湖畔大学申请条件:陈志武：从世界变迁看中国何以能富

陈志武 价值中国网


　　回顾海外产权保护、国际秩序变迁的历史，我们清楚看到，尽管中国并没怎么直接参与建立当今以律师、法律当道的世界秩序,可这种秩序对中国近25年的经济崛起是多么举足轻重。今天，我们至少应珍惜它，在行为上能与其合拍。

　　小时候我们常说：“长大了要去看世界！”有幸的是，随着1978年改革开放，那种愿望真的实现了。可是，我们看到的繁华世界背后到底有什么？是什么东西在支撑今天的世界？


　　这些问题可按我们习惯的意识形态去理解，也可换个角度去理解。但不管怎样，一些基本事实是不会变的。比如说，从民族情结层面看，过去25年的改革开放使中国崛起，说明我们中华民族有多么伟大。可是，改革开放在中国近代史上不仅有一次，晚清洋务运动、国民政府都曾尝试过，但那两次除为我们今天正在经历故事打基础外，每次都不成功。为什么？或许我们会很快下结论说，是因为那些时候制度腐败，政府无能等等。这类一般性的指责可能都对，这些我们暂且不谈。但有意思的是，中国这25年的成功恰恰是发生在走出计划经济制度框框的过程中，而且每离计划经济、行政管制远一点，经济发展就更快一点。

　　这就奇怪了，同样是要走出当时的旧制度框框，但晚清和国民政府时代的改革开放没成功，最近25年的却恰恰成功了，况且这种成功是发生在整个中国社会传统道德、诚信与社会结构都遭受过文革根本性破坏之后。那么，到底如何解释这些？是不是我们今天所处的世界真的与以前不同？或今天的国人比历史人物更能了？

　　说到这里，不由得让我联想到最近炒得沸沸扬扬的“仰融诉辽宁省政府”一案(以下简称“仰融案”)。仰融通过国内法院诉讼无果后，他以美国永久居民(绿卡)的身份与其妻以美国公民的身份于2003年8月，在美国联邦法院起诉辽宁省政府侵占其财产。按美国许多州的法律，夫妻任一方的财产即是双方的共同财产(婚前签约排除的财产另当别论)，因此，侵占仰融的财产即是侵犯其妻(美国公民)的财产权。加上所涉及的产权又以在纽约上市的华晨汽车的股份为核心，因此，美国联邦法院认定其有管辖权，受理了该案。到目前为止，辽宁省政府似乎不打算出庭应诉，理由是美国法院无管辖权，或打算以国家主权抗辩。这里我们不对本案中的诉讼事实作任何评论。只是关心，像这种跨国产权纠纷如果发生在200年前、100年前或50年前，则当时的处理方式会如何？跟以前比，今天这种以诉讼方式解决海外产权纠纷是更“合理”了，还是更无法接受？辽宁政府到底该不该应诉？带着这些问题去回顾一下世界近代史的变迁，或许能帮助我们更好地理解今天的世界，也可以使我们的行为更符合“国际惯例”。

　　晚清时期:武力定乾坤的世界

　　鸦片战争前后，中国停止了明清持续几百年的海禁，随后开始的洋务运动，启动了近代中国第一次“改革开放”。但除清廷本身的制度问题外，那次“改革开放”也生不逢时，所处的世界环境使当时的清政府即使想要利用劳动力便宜的国情将中国转变成“世界工厂”，那也不可能，何况那时清政府离这种“远见”还甚远。

　　首先是运输和通信困难。火车运输主要兴起于19世纪后半叶，英、美等早期工业国如此，中国更是如此。尽管晚清建了部分铁路，有了有限的内陆运输能力，但低下的海运能力无法支持“世界工厂”所必需的规模跨国运输容量，大容量、低成本海运能力在世界范围内还是二战期间才有的事。空运在当时更无从谈起，第一个试飞成功的飞行器1903年时才有。虽然电报发明于1844年左右，但其信息转输能力毕竟有限，成本也高。电话于1886年在美国发明，但其普及使用也是后来几十年的事。因此洋务运动期间，李鸿章、张之洞等人再有远见，也不能超越当时技术上的局限，更何况当时国人的技术教育还无从谈起。

　　抛开技术条件不管，当时的世界贸易秩序也使晚清中国无能为力。我们以前谈到，在欧洲于16世纪开启大西洋、印度洋贸易之前，国与国之间的贸易主要发生在亚太地区(以宋朝和早期明朝的中国为轴心)和西欧列国，以马车陆运为主，当时的中国已有海运，但规模和容量都非常有限。1492年哥伦布发现美洲大陆后(也恰恰是明朝海禁的年代里)，虽然欧洲、美洲、非洲和亚洲之间的海洋贸易与国际交往越来越多，但总体来讲还是有限的。

　　比如1500-1600年从欧洲发往中国、印度等亚洲国家的船只约为770次，平均每年7.7次。1600-1700年共有3161船次，年均31.61船次；1701-1800年间共有6661船次，年均66.61次。加上当时海船全为帆船(蒸汽机船是在1820年代发明的)，每艘船的载重量平均为500吨左右。即到1800年为止，从欧洲海运到亚洲的年物流量约为4万吨左右。1500-1800年间的国际贸易基本都是农作物、香料、茶叶及金银等贵重自然物。

　　那些年代的技术条件约束了各国的往来。在那种环境下，国际贸易和产权纠纷的解决方式也简单：用武力。那时并没有正式的国际法可言，虽然伦敦、阿姆斯特丹、纽约到1800年都已有股市，但股票投资都不成气候，因此那时的海外产权主要以两种形式体现：海外直接投资项目和债务。保护海外产权的方式也主要有两种：要么投资者自己有军队，要么由投资者的政府派军队去夺回产权。

