个人工作愿景大全:[转载]语法学习中的归纳与联想

[转载]语法学习中的归纳与联想

赵孝勇 赵彦鸿

　　 繁多的英语语法规则，是学生除单词记忆之外比较头痛的一项学习内容，如果能找出其中规律，学会归纳，善于联想，再学起来或使用起来就会很轻松。

　　 一、名词性从句

　　 名词性从句虽然包括四种从句，其实只要学会一种就可以轻松地掌握其它三种。

　　 1.四种从句使用相同的连接词

　　 that，whether (if ), who (who whom whose) ，what ，which, when ，where， how ，why

　　 2.四种从句功能可以相互转换

　　 位置变化出现功能变化，记住一种从句就等于记住了四种从句：

　　 That fish will die out of water is (not) known.

　　 Whether the world-famous scientist will marry the lady of 28 years old is (not) known.

　　 Who will fire the first shot between the mainland and Taiwan is (not) known.

　　 Whose book this is (not) known.

　　 Whom the teacher will praise is (not) known.

　　 What they need is (not) known.

　　 Which team will win is (not) known.

　　 When we will start is (not) known.

　　 Where we will go is (not) known.

　　 Why our monitor is absent is (not) known.

　　 How Yao Ming has become a basketball star is (not) known.

　　 以上的从句在主语的位置均为主语从句，如果把它们放在连系动词后就变成表语从句，放在及物动词后变成宾语从句，放在名词后就变成同位语从句：

　　 宾语从句:

　　 例 I don't know that fish will die out of water.

　　 I don't know whether the scientist will marry the lady of 28 years old.

　　 表语从句:

　　 例 The question is who will fire the first shot between the mainland and Taiwan.

　　 The question is whose book this is.

　　 同位语从句:

　　 例 I have no idea whom the teacher will praise.

　　 I have no idea what they need.

　　 I have no idea which team will win.

　　 3.四种从句连接词意义上的两重性

　　 wh-连接词在意义上大多具有两重意义，即疑问意义和陈述意义，注意不同的译法：

　　 例 This is where he was born. (这就是他出生的地方——陈述意义)

　　 The question is where he lives now. (问题是他现在住在哪里——疑问意义)

　　 4.Wh-从句的简化

　　 Wh-从句基本上都可以变为动词不定式的特殊结构，即：where to go , what to do等：

　　 例 When we will start is a puzzle=When to start is a puzzle.

　　 跟进练习

　　 1.选择题

　　 （1）I believe ____you've done your best and ___things will improve.

　　 A. that, / B. /, / C. what, thatD. /, that

　　 （2）He lives in _____ used to be a temple. A. what B. where

　　 C. the place D. the place where

　　 （3）I know nothing about her but __ she is from France.

　　 A. whyB. whenC. that D. how

　　 （4）What a pity ___ is __ you didn't arrive by daylight!

　　 A. that, for B. it, that

　　 C. he, when D. there, because

　　 （5）I will give this book to ___ wants to have it. A. whomever B. whoever

　　 C. whatever D. wherever

　　 答案 DACBB

　　 2.判断下列句子是否正确

　　 (1)Who can tell me why to start at 5:30 in the morning？

　　 (2)The question is how to get there.

　　 (3)Why argue with her？

　　 注：why、 if从句不能简化为不定式结构。

　　 答案 （1）错误（2）正确 （3）正确（此句为why + 动词原形的特殊问句，不是从句）

　　 (4)It hasn't been decided if we shall attend the meeting.

　　 (5)The question depends on if they are honest.

　　 (6)I don't know if to stay or not.

　　 (7)The fact if our football team has won the match is unknown.

　　 (8)The problem is if they will agree.

　　 注：在表语、同位语放在句首的主语从句中，不定式或or not前、介词后, 以及用if引起歧义时，要用whether不用if 。

　　 答案 (4)正确 (5)错误 (6)错误 (7)错误 (8)错误

　　 二、情态动词 + 完成时

　　 情态动词加动词的完成时形式均表示动作在过去发生或到现在已经完成。表示对过去事情的推测：

　　 例 It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. (must表示推测只用于肯定句)

　　 He might (may) have gone home. There is nobody here except me.（可能已经回家了）

　　 以上几句意思为“一定（可能）是…了”，“（不）可能（没）…了”。

　　 下列几种结构均含有“本来…但结果却没有…”的意义，否定句“本不…但结果做了”：

　　 1. should + 完成时 （ought to + 完成时）

　　 表示“本来该做某事，但没做”；“本不该做，却做了”：

　　 例 You ought not to have criticized her before the audience. (你本不该当众批评她)

　　 2. could + 完成时

　　 表示“本来可以（可能）做某事，但没做”；“本不可以（可能）做，却做了”：

　　 3. might + 完成时

　　 表示“本来可以（可能），但没”；“本可以（可能）不做，却做了”，用于否定句或肯定句中：

　　 例 You might have broken your leg. That was not a good place to go skiing.

　　 4. need + 完成时

　　 表示“本来没有必要做某事，但却做了“，主要用于否定句或疑问句中：

　　 例 He needn't have told me the news, for I knew then. (他本来就没有必要告诉我——多余了)

　　 5. had better + 完成时

　　 表示“当时最好…”“要是…就更好了”：

　　 例 You had better have studied hard.

　　 6.would rather + 完成时

　　 表示“宁愿当时做了（或没做），但…"：

　　 例 I didn't agree with him, but now I would rather not have done that .

　　 请为下列各题选择最佳答案：

　　 (1) This morning he got up early, but he _____ so because he _____ work on Sundays.

