语(某种语言);speak to sb. 和某人交谈;
speak well / ill of 说……的好/坏话;speak like a book 大胆地说
speak for oneself 为自己辩护。
Ⅱ. think much well of “对……印象很好”如:
We all think well of your suggestion. 我们都认为你的建议很好。
Ⅲ. think little / poorly / badly of “对……印象不好”如:
You thought very badly of him at first, didn’t you? 起初你对他印象很坏,是吧?
Ⅳ. think much of “比……更看重(考虑得多)”如:
He thought more of health than of money. 和金钱相比他更看重健康。
Ⅴ. sing high praise for “高度赞扬某人/某物”
§320  till/ until
till 和until 都可作介词或连词,其用法有两种:
Ⅰ. 在肯定句中,意为“到……为止”谓语动词一般要求是延续的。如:
I shall stay here till / until next day.我将留在这儿一直到下星期天。
Ⅱ. 在否定句中,意为“直到……才……”,表这个动词的动作直到till / until所表示的时间才发生。如:
They are not going back to work until / till they get more money. 他们要等到增加了工资才复工。§321  to do sth/ doing sth
动词不定式(to do sth)与动词的ing 形式,都是非谓语动词。一般地, 不定式表示:具体的,某一次特定的或将来的行为。而动词的-ing 形式则表示:抽象的,一般地,具有普遍性的,或正在进行的行为。在句中都能作:主语,宾语,定语,状语,宾补等。如:
I like swimming, but I dn’t like to go today. 我喜欢游泳,但今天我不想去。
[注]:下列动词接to do sth.和doing sth 的不同意义:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.§322  towards/ to / for
Ⅰ. for “向……”,接在leave, start, depart 等动词之后,表方向。如:
She is leaving for Beijing. 她将动身到北京去。
Ⅱ. towards 仅表“方向”,比for 的意味要强。如:
He is coming towards the house. 他向这房子走来。
Ⅲ. to “向,朝……”表目的地。接在动词come, go, return, proceed, move, march 等后。如:
Let’s go to Yangzhou by steamer. 让咱们乘船去杨州吧!
Soon after his return(he returned) to England, his father died. 当他回英国不久后,他的父亲便去世了。§323  treat/ heal
    二者都是动词,treat意为“治疗”,强调用药物或医疗手段医治的过程,并不表示治疗了效果。heal意为“治愈”,指医好伤病。如:
The dentist is treating his teeth.牙医在为他治牙。
The doctor healed my burns. 医生治好了我的烧伤。§324  used to do sth/ be used to doing sth/
be used to do sth/ would
Ⅰ. Used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”(现在不做了),只用于过去时态。如:
He used to get up early.过去他常早起。(现在已不这样了)
Her mother used to go shopping on Fridays, but now she does it on Sunday. 她母亲过去常在周五去购物,但现在她周日去了。
Ⅱ. Be used to (doing)sth. “习惯于做某事”,be used 是被动语态结构。可用于现在、过去、将来多种时态。Be可用get, become等代替。如:
He will be / has been used to getting up early. 他将会/ 已经习惯于早起。
Ⅲ. Be used to do sth. “被用于做某事”, be used 是被动语态结构,其中不定式表目的,可用于多种时态。如:
Wood is used to make paper.木材用来造纸。
[注]:used to 的否定式有两种:一是:used not to 二是:didn’t use to 如:
① My father used not to smoke. = My father didn’t use to smoke.我爸爸过去不抽烟。
They used not to live in the country. = They didn’t use to live in the country.
其疑问式是将used 提前,或添加助动词 did.