　　以当年海洋贸易最有代表性的公司“英国东印度公司”为例，该公司成立于1600年12月，其宗旨是从事印度洋和大西洋贸易，从一开始，该公司的贸易船就有重兵压阵。当时没有任何国际法、国际法院，也没有多国公认的“国际惯例”，跨国贸易公司的利益都只能由“枪杆子”打出来，并由“枪杆子”来保护。东印度公司一度拥有26万人的军队(包括海军和陆军)，大约是英国皇家军队的两倍。其它诸如“弗吉尼亚公司”、“麻省公司”等也都有自己的军队。这些军队的作用一方面是为公司海运护航，甚至帮助其强行开辟新市场，另一方面也为公司在海外的工厂等产权作保卫。

　　除外贸公司自己的军队外，国家军队也常被派去为本国公民在海外的产权效劳。19世纪中叶之前，英国、西班牙、法国、德国在海外的财产主要是以殖民地为主，直接投资项目也都在殖民地。因此其军队也主要为维护殖民地、为其工业品开辟新市场服务。但是，随着拉美国家于1820年前后相继独立，这些新独立的国家在财政上面临巨大的困难。因此，新成立的墨西哥、智利、委内瑞拉等拉美政府不得不向西欧银行和投资者借债。到1850年左右，拉美等国家政府与企业发行的外债越来越多，赖账的出现就成为一种必然。

　　在今天讨论公司债务时，我们一般认为，如果一家公司资不抵债，那么该公司可进入破产程序，要么由债主把公司合并掉，公司归债主；要么将公司的资产拍卖清仓，把拍卖所得给债主；还有一种可能就是在债主的主导下将公司管理层换掉并对其业务模式进行重组。可是，当债权方是外国人或外国公司，而欠债方是另一主权国家的政府或公司时，上述任何一种坏债处置方式都行不通。因为一方面在20世纪之前没有成形的、公认的国际法和国际法庭，另一方面这些债务方国家又总会以主权为由作抗辩。在这种情况下，如果不形成某种强制性的跨国合约、债务、产权的执行机制，跨国的借贷、投资、贸易则无法进行。

　　在不存在“世界政府”或“世界警察”的情况下，直到1907年之前被普遍认可的一种执行跨国合约、保护海外产权的方式是使用武力。于是那些弱小的国家对国际秩序无发言权，而军事强国都把“武力执行合约、保护产权”看成是债权国必有的一种权利。因此，当一个国家因另一国家的政府(或公司)赖账或侵占其海外产权而发动武力攻击时，其它国家会认为这是理所当然的事。

　　例如，1838年墨西哥政府因无足够收入而宣布停止支付欠法国投资者的债务，随即法国派海军赶往墨西哥讨债。1861年墨西哥政府又决定停止支付拖欠英国、法国和西班牙公民约八千万美元的债务，结果在1862年1月英国派遣700海军士兵，法国与西班牙共派8500名士兵赶到墨西哥的Vera Cruz港城，攻打墨西哥。数月后，英国与西班牙发现法国军队的目的远不止是为了向墨西哥讨债，更主要是想把墨西哥占领为其新殖民地。此后，1862年4月英国与西班牙撤回军队，而法国在墨西哥则一直占领到1867年。

　　从1820年到1914年间，英国在拉美共动武40多次，其中26次是以其公民产权受到侵犯或是以债务国赖债为由。比如，因其海外财产受到侵占(包括工厂、银行、铁路)，英国派军队于1868年攻打乌拉圭，于1891年进攻智利等。在亚洲，同样是以保护其产权利益为由，英国分别于1840至1842年、1856至1858年攻打中国(鸦片战争)。

　　当国际游戏规则是以武力强弱而定的时候，那种世界只能是强国的世界，海外投资和海外贸易的安全度完全取决于投资者自己或国家军队的强弱，因而晚清洋务运动的经济效果可想而知。首先，晚清的改革开放不能像今天那样靠制造业出口发展经济，抛开技术局限性不谈，首先那时中国就没有强大的海军为其外贸提供支持。于是洋务运动的重点之一是发展军力，但在没有经济实力的情况下，军力发展又从何谈起？这样一来就进入了一个熟悉的怪圈：无军力则没法开展外贸，无外贸又使自然资源相对缺乏的中国难以发展经济实力，无经济实力又反过来使军力无法增强。虽然外贸不是发展经济的惟一途径，但过去200年里强大起来的国家中，每个国家都与外贸息息相关。

　　关键的转变:法治世界来临

　　以武力决定贸易与产权规则的国际秩序，在20世纪初受到挑战，其中的导火索发生在1902年12月，当时英国和德国为讨债向委内瑞拉发动联合军事进攻，英德海军封锁了委内瑞拉的5个主要港口，打沉了3艘战舰并轰炸其港口设施。之后，委内瑞拉被迫同意由刚成立的海牙国际法院为债务纠纷作仲裁。结果，海牙法院的裁定是：不仅英德有权以武力讨债，而且在所有债权国家中谁愿意动武讨债，谁就享受优先债权，即谁动武，谁就应该先得到偿还。这等于是鼓励各资本输出国用武力解决海外产权纠纷。

　　那次仲裁结果在拉美引起轰动。当时阿根廷外交部长Luis Drago随即从法律角度写了一篇长文反驳，并将其送到阿根廷驻美国大使馆，要求其大使将文章送交美国国务院。Drago指出，以往的惯例是：当一个主权国拖欠另一主权国的债务不还时，债权国有“权利”向对方动武。他认为这是荒唐的，因为一国动不动武完全是一种政策选择，而不是法定权利；更何况因讨债而对另一主权国动武侵犯了后者的国家主权。他认为，除自卫外，任何国家无权对另一主权国动武。当债权投资者的权利与另一国家主权相冲突时，他主张后者显然应该优先。

