全国微信推广平台:中学英语直接引语和间接引语的巧学和复习 (Direct and Indirect Speech)

直接引语变间接引语的巧学 (Direct and Indirect Speech)
（1）歌诀巧记人称变化：
人称变更怎么办？
“一主①、二宾②、三不变”③若是自引自的话，听者不变称不变。
注：
①“一主”指在直接引语中的第一人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的主语在人称上保持一致。如：
He sad，“I am forty，”→He said that he was forty．
②“二宾”指直接引语中的第二人称变为间接引语时，要和主句中的间接宾语保持人称一致。如：
He said，“Are you coming tomorrow？”→He asked me if I wascoming the next day．
③“三不变”指直接引语中的第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。如：
He said，“Is she an English teacher？”→He asked if she was an English teacher．
另外注意直接引语为复数，引述者主语为单数，间接引语主语相应变复数。如：
He said，“Are you interested in English？”→He asked me/us if Iwas/we were interested in English．
（2）一变·二换·三变化·四连词：
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为间接引语时要注意：
1）改为陈述句语序。
2）人称代词、时态等也要变化。
3）主句谓语动词为said时，换为asked。
“一变”即改变语序；
“二换”即换said为asked；
“三变化”，即人称、时态要变化；
“四连词”，即原来为一般问句时，间接引语中用whether或if，原来为特殊问句时，间接引语中仍用原来的疑问词。如：
He asked: “Is it raining now?”
He asked whether/if it was raining
He asked: “How can go to the museum?”
Her asked how he could to the museum.
当然，用口诀记似乎更简便，易记易学些。
①直接引语为一般疑问句，变为间接引语的口诀是：
去掉引号加if（或whether），                      陈述语序要记住。
时态、人称和状语，                                    小心变化别马虎。
②直接引语是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语的口诀是：
直接去引号，                                      陈述莫忘掉。
助动do（does）、did，                   一定要去掉。
（3）一改·二变·三加·四去：
祈使句变成间接引语时，根据说话人的语气分别用tell、ask、order、beg等作谓语，将原来的祈使句改为动词不定式。
1）said（to）改为asked（或told，ordered）；
2）said to的宾语或呼语变为asked等的宾语；
3）在动词原形前加to，使之成为动词不定式；
4）去掉please。如：
She said: “Please help yourvselves to the chicken.”
She asked us to help ourselves to the chicken.
The teacher said: “Don’t make any more noise, Tom.”
The teacher told Tom not to make any more noise.
用歌诀记忆直接引语为祈使句变间接引语：
去掉引号要加to，                       asked、ordered加“告诉”（told），
直引若为否定句，                       not加在to前部。
（4）直接引语变间接引语时态对应转换表：
直接引语时态                                      间接引语时态
一般现在时→                                      一般过去时
一般将来时→                                      过去将来时
现在进行时→                                      过去进行时
一般过去时→                                      过去完成时
现在完成时→                                      过去完成时
过去完成时→                                      过去完成时
情态动词也要变成相应的过去时：can→could；may→might；must→had to
直接引语和间接引语的系统学习和复习
(Direct and Indirect Speech)
简 述
直接引语是直接引述别人的原话，原话用有引号，而间接引语是引述别人的话，不用引号。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直
接引语改为间接引语时，引述动词是现在时，则间接引语中的动词、时间、时态的形式不变。
例如：
She says, “ I’ll never forget the moment.”变成间接引语为She says that she’ll never forget the moment.
但是如引述动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词、时间、时态、地点、人称等一般要作相应的变化。
1. 直接引语与间接引语变化的一般规律
在直接引语中在间接引语中
指示代词this
thesethat
those
时间状语
now
today
yesterday
last week
tomorrow
next year
Two days agothen
that day
the day before
the week before
the next day
the next year
two days before
地点状语herethere
动词时态一般现在时
现左进行时
现在完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
一般将来时一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
过去完成时
（不变）
过去将来时
动词变化can/may
must
come
bringcould/might
had to
go
take
间接引语中时间与地点转换参考：
例如:
"I will see youhere tomorrow", she said.She said that she would see me there the next day.
最常用的显示如下:
that day
"I saw him today", she said.
She said that she had seen him that day.
Yesterdaythe day before
"I saw him yesterday", she said.
She said that she had seen him the day before.
The day before yesterdaytwo days before
"I met her the day before yesterday", he said.
He said that he had met her two days before.
Tomorrowthe next/following day
"I'll see you tomorrow", he said
He said that he would see me the next day.
The day after tomorrowin two days time/ two days later
"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said.
They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.
Next week/month/yearthe following week/month/year
"I have an appointment next week", she said.
She said that she had an appointment the following week.
Last week/month/yearthe previous/week/month/year
"I was on holiday last week", he told us.