Ⅳ.would 是情态动词,没有象used to那样,有过去和现在的对比。不能说明是否现在还做不做。§325 very / right / just
Ⅰ. right “正好”“就” “立刻”等。如:
Mike lives right opposite the street.麦克就住在街对面。
There’s a big stone right in the middle of the road. 路正中有块在石头。
Lily met an accident right here. 莉莉就是在这儿出事的。
She’ll be right back. 她马上就回来。
Ⅱ. Just 作为副词,常用在祈使句前以加强语气。如:
Just think of the result. 试想一下后果吧。
Just touch it . 你摸摸吧。
Just wait a moment, please.请稍等。
Ⅲ. very 作为形容词,常与the, this或my, your等连用,以加强语气,表“正是那个”“恰好的”等。如:
You are the very person I’m looking for. (= You are the right person …) 你正是我要找的人。
The two men fought on this very spot. (= right in this place) 那两个男子就是在这个地方打起来的。§326  why not/ why don’t
此两者都是表建议的句型,一般可以代换。类似的还有:
Let’s…
Shall I / we … ?
How / What about … ?
Ⅰ. why not “好的、可以呀、为什么不可以呢?”如:
①--Mum, may I go out to play basketball now? –Why not?
Why not ask your teacher? 怎么不去问一问你的老师呢?
此外还可表一种不可理解的心情:
① --I won’t see the film again.  – Why not?
Ⅱ. why don’t 是一种友好的建议(a friendly suggestion).无论在什么场合,使用起来十分亲切。后面接主语。如:
Why don’t you go swimming? 为什么不去游泳呢?
Why don’t I give Lily some colourful pencils? 我给莉莉一些彩笔,好吗?§327  work / job
Ⅰ.job “工作”,既可指固定的工作,也可指临时的或某项具体的工作,是可数名词,前面可用不定冠词a, 也可以有复数形式。如:
John lost his job. John失业了。
There were just not enough jobs.没有 那么多的工作(可干)。
Tom’s father is looking for a job.
Ⅱ,work 是个普通用词,泛指一切工作,是不可数名词。如:
I have a lot of work to this evening. 教师的工作就是教学。
A teacher’s work is teaching.老师的工作就是教学。
[联想]:搭配
apply/hung for a job.求职 get/ find a job.找到一份工作
lose one’s job。失业 perform odd job.打零工
quit a job. 辞职 have/work a side job 兼职
take a part-time/full-time job in a department store.
在百货公司担任兼职或专职工作。§328  work at/ work on/ work out
Ⅰ. work at 与work on 都可以作“从事于”,后接名词、代词、或动词-ing 形式作宾语。 Work at 侧重于表示所从事的工作和性质,而不在于说明正在做什么。此时可将work at 译为“学习,研究,写作,致力于”等。如:
They have worked at this subject for many years.  他们研究这个课题已经有好多年了。
He is working at a new invention. 他正致力于一项新的发明。
Ⅱ. work on 侧重于表示“从事某项工作”。可将它译为“造;创作;画;做……”。宾语为其具体的对象。常用于进行时态和完成时态。还可表示:“继续工作;对……起作用”如:
We’re workin on some wood-cuts. 他们正在创作一些木刻作品。
He has been working on this painting for days. 这张画他已画了好些天了。
They will work on till sunset. 他们将继续工作,直到日落。
This medicine will work on the affected part. 这药能对患部起作用。§329  worth/ worthy
Ⅰ.worth可用作名词或形容词,作名词时,意为“价值”,无复数形式;也可解作“值一定金额的数量”如:
Nobody knew the true worth of his work. 没有人知道他的工作的真实价值。
Give me one yuan’s worth of apples. 给我一元钱的苹果。
worth 作形容词时,只能用作表语,不能作定语,其后常跟钱数或相当于钱的词,表示:“值多少钱”;跟动词的-ing 形式,表示“值得(做)……”。如:
The dictionary is worth 5 yuan. 这本字典值5元钱。
The play is worth seeing. 这场戏值得一看。
Ⅱ.worthy 是形容词,意为“值得”,主要用作表语,后跟of , 再接名词或动词-ing 的被动形式。Worthy 后也可跟不定式。如表被动意思须接不定式的被动语态。如:
She is worthy of help. 她值得帮助。
The watch is worthy of being bought. 这块表值得买
The question is worthy to be discussed. 这个问题值得讨论。