　　 A. can't have done, can't

　　 B. didn't need to do, didn't

　　 C. mustn't have done, mustn't

　　 D. needn't have done, needn't

　　 (2) Han Meimei _____ full marks, but she was so careless to make some mistakes.

　　 A. can have gained B. must have gained C. could have gained D. must gain

　　 (3) Were you impolite to her？

　　 Yes, but I _____ so.

　　 A. shouldn't do

　　 B. had better not do

　　 C. would rather not do

　　 D. shouldn't have done.

　　 (4) James is 45 minutes late. What _____ to him？

　　 A. must have happened

　　 B. may have happened

　　 C. can have happened

　　 D. should have happened

　　 (5) Hi, Lily, I _____ have returned your bicycle earlier. You _____ have needed it.

　　 A. should, might B. must, might

　　 C. might, should D. must, should

　　 (6) Mr.Smith _____ the plane, or perhaps he has been prevented from coming for some reason.

　　 A. should have missedB. may have missed

　　 C. might miss D. can have missed

　　 (7) Such a little boy has made so much noise that he _____ not have been allowed to so fine a party.

　　 A. would B. need C. should D. must

　　 (8) He _____ have left here last week, but he didn't.

　　 A. ought to B. could

　　 C. should D. all the above

　　 (9) —“_____ Tibet ？”

　　 —“Yes. According to what he said he _______ there”.

　　 A. Can he have been, must have been

　　 B. Must he have gone, must go

　　 C. Must he have been, must be

　　 D. Can he have gone, must have gone

　　 答案 DCDCA BCDA

　　 三、虚拟语气

　　 虚拟语气按照语法书或课本的编排顺序学习和记忆比较繁乱，但仔细研究一下，就可以发现它的特点和规律，那就是：一、使用动词的过去相应时态；二、使用should + 原形，如果按照自己的思路把它重排，就会非常简单，记忆起来非常方便。

　　 ⒈动词的过去相应时态

　　 在下列句式中，谓语动词使用过去的相应时态：

　　 ⑴三种基本形式：与现在或将来事实相反的从句中、过去时—与过去事实相反的从句中、过去完成时 (另记：将来：were to/ should + 原形)：

　　 ⑵wish 从句中

　　 ⑶as if 从句中

　　 ⑷would rather从句中 (顺便记忆类似的would sooner, had rather)

　　 ⑸if only（从）句中

　　 ⑹It's time从句中（另一个用法是：should+原形）

　　 ⒉(should) + 原形

　　 记忆关键

　　 ⑴关键词——这些词记住了，判断句子就会又快又准，而且这些词也可以编出便于记忆的顺序：

　　 insist suggest advise propose order command demand desire require request ask …

　　 *想到insist或suggest就会想到另一个, 因为这两词均有正常使用的一方面；

　　 *想到 suggest 就容易想到另外两个建议；

　　 *命令后的词按顺序 ，每个单词的部分词体都有与上一词重叠的部分：

　　 demand重叠command 的mand，desire重叠 demand的de ，require重叠desire的irerequest重叠 require 的requ

　　 ⑵ 使用should+原形的虚拟语气主要出现在以这些词为核心的主、表、宾、同位语从句中，掌握了这些词，就基本上掌握了“should+原形“的这一用法，以这些词为动词以及它们的名词形式后的从句都是同样用法。以suggest为例：

　　 He suggested that he (should) be sent to work in the countryside.(宾语从句中)

　　 The suggestion is that we (should) arrive there before 6:00 in the evening. （表语从句）

　　 We all agree to his suggestion that we (should) give up the plan. （同位语从句）

　　 It is suggested that he give a performance at the party.(主语从句)

　　 ⑶由 It is suggested that主语从句再联想到另外三个主语从句的结构：

　　 It's time (that)… （句中的should 一般不省）

　　 It's high time (that) we (should) put an end to the argument. (此时不是省should ,而是should拿掉后，put是过去时，符合“使用过去相应时态“的用法)

　　 It is + necessary (等形容词) (that)…

　　 It is a pity/ a shame (that)…

　　 例It is necessary that we (should) get everything ready by tonight.

　　 ⑷ lestfor fear thatin case后面的从句中

　　 例He put a thick coat for fear that/ lest he should catch cold.

　　 实战模拟

　　 ⒈If he _____ the doctor's advice , he would be all right now.

　　 A. would followed B. had followed

　　 C. should D. has followed

　　 ⒉ I would sooner you _____ anything about it for the time being.

　　 A. doB. didn't C. don't D. didn't do

　　 ⒊ She insisted that a doctor _____ immediately. A. had sent for B. send

　　 C. be sent for D. was sent

　　 ⒋ If only I _____ my car!

　　 A. hadn't lost B. wouldn't lose

　　 C. didn't lose D. haven't lost

　　 ⒌ It is strange that he _____ back so early.

　　 A. should have come B. came

　　 C. had come D. will

　　 ⒍ He hasn't come yet. If he _____ come on time, we would have to put off the meeting.

　　 A. should B. would

　　 C. shouldn't D. doesn't

　　 ⒎ He remained very calm. Otherwise he _____. A. would been found out

　　 B. would have been found out

　　 C.would find out

　　 D. would have found out

　　 ⒏ She insisted that she _____ the work all by herself, but nobody believed her.

　　 A. had done B. have done C. didD. so

　　 ⒐ Our only request is that this _____ as soon as possible.

　　 A. had been settled B. was settled

　　 C. is settled D. be settled

　　 ⒑ He spoke to me as if he _____ a headmaster then.

　　 A.was B. be C. have beenD. had been

　　key 1—5.BDCAA 6—10.CBADA