He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.
agobefore
"I saw her a week ago," he said.
He said he had seen her a week before.
this (for time)that
"I'm getting a new car this week", she said.
She said she was getting a new carthat week.
this/that (形容词)the
"Do you like this shirt?" he asked
He asked if I liked the shirt.
herethere
He said, "I live here".
He told me he livedthere.
其他变化:
通常来说, 第一人称代词转为第三人称单数或复数（除非讲话者在引用自己的话）:
I/me/my/mine, you/your/yourshim/his/her/hers
we/us/our/ours, you/your/yoursthey/their/theirs:
He said: "I like your new car."He told her that he liked her new car.
I said: "I'm going tomy friend's house."I said that I was going to my friend's house.
通常来说，转换成间接引语时，要在直接引语时间的基础上提前一个时态:
She said, "I am tired."She said that shewas tired.
变化如下:
一般现在时 一般过去时
"I always drink coffee", she said
She said that she always drank coffee.
现在进行时 过去进行时
"I am reading a book", he explained.
He explained that he was reading a book
一般过去时 过去完成时
"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.
He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday
现在完成时 过去完成时
"I have been to Spain", he told me.
He told me that he had been to Spain
过去完成时 过去完成时
"I had just turned out the light," he explained.
He explained that he had just turned out the light.
现在完成进行时 过去完成进行时
They complained, "We have been waiting for hours".
They complained that they had been waiting for hours.
过去进行时 过去完成进行时
"We were living in Paris", they told me.
They told me that they had been living in Paris.
一般将来时  过去将来时
"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said
He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.
将来进行时 过去将来进行时
She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".
She said that she would be using the car next Friday.
2. 直接引语与间接引语变化中的三要素
要素一：陈述句的间接引语——连接词用that，在口语中可省略。引述动词用said, told, 等。例如：
1)  He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”→
He told me that he had left his book in his room.
2)  Shesaid: “He will be busy.”→
Shesaidthat he would be busy.
要素二： 疑问句的间接引语。一般疑问句后连接词用if或whether，而引述选择疑问句时只能用whether，引述动词用asked，没有间接引语的可以加一个间接宾语me, him等（去掉问号）例如：
1）She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”→ She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.
She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”→She asked me whether that book was mine or his.
2)  特殊疑问句用原句中的疑问词作连接词，改为陈述语序（即S+V+...）。
例如： The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?” → The teacher asked mehow I had repaired it.
要素三：祈使句的间接引语——采用“动词+宾语+不定式”结构。
told
即    asked      sb. (not) to do sth.
ordered
warned
注意：引语中的呼语可改成宾语。引语中的please 去掉，动词改为 ask
1)  The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.” →The teacher told the students not to waste their time.
2)  The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”→The mother asked Tom to get up early.
3. 直接引语与间接引语变化中需要注意的“五不变”
1． 直接引语如果是客观真理，谚（习）语，变间接引语时时态不变。例如：
The teacher said, “The earthgoes round the sun.”→ The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
My father said, “Practicemakes perfect.”→My father said practicemakes perfect.
2.  直接引语中被引述的部分是反复出现的，习惯性的动作或说话时情况仍然存在的，变间接引语时时态不变。例如：
The boy said to us, “ I usuallyget up at six every day.”→The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.
He said, “Weare still students.’→He said theyare still students.
3． 直接引语如果有明确的表示过去的时间状语时态不变。例如：
He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”→He told me that he was born in 1978.
The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”→ The engineer said he was at college in 1967.
4．直接引语中凡有When， since，while 引导的从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句时态，从句的时态不变。例如：
He said, “I have studied English since Iwas a boy.” →He said he had studied English since hewas a boy.
She said, “Iread the book while Iwas waiting for a bus.→ She said shehad read the book while shewas waiting for a bus.
Mr. Green said to them, “Joetold me all about his story when he asked for a job.”→Mr. Green told them Joehad told him all about his story when he asked for a job.
5．如果直接引语中引述部分含有insist, suggest, demand等引导的虚拟宾语从句，变间接引语时，引语中的主从句时态都不变。例如：
He said, “Weinsisted that she start immediately.→ He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.
She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”→She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.
另外如果说话人转述自己的话，人称不变. 例如：
I said to him, “I have finished it.”→I told him I had finished it.
如果就在当地转述, here不必变为there，come不必改为go，如果就在当天转述，则today, yesterday, tomorrow等状语不变。例如：
She said to us, I’ll come here tomorrow.”→She told us she would come here tomorrow.
如果在电话上转述别人的话，则前后时态不变。 例如：        Daniel：Please tell Amy I have the information she wants.→Mrs Zhao（said to Amy）：Daniel says he has the information you want.