　　律师出身的Drago用法律逻辑争论外交问题，令同是律师出身的人很能接收，而美国国务院和其它政府部门又主要是由律师出身的官员在运作(包括当时的国务卿)，因此，Drago的观点在美国和拉美国家得到广泛认同。

　　有意思的是，尽管国际惯例随着国家之间交往的增加在逐步形成，但国际法在那之前从来没正式成为法学的一门分支学科。世界上第一个以研究国际法为宗旨的学会，直到1873年才在比利时成立。美国第一个国际法学会则成立于1906年(The American Society for International Law)，在此之前美国大学法学院里没人开设过专门的国际法课程。可以说，在以武力当道的世界里，国与国间的法律框架不太容易形成，也不太会被当一回事。


　　另一个意义重大的变化是，到1900年左右，越来越多的国家开始派遣法律出身的人做外交官。这在美国和拉美国家并非新鲜事，但对欧洲而言，外交官的选拔历来中以家庭出身与个人财富而定的。但到19世纪末，欧洲国家也开始注重选用法律背景的人做外交官。这在很大程度上为外交政策与外交文化更注重法律和程序规则创造了条件，也直接促进了国际法的发展并增强了其重要性，对国际秩序的“法律化”贡献甚大。

　　于是，当第二届海牙国际和平会议于1907年6月召开时，与会各国代表以律师出身的占多数。美国代表团9人中只有两人不是律师出身，其他成员(包括团长)要么以前是法官，要么是律师出身。英国代表团团长做过10年法官，有丰富的法律知识与经验。德国的首席代表也有多年律师经验，其副团长则是一位有名的法学家。法国代表团团长研究过法律，副团长曾是巴黎法学院教授，也曾是法国外交部的法律顾问。其它参会国如奥地利、俄国、荷兰、比利时、阿根廷等的首席代表均是在法律方面造诣很深的专家。正因为此，会议期间由美国倡议的关于解决跨国债务纠纷的协议得以通过。根据该协议，任何债权国不能以武力去另一主权国讨债，而是要求债务、债权国家双方首先须寻求并最终接收国际法院的仲裁。从此结束了持续几百年“武力讨债是债权国的权利”的国际惯例。

　　1907年的海牙会议是人类史上第一次由律师主导的国际会议，这些律师共同的职业训练使其习惯性地尊重程序规则、尊重事前确定的“法治”，也令其有着共同的思维方式。他们的职业精神是通过仲裁和独立司法来解决人们之间、企业之间及国家之间的纠纷，是要讲“文明”，而非付诸武力。相比之下，1864年的日内瓦世界大会和其它19世纪召开的国际和平会议，因律师背景的代表只占极少数，所以那些会议也不太可能达成协议废弃武力解决国际债务纠纷的历史惯例。

　　那次海牙会议开启了律师主导国际关系会议的先河，也为国际秩序靠“法治”而非“武治”立下了汗马功劳。这一历史事实对今天的中国应该有许多启示，中国的法律教育到上世纪80年代初才恢复，到今天虽已拥有20万左右的律师从业者，但包括外交部、商务部甚至司法部在内的政府部门，还是以理工科或人文学科背景的人为主，前几年参加WTO谈判的居然鲜有法律背景的人。当面对另一国家律师出身的官员时，在谈判桌上代表中国的工程师型官员们怎么能够与之在共同语境下说话？这是否可以说明为何在中国的国际行为靠近“国际惯例”之前还有许多课要补？

　　国民政府时期 : 改革仍然生不逢时

　　民国政府于1911年成立，那时正好是1907年海牙协议之后，按理说，其世界处境比晚清要好。可是，一方面当时中国正忙于组建共和国政府（在当时是新鲜事，是重大“改革”），并面临随时可能突发的内乱；另一方面是不久之后（1914年），第一次世界大战爆发。虽然那次大战于1918年就停止了，却从根本上打破了世界贸易格局，使跨国贸易、跨国资本流动变得艰难。

　　当然，新成立的民国政府也顾不上世界贸易格局的问题，当务之急是解决军阀割据，稳定国内局势。因此，北洋政府期间无法顾及发展经济。1927年国民政府重新立都南京，平息军阀混战后，国民政府于1930年左右开始致力于经济发展。

　　但国民政府又是生不逢时，虽然那时中国市场经济（尤其是以上海为中心的江南经济）已具备相当的规模，可是即使国民政府想通过保持对外开放、通过外贸发展经济，其它国家也并不一定有兴趣，因为1930年美国及西欧等地都爆发了世界经济大危机，30年代美国失业率高达25%，西欧国家也类似。在当时的经济学大家凯恩斯的非市场经济理论影响下，各国在30年代大大提高贸易关税壁垒，连历来主张自由贸易的英国也抢先把自己的经济国门关起来。1913年时，英国进口商品关税基本是零，德国关税平均为13%，法国约为20%。但到30年代，英国的进口关税升至50%，德国、希腊、瑞士、奥地利等关税都升到75%与80%之间，法国的升到97%，同时所有这些国家都限制或干脆禁止许多商品的进口。美国的情况也类似。从1914年到1945年二战结束这31年间，是过去200年中世界贸易最黑暗的时期。

　　即使当时的西方国家不设置贸易壁垒，国民政府的开放政策也不会有充分的时间去产生效果，因为到1937年日本侵华之后，8年抗战加上随后的内战，使经济发展又重新回到第二位。

