眼睛可释放10种信息：你恶心到我了

　　Our pupils, the black holes which let light into the eyes, don't just help us see, they also signal what's going on in our minds.

　　瞳孔，那个控制光亮入眼的小黑洞，不仅能帮助我们看见世界，还同样能反映出心理活动。

　　Here are 10 pieces of psychological research which show how changes in pupil size reveal many aspects of thought.

　　心理学研究列出了10项瞳孔变化与心理活动的关系。

　　1.I'm thinking hard

　　  我在努力思考

　　Look into my eyes and ask me to name the cigar-smoking founder of psychoanalysis and you won't see much change in my pupil size. The name Sigmund Freud comes easily to my lips.

　　假如你盯着我的眼睛问道：那个爱抽雪茄的心理分析奠基人叫啥？我会不假思索地答道：弗洛伊德。与此同时，我的瞳孔和先前相比，不会有太大变化。

　　But ask me to explain the laws of cricket and watch my pupils expand.

　　但假如你问的是：板球规则是什么？与此同时，你会看到：我的瞳孔扩大了。

　　That's because research has shown that the harder your brain works, the more your pupils dilate. When Hess and Polt gave participants more and more difficult tasks to complete, their pupils got bigger and bigger.

　　这是因为：研究表明，当人思考得越努力，瞳孔就会变得越大。当Hess和Polt(译注：1960年研究瞳孔大小与心智历程的两位主要研究者)接连给出受试者越来越难的任务时，他们观察到，受试者的瞳孔变得越来越大了。

　　2.My brain is overloaded

　　  我的脑子负荷太大了

　　Keep watching my eyes closely and you'll spot the point when explaining the laws of cricket gets too much.

　　仔细看着我的眼睛，你会注意到，在和我详细解释板球规则的某个时刻，我的瞳孔有了变化，它正在向你传递这样一个信息：我脑子不够用了。

　　Poock reported that when participants' minds were loaded to 125% of their capacity, their pupils constricted.

　　Poock的研究显示：当人们接受的信息达到了最大负荷的125%时，他们的瞳孔会缩小。

　　It'll be trying to explain a googly that will do it. (Don't ask).

　　估计话题换成曲棍球规则后，结果也一样。(所以还是别问了吧)

　　3. I'm brain damaged

　　   脑损伤

　　The reason doctors and paramedics flash a light in patients' eyes is to check their brains are working normally (and because it's such an easy test to do). They use the acronym PERRL: the Pupils should be Equal, Round and Reactive to Light.

　　为什么医生和护理人员们会用一个手电筒照眼睛？为了检查脑功能是否正常。它操作起来非常简便易行。他们用PERRL的缩写来表示：即，瞳孔(Pupil)应该双侧等大(Equal)，等圆(Round)，对光反射存在(Reactive to Light)。

　　If my brain is broken, say, because I've had a bump on the noggin, you won't see PERRL. There may well be other extremely subtle clues, like the blood pouring from my head.

　　若大脑受到损伤，比如我醉酒后脑子被撞了一下，那么我的PERRL便不存在了。其他的征象也能提示脑损伤，比如头部出血。

　　4. You're holding my interest

　　   你激起了我的兴趣

　　The size of my pupils can also signal whether I'm interested in what you're saying.

　　瞳孔的大小同样能提示我对你的言论是否有兴趣。

　　White and Maltzman had participants listening to excerpts from three books: one was erotic, another involved mutilation while a third was neutral.

　　White和Maltzman让受试者聆听三本不同的书本章节：分别为色情、伤残和不痛不痒的三种内容。

　　Their pupils widened at first for all three. But they only remained wide for the passages that were erotic or involved mutilation.

　　受试者的瞳孔起初都放大了。但只有聆听色情和伤残部分的受试者瞳孔持续在扩大状态。

　　I'm likely to be interested in anything new, so my pupils will dilate a bit at first, but they'll only stay dilated if I continue to be interested.

　　人们在接触感兴趣的新事物时瞳孔会放大，但除非你一直很感兴趣，否则瞳孔就会缩小。

　　5. You're turning me on

　　   你让我有欲望

　　If things take a sexual turn then our eyes are also involved. Both men and women's pupils expand when they are sexually aroused.

　　扯上一个“性”字，我们的眼睛也会变化。无论男女，只要他们感到“有欲望了”，那么瞳孔便会扩大。

　　However, not everyone agrees big pupils are a signal of sexual arousal. It tends to get tested by showing nude pictures to people and some argue that we're just really interested in the nude form.

　　然而，并不是所有人都同意这个观点。因为该结论是通过给受试者放裸体图片得到的，因此有些人认为，我们的瞳孔会放大，只不过是因为我们对裸体图片感兴趣罢了。

　　6. You disgust me

　　   你恶心到我了

　　Just as my pupils increase in size when I'm interested or turned on, so they constrict when I'm disgusted.

　　瞳孔散大表示兴趣，缩小则意味着厌恶。

　　Hess (1972) showed people pictures of injured children. First people's pupils dilated because of the shock and then they constricted to try and avoid the troubling images.

　　Hess在1972年的实验中给受试者观看受伤的孩童照片。人们的瞳孔起初因震惊而变大，很快又开始缩小，以避免观看这类令人难受的图片。

　　7. Whether I'm liberal or conservative

　　   能反映出你是自由派还是保守派

　　Should you happen to be carrying around pictures of politicians you might be able to work out whether I'm a liberal or a conservative just from my pupil size.

　　如果你拿着政客们的照片晃来晃去，那么只需直视我的眼睛，就能发现我是个自由派，还是保守派。

　　Barlow (1969) showed people pictures of Lyndon Johnson, George Wallace and Martin Luther King, Jr.. The liberals' pupils dilated when they saw fellow liberals Johnson and King but constricted when they saw conservative Wallace. Conservatives showed the opposite pattern.

　　Barlow1969 年的实验里给受试者们观看了Lyndon Johnson, George Wallace 和Martin Luther King, Jr。的照片，自由派的受试者们一看到Johnson和King的照片，瞳孔立即变大了；而见到Wallace则变小，因为他是保守派的。同样，保守派的 受试者们也出现了相符的反应。

　　8.I'm in pain[/en]

　    我感到疼痛

　　If you've had enough of this article now and want to cause me some pain in return, then why not stab me with a pencil? If you're watching closely you'll see my pupils dilate.

　　是不是已经开始嫌我太絮絮叨叨了，恨不得朝我捅根铅笔？如果您真这么做了，便会发现——我的瞳孔，扩大了。

　　Chapman et al. fired small electric shocks into people's fingertips and measured how much their pupils dilated. At maximum intensity the pupils dilated by about 0.2mm.

　　Chapman等人在受试者的指尖进行微小的电刺激，并测量瞳孔变化。当实验电刺激达到顶峰时，瞳孔可以扩大0.2mm。

　　But that was only to a relatively tame current. Imagine what you could do to my pupils if you plugged me into the mains.

　　不过那个实验带来的疼痛值只能说明瞳孔对微弱痛感的反应。要是你真捅我一下子，瞳孔估计得大过葡萄了。(喂，你的眼睛有这么大吗？)

　　9. I'm on drugs

　　   我嗑药了……

　　And you can narrow down the type by looking at my pupils.

　　你甚至都能通过瞳孔判断出我嗑的是哪类药。

　　Some drugs, like alcohol and opioids cause the pupils to constrict. Others, like amphetamine, cocaine, LSD and mescaline cause them to dilate.

　　酒精和鸦片有缩瞳作用，其他的，比如安非他明、可卡因、LSD以及墨斯卡灵，都有扩瞳的作用。

　　Police officers know this and some use it as one way of checking if someone is off their face. They generally look for pupils constricted to either less than 3mm or dilated to more than 6.5mm.

　　警察们深知这一点。他们会检查嗑药者的瞳孔，通常小于3mm或大于6.5mm的瞳孔都是有嫌疑的。

　　10.My personality

　　   我的性格

　　This one is not strictly related to pupil dilation, but it's too good to leave out.

　　虽然这条跟瞳孔没什么实质关系，但我舍不得把它给略掉。

　　If you look closely at the coloured part of my eye, the iris, you might even get some clues as to my personality.

　　因为，如果你近距离地凝视我眼中的着色部分，即虹膜——你甚至能获知一些我性格的秘密。