　　成立国际组织 : 国贸秩序进一步完善


　　虽然1907年的海牙协议基本排除了理所当然的武力讨债行为，但却多少牺牲了投资者的权利。随着1914年一战爆发，实际上海牙协议为许多债务国拖欠或干脆不履行债务合同提供了方便。比如一战一开始，中国北洋政府即停止支付晚清、民国发行的外债（包括铁路债券）。1917年中国对德宣战，并中止支付拖欠德国的所有债务。1921年北洋政府宣布破产，中国银行关门，导致银行挤兑，货币变得一文不值。1936至1938年，国民政府要求调整早年在西方发行的铁路债券，降低利率。图2给出中国当时历年发行的铁路外债利率，基本都在5%，这种利率在今天看不算高，因为这些债券毕竟有很高的国家政治风险和被拖欠的风险。等到1939年二战时，国民政府即宣布废弃所有外债（除少数几种）。最后剩下的一笔债券是1899年清政府在伦敦由汇丰银行承销发行的中国北方铁路债，总金额为230万英镑、年利率为5%，但这只债券于1942年2月被国民政府宣布不再有效。从此，所有晚清、北洋和国民政府发行的外债都在1914-1942年间被一笔勾销。

　　海牙会议后，危地马拉于1912年拒付欠英国债务，洪都拉斯于1914年拒付法国债务。印度在1947年独立时也取消一些外债。土耳其、埃及、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜等发展中国家，也在不同时期拖欠过债务。但这段时间，这些国家都没有因不还债而遭到武力打击。债务违约国因受主权保护而不遭武力进攻，这当然是人类社会的进步，但投资者的产权也不能不保护，否则就不会有资本跨国流动，没有国家、公司和个人愿意买外债，跨国直接投资也会受负面影响。

　　此外，尽管海牙协议约束了债务双方的行为，但毕竟这是协议，在没有强制性的“世界政府”的情况下，对于违约国，国际社会能采取的举措仍十分有限，最终还得依赖各国政府的自愿行为选择。在这种状况下，国际社会仍无法形成“文明化”的秩序。

　　因此，成立更有约束性的国际组织十分必要，以便更好地平衡国家主权和投资者产权之间的关系，等等。第一次努力是1919年成立“多国联盟”（The League of Nations），但由于该组织并没能阻止二战的发生，因此其可信度一落千丈，二战期间停止运作。1944年，美、英、苏和中国正式着手准备“联合国”的成立工作，那也是中国第一次以建设性的姿态参加国际秩序的组建。经过一年多的努力，联合国于1945年10月正式成立，理论上成为世界性的“政府”。

　　1944年7月，国际货币基金（IMF）和世界银行成立。前者的功能主要是帮助面临债务危机的国家度过难关，同时保护外债投资者权益。这填补了1907年海牙协议留下的空缺，让跨国借贷能继续进行。以1997—1998年亚洲金融危机为例，1997年上半年一系列韩国财团相继破产，随即众多国际银行从韩国撤资，使韩国出现史无前例的金融危机，无法偿还外债。假如那次危机发生在19世纪，韩国遭到武力进攻几乎是毫无疑问的（或被变成殖民地）。但IMF的存在救了韩国，不仅韩国没有被武力进攻，且IMF与债权方国际银行达成协议，由IMF为韩国提供过渡性贷款，并由IMF说服这些国际银行将600亿美元的债务延期。当然，IMF的援助是有条件的，它要求韩国必须做出一系列制度与政策方面的改革。我们可能会认为这是在侵犯韩国主权，但这些要求跟被武力进攻相比，应该是更能接收的。其实在16世纪几乎每个国家都关着国门的时候，每个国家几乎都有绝对的主权。可是当各国的经济都绑在一起的时候，一个国家的绝对主权就意味另一个国家的权利要受到绝对的牺牲。

　　世界银行的主要作用是援助发展中国家，特别是对于私人资本不愿去的那些国家和行业，世界银行可带领国际民间银行和投资者一起去投资。发展中国家往往对产权缺乏保护，且历来有侵占外资企业财产或随意更改、销毁合约的表现，这些侵犯产权的行为使外资望而生畏。在这些情况下，世界银行作为国际投资借贷、非赢利性的银行，在世界享有盛誉并具有相当的约束力，它一方面能要求得资方国家进行产权保护等制度性改革，另一方面有世界银行参与投资，会让民间投资者更有信心。这不仅能增加对发展中国家的投资，而且使它们的融资成本降低。

　　联合国在1945年成立后，其主要作用是谴责、约束（非强制性地）不规范的国家行为。在相当程度上，联合国为第三世界国家提供了一个很重要的发表声音的场所，因为二战前总是有强国发表意见、主导制定国际规则的机会与场所，但弱国却不然。而联合国里每个国家都有平等的一票保证了这一点（联合国安理会则另当别论）。

　　这种声音平台的一个直接效果是，一方面在上世纪40-60年代中几乎所有剩下的殖民地国家都相继独立（斯里兰卡、缅甸、埃及、阿尔及利亚等），另一方面鼓励了许多拉美、非洲和亚洲国家没收外国公司的产权（尤其是自然资源有关的产权），将其变为国有。比如，在1945至1961年间，有12个美国跨国公司的海外产权被外国政府没收或侵占，但在1961至1973年间，美国公司海外产权共被没收过160次。根据联合国的资料，六、七十年代是跨国公司和个人投资者的海外产权被发展中国家广泛没收、侵占的时期，这是放弃武力保护海外产权之后，对于国际投资、国际贸易秩序的最大一次挑战。

　　如何保护一国公民或公司的海外财产 ?

　　上世纪30年代中期，墨西哥没收了大量的美国石油公司、矿业公司在墨西哥的自然资源财产。1937－1941年间，玻利维亚没收了美国标准石油公司的财产。危地马拉在五、六十年代也没收了美国公司在其境内拥有的土地和其它自然资源。智利在60年代没收了德国在其境内开采的铜矿。利比亚、伊朗在60年代末、70年代初强行没收了英国在其境内的油田。这类例子不胜列举。

　　以美国为例，除少数引发一系列经济制裁的情况外，美国政府按以下两原则来处理其海外产权被侵占的事态：第一，外国政府没收美国公司或个人在海外的产权时，如果是出于公众利益（比如铁路、桥梁、矿山），那么基本能被接受；第二，即使是出于公众目的，没收外国公司或个人财产时，当事国必须支付足够合理的赔偿。正因为这两条原则，20世纪中叶美国公司在海外的产权被多次没收时，并没引发战争，但争论、谈判的焦点都集中在赔偿价格上。

　　这两条原则或许也会是仰融案的焦点。

　　当代改革开放 : 世界有情偏顾我

　　关于世界经济秩序、IMF、世界银行、联合国和WTO（及其前身GATT）等这些国际组织的建立及其历史背景，当然不是几千字就能讲清楚的。但有一点是显然的，到1978年中国改革开放时，过去200年逐步建立的这些国际游戏规则不仅使中国面对的外贸成本大大降低，而且使世界出口市场容量大大增加，以至于中国工厂制造多少，世界市场能吸收多少。过去25年的成功当然主要是中国人自己的功劳，但回想起来，中国在这些年里似乎惟一要做的就是把国门打开：开得越多，世界经济即让中国经济增长更多。

　　如果把现在的改革开放背景重新放到19世纪所处的世界秩序中，则我们是否也能看到这么大的经济成功呢？答案肯定是“不能”。道理很简单，那时中国没有强大的军队为外贸服务；也没有飞机运输和海运容量，没有极低的货运成本，电脑、电子技术也都是二战期间的事情。一个简单的比较是，16－19世纪的跨国公司必须要有自己的军队，而20世纪的跨国公司不需要自己的军队，但必须雇佣许多律师。这就是当今世界，它使外贸成本极低、出口市场容量极大，只有在这种世界里中国才会自1978年以来这么快速地出成果，这种世界给我们什么启示呢？

　　从明朝海禁开始，中国就停止了参与世界秩序的建设。鸦片战争后，中国只能被动地接收别人设立的国际秩序。只有到了二战期间，中国作为反日、德、意的盟国，被美、英、苏邀请于1944年一同参与筹建联合国，开始以积极参与者的身份共建世界秩序。但1949－1978年，我们又关起国门，不再以建设性的身份参与世界秩序的建立，也不主动接收世界规则。

　　本文对海外产权保护、国际秩序变迁历史的简单回顾，让我们清楚看到，尽管中国并没怎么直接参与建立当今以律师、以法律当道的世界秩序,可这种秩序对中国近25年的经济崛起是多么举足轻重。今天，我们至少应珍惜它，在行为上能与其合拍。

　　那么，在仰融案中辽宁政府是否该应诉呢？答案是显然的。本案从多方面看都是一个非常有历史意义的案例。在今天，产权跨国界流通、跨国界交叉持有已是常事。外国公司和个人可直接来华投资，也可通过在纽约、在新加坡交易所购买中国公司股票。同样地，海尔等企业可以在美国投资设厂，将来随着QDII的实行和人民币可自由兑换，中国公民与公司也会直接、间接地持有海外公司产权。在这种产权跨国流通的背后，人们对跨国产权的保护自然有一定的预期，对所持产权的国家的政府行为也当然有一定的预期，否则谁会把钱投资到你这里？投资者的权益保护是这几年的热门话题，我们发现即使在一个统一的国家里，即使有统一的法律和权力机构，投资者的产权也不一定能得到可靠、公正的保护。如果我们把视线从境内移到境外、从国内移到跨国持有的产权，那么海外产权保护的难度就可想而知了。在这种背景下，政府行为是否符合“国际惯例”就尤其重要。一方面我们要吸引外资，要到海外上市融资，要让我们的产品外销，但另一方面在产权保护、合同的遵守上又我行我素，甚至在出现产权纠纷时还拒不应诉。天下真有这样的好事？

　　为什么不能应诉？应诉又不一定会败诉，应诉会大大改进中国在海外的公关形象，让世界更把中国看成是负责任的大国。但不应诉肯定是输，后果只能是更负面。值得我们庆幸的是，这是21世纪，而不是18、19世纪的世界。ChenZhiWu: from the world change at a Chinese why can rich[post federation of sowing]In the 2011-12-26 15:56:55 on post [text messaging] [table shape]

Also ChenZhiWu value


Review overseas property protection, international order change history, we see a clear, although China and didn't directly involved in today's lawyer, law established the world order, but this kind of order to nearly 25 years of China's economic rise is how the balance.Today, we should at least cherish it, the behaviour with the nature.

When I was a child we often say: "grew up to go to the world!"Fortunately, with the 1978 reform and opening up, that kind of wish really realize.But, we see of the prosperity of the world behind how???????What is the world in support of today?


These problems can be according to our habits of ideology to understand, also can change an Angle to understand.But no matter how, some basic facts won't change.For example, from the national complex perspectives, the past 25 years of reform and opening up to China's rise, explain how great our Chinese nation have.But, reform and opening up in China's modern history not only once, the late qing dynasty the westernization movement, the national government have tried, but the two times in addition to our experience the story today is the foundation, and every time not succeed.Why?Perhaps we will quickly conclude that is because the system when corruption, the government incompetence, and so on.This kind of general accused may be right, these we shall not talk.But interestingly, China this 25 years of success is just happened in out of the planned economy system frame of the process, and each from planned economy and administrative control from the point of economic development is a little faster.

It is strange, also is to get out of the old system at that time frame, but in the age of late qing dynasty and national government reform and opening didn't succeed, recently 25 years of just a success, besides the success is happened in the whole China's social traditional morality, honesty and social structure have suffer from the fundamental damage after the cultural revolution.So, exactly how to explain this?Are we in the world today really and different before?Or the people of today than the historical figures more ability?

Here, let me help associating the recent speculation an uproar in the "AngRong v. liaoning province government" a case (hereinafter referred to as "AngRong case").AngRong through the national court action after inconclusive, his permanent resident in the United States (green card) identity and his wife to the United States citizenship in August 2003, the federal court in liaoning province government encroach on their property.According to many states in the law, or the property of the husband and wife that is the common property (before signing the property of the rule out another matter), therefore, encroach on the property of the AngRong that is infringed his wife (American citizens) to the property.Add the property involved and listed in New York to the brilliance auto shares as the core, therefore, the federal court that it has jurisdiction, accepted the case.So far, the government seems not going to appear in court in liaoning province should appeal, reason is the jurisdiction of the court, or going to the country's sovereignty in defense.Here we not litigation in the case facts to any comments.Only care about, like this multinational property dispute if occurred 200 years ago, 100 years ago or 50 years ago, it was the processing means of how will?With than before, on the way to resolve the litigation today overseas property dispute is more "reasonable", or more can't accept?Liaoning government what shouldn't responding?With these problems to look back on the change of modern world history, may be able to help us to better understand the world today, also can make our behavior more accord with "international practice".

In the late qing dynasty: force of the world for the tide

Before and after the opium war, China to stop the last hundred years of Ming and qing dynasties HaiJin, then began the westernization movement, launched the modern China's first "reform and opening".But in addition to the questions of the system of the ching court itself, the "reform and opening" also unlucky in the world at that time even if the government of the qing dynasty environment to use the situation of China's cheap labor force will change into "world factory", it might not have, and then from the "vision" qing government also greatly.

First is the transportation and communication difficulties.The train transportation main arose in 19 (superscript th) century, Britain, the United States, so early industrialized countries, China is even more so.Although built in late qing dynasty of railway, with limited inland transportation ability, but the shipping capacity cannot support low "world factory" the scale of the necessary multinational transport capacity, large capacity, low cost shipping capacity worldwide have much to or during world war ii.In more air was mentioned, the first successful flight vehicle in 1903 only.Although the telegram was invented in 1844 years or so, but the message lose ability after all is limited, the cost is high.Telephone invented in the United States in 1886, but its popularity is later decades of use.So the westernization movement period, li, zhang zhidong etc have vision, also cannot transcend the limitations of the technology at the time, and what's more, at the time of the people education technology is mentioned.

Despite technology conditions no matter, when the world trade order also make the late qing dynasty China can do little about.We've talked about, in Europe in 16 century open the Atlantic ocean, the Indian Ocean before trade, trade between countries mainly in the asia-pacific region (in SongChaoHe early Ming dynasty China as the axis) and western European nations to the carriage land transportation is given priority to, that the Chinese have by sea, but the size and capacity are very limited.Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492 after the mainland (also just is the Ming dynasty in the age of HaiJin), although Europe, America, Africa and Asia the ocean between trade and international communication is more and more, but generally or limited.

Such as 1500-1600 from Europe sent to China, India and other Asian countries about 770 times the ships of a year on average, 7.7 times.1600-1700 year 3161 ship times, annual average 31.61 ship times;1701-1800 6661 ship times, annual average 66.61 times.And at that time the ships sailing (steam engine ship is in the 1820 s invented), each boat loads an average of 500 tons.That is until 1800, from Europe to Asia in material flow rate of the sea is about 40000 tons.1500-1800 international trade and basic it is crops, spices, tea and silver and gold and other precious natural objects.

The technical conditions of the constraints that s the various countries' ties.In that environment, and international trade and property dispute solution is simple: the use of force.At that time did not formally in international law, although London, Amsterdam, New York to 1800 years for the stock market, but nothing stock investment climate, therefore then overseas property mainly two forms reflected: overseas direct investment projects and debts.Protection of property rights overseas way also to basically have two kinds: either investors own army, either by investors government sent troops to regain property rights.

In that year the ocean trade the most representative of the company "British east India company" as an example, the company was founded in December 1600, the aim is engaged in the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic trade, from the beginning, the company's trade ship have YaZhen heavily.There were no international law, international court, also do not have many nations accepted "international practice", international trade company interests are only by "surer" play out, and the "surer" to protect.East Indian companies once has 260000 troops, including the army and navy), is about the royal army two times.Other such as "Virginia company", "the company" and so on also has its own army.These military role for shipping company is on one hand the escort, and even help its forced to open new markets, on the other hand also for companies in the overseas factories and so on property rights for protection.

In addition to the foreign trade company own troops outside, national army are often sent to for their citizens in overseas property service.Before the middle of the nineteenth century, Britain, Spain, France, Germany in the property of the overseas is mainly by colonial primarily, direct investment projects are in the colonies.So the army is mainly for the maintenance of the colonial, open new markets for its industrial service.But, with the Latin American countries after 1820 have independent, these new independent countries facing huge fiscal difficulties.Therefore, its new Mexico, Chile, venezuela, Latin America, the government had to Banks and investors to Western Europe debt.By 1850 or so, Latin America and other countries government and enterprise issue of external debt is more and more, deadbeat emergence has become a necessity.

In today to discuss company debt, we tend to think of, if a company insolvency, so the company could enter bankruptcy procedure, either by the creditor of the merger off, the company to creditor;Or will the assets of a corporation auction a clearance, auction of income to creditor;There is also a chance that creditors in under the guidance of company management will replace and its business model to restructure.However, when the creditors are foreigners or foreign company, and the debt is another sovereign state party of government or a company, the above any kind of bad debt disposal means it won't work.Because on one hand in 20 century without forming, before the international law and international court recognized, on the other hand, these ZhaiWuFang countries and always to sovereignty as defense.In this case, if do not form a mandatory multinational contract, debts, the mechanism for the implementation of the property rights, multinational lending, investment, trade cannot.

In does not exist "world government" or "world police" until 1907, the year before being generally accepted a multinational contract execution, protection of property right of way is overseas use of force.Then the small countries to do not have a say in how the international order, and military power is the "force of his contract, protect property rights" as a kind of rights will be a creditor nation.Therefore, when a country for another country's government (or company) or encroach on their overseas deadbeat property rights and launch attacks force, other countries will think this is the right thing to do.

In 1838, for example, the Mexican government because of have no enough money and announced that stop pay the debt owed French investors, then France sent navy to Mexico flesh.In 1861, the Mexican government and decided to stop for payment of Britain, France and Spain citizens about eighty million dollars in debt, results in January 1862 British sent 700 marines, France and Spain were sent 8500 soldiers to Mexico's Vera Cruz harbour city, against Mexico.Months later, Britain and Spain found that the purpose of the French army far more than just to Mexico to debt collection, more important is to want to Mexico for its new colony occupied.Then, in April 1862, Britain and Spain withdraw its troops, while France is in Mexico has occupied by 1867.

From 1820 to 1914 years, Britain in Latin America were typified 40 times, of which 26 is the property rights or infringed on debtor for debt.For example, because of its overseas property by occupy (including factory, bank, railway), the British sent troops in 1868 against Uruguay, in 1891 attack Chile, etc.In Asia, also is the property rights protection for interests, England were from 1840 to 1842, 1856 to 1858 strike against China (the opium war).

When the international rules of the game is weak force and decide, that the world is only great power of the world, foreign investment and the overseas trade safety depends entirely on investors themselves or the strength of the national army, and the economic effects of late qing dynasty westernization movement can be imagined.First of all, the late qing dynasty of reform and opening up not like that today by manufacturing export development economy, throw technology limitations don't talk about, first at that time, China is no powerful navy for its foreign trade support.So the focus of westernization movement is one of its military development, but without economic power, military development and from any talk about?So they enter into a familiar problem: no military is can't develop foreign trade, WuWaiMao and relative lack of natural resources of Chinese is difficult to development economic strength, no economic strength, in turn, make military can't increase.Although foreign trade is not the only way to the development of economy, but over the past 200 years of strong country, every country and foreign trade is closely linked.

The key takeaway: world of law coming

Military decided to trade and property of the rules of the international order, at the beginning of the twentieth century challenged, the fuse occurred in December 1902, when Britain and Germany to venezuela for collection agencies launch joint military offensive, the naval blockade of the Venezuelan five main port, playing heavy three warship and bombing its port facilities.Later, venezuela was forced to agree to the newly formed the Hague international court for debt disputes for arbitration.The results, the Hague court ruling is: not only of the Germany has the right to the use of military force collection agencies, and in all the home nations who would want to use force collection agencies, who will enjoy priority creditor's rights, namely who use force, who will be the first to be paid back.This is equivalent to encourage the use of military force to solve overseas capital exporter property dispute.

The arbitration results caused a sensation in Latin America.When Argentina foreign minister Luis Drago immediately from the legal Angle wrote a long essay conducts argue, and deliver it to Argentina to America embassy, ask its ambassador to the U.S. state department will articles.Drago points out, past routine is: when a sovereign default another sovereign country debt don't also, creditor's rights "right" state-owned to the other party use force.He thinks this is ridiculous, because a country wu is completely is a policy choice, not legal rights;Besides because of another sovereign debt collection and use force violated the latter's sovereignty.He thought that, in addition to the defense, no country has no right to use force to another sovereign state.When the creditor's rights of investors with another state sovereignty rights conflict, he advocated the latter apparently should be preferred.

Lawyers with the Drago legal logical argument diplomatic problems, so is the people with lawyers is able to receive, and the state department and other government departments and mainly by lawyers officials in operation (including then secretary of state), therefore, Drago point of view in the United States and Latin American countries been widely recognized.

Interesting is, despite international practice with the increase of the communication between countries in gradually formed, but international law before that never officially became a branch discipline of the law.The world's first to study international law for the purpose of the society, until 1873 was established in Belgium.The first American International Law is established in 1906 (The American Society for International Law), before this American university Law schools in no one open special International Law courses.Can say, in military power in the world, nations and the legal framework between not too easy to form, not too will be when one and the same.


Another significant change is, by 1900 or so, more and more countries began sending law do was born diplomat.This in the United States and Latin America is not new, but for Europe, diplomats in the selection has always been to family background and personal wealth and decide.But by the end of the nineteenth century European countries also begin to pay attention to choose the law background do diplomats.This is largely for foreign policy and foreign culture pay more attention to law and procedure rules created the conditions, and directly contribute to development of international law and to enhance its importance, the international order "legalization" contribute greatly.

Then, when the second the Hague international peace conference held in June 1907, the representatives of the countries attending the lawyers in the majority.The U.S. delegation nine people only two men not lawyers, other members (including colonel) or used to be a judge or lawyers.British delegation made 10 years the judge, has the rich legal knowledge and experience.Germany's chief representative also has many years experience lawyer, the deputy leader is a famous jurist.The French delegation studied law, vice colonel was Paris law school professor, also used to be the legal adviser of France's foreign ministry.Other participant countries such as Austria, Russia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Argentina and the chief representative of all is in the legal aspects very accomplished experts.Because of this, during the meeting by the American initiative on the solution of the multinational debt disputes agreement to pass through.Under the agreement, any creditor country can not to force to another sovereign debt collection, but for the country, the creditor's rights debt must first seek and finally receiving international court of arbitration.Since then the end for hundreds of years "is the rights of the creditor nation formerly force" of international practice.

1907 years of the Hague meeting is the first time in the history of the leading international conference by lawyers, the lawyers common vocational training make it habitually program rules, respect advance respect determination of the "rule of law", also make it have a common way of thinking.Their professional spirit is through the arbitration and independent judicial to solve between people, between enterprise and the disputes between countries, is to speak "civilization", and not put into force.In contrast, the 1864 Geneva world congress and other 19 century for international peace conference, the representative of the background for lawyer accounts for only a few, so the meeting is unlikely to reach an agreement abandoned military force to solve international debt disputes history practices.

The meeting opened the lawyers at the Hague international relations became the vanguard of the dominant, but also for the international order by "rule by law" and not "turned" set contributions in work.The historical facts of the China of today should have some enlightenment, the law of China education by the early 1980 s to recover, it may already have to about 200000 lawyers practitioners, but including the ministry of foreign affairs, the justice department, the ministry of commerce and even government departments, or in the science and engineering or humanities background is given priority to, before a few years in the WTO negotiations that few legal background.When faced with the other countries of the lawyers officials, at the negotiating table represent the Chinese engineers type officials and how to speak in a joint context?Whether this can explain why in China's international behavior near the "international practice" and many lessons will make up before?

National government period: reform is still to go

Roc government was established in 1911, it was 1907 years after the Hague agreement, by rights, the situation is better than the late qing dynasty.But, on the one hand, when China was busy form a republic government (at that time is new, is a big "reform"), and face of the outbreak of civil strife may at any time;On the other hand is soon (1914), the first world war broke out.Though the war in 1918 stopped, but fundamentally broken the world trade pattern, make international trade, international capital flows more difficult.

Of course, new established roc government also attend to not top world trade pattern of the problem, it is imperative to solve the warlord regimes, stable domestic situation.Therefore, the northern warlord government cannot attend during economic development.In 1927, national governments to set all nanjing, calm after the warlords, the national government in starting around 1930 on the economy development.

But the national government is unlucky, although at that time, China market economy (especially in Shanghai as the center of the chiangnan economy) already have a certain scale, but even the national government want to keep opening up, through through foreign trade development economy, other countries also does not necessarily interested in, because in 1930 the United States and Western Europe all the world economy big crisis erupted, 30 s America's 25% unemployment rate, western European countries is similar.At the time of the economics of non-market economy theory all Keynes influence, countries in the 30 s greatly improve the trade tariff barriers, even that has always been free trade Britain also beat his own economic doors locked up.In 1913, British import duties on goods basic is zero, Germany 13% on average tariffs, France is about 20%.But to 30 s, the British import tariff jumped to 50%, Germany, Greece, Switzerland, Austria, tariffs are up to 75% and 80%, and between the French rose to 97%, at the same time, all of these countries have limited or simply banned imports of many goods.Similar conditions in the United States.From 1914 to 1945 the end of the second world war the 31 years, over the past 200 years is the world trade the darkest period.

Even at the time, the western countries do not set up the trade barriers, the national government policies of opening to also won't have enough time to have an effect, because the Japanese aggression against China in 1937, after eight years of civil war of resistance and then, that economic development and return to the second.

The establishment of an international organization, the international order further perfection


Although the 1907 Hague ruled out of of course basic agreement debt collection force behavior, but how many died the rights of investors.With the first world war in 1914, and in fact the Hague agreement for many debtor defaults or simply not to fulfill debt contract provides a convenient.Such as the beginning of world war I, China the northern government halted in late qing dynasty and the republic of China issued to pay debt (including railway bonds).In 1917, China declared war on Germany, and suspended for payment of the German all debts.In 1921, the northern government declared bankruptcy, the bank of China close the door, lead to a run on Banks, monetary worthless.From 1936 to 1938, the national government require the adjustment in the west of the release early railway bonds, cut interest rates.Figure 2 shows over the issue of China at that time railway external debt interest rates, basic it at 5%, the interest rates in today see not high, because these bonds, after all, a high political risk and be the risk of default.Wait until 1939 when the second world war, the national government declaring abandoned all foreign debt (except a few).Of the last remaining a bond is qing government in London in 1899 by HSBC underwriting issue in the north of China railway debt, total amount is 2.3 million pounds, the annual rate of 5%, but that only bonds in February 1942 to be the national government announced that it would no longer valid.From now on, all the late qing dynasty, the northern and national government of external debt issuance in 1914-1942 was written off.

The Hague after the meeting, Guatemala in 1912 Britain refusal owe debts, Honduras in 1914 French refuse to pay the debt.India in 1947 when also cancelled some independent foreign debt.Turkey, Egypt, Mexico, Nicaragua and other developing countries, also in different period a debt default.But this time, these countries have no for not paying a blow by force.Debt default countries by sovereign protection attack by force, which of course is the progress of human society, but investors can protect the property right, otherwise there would be no capital multinational flow, no country, companies and individuals willing to buy foreign debt, international direct investment will be negative effects.

In addition, although the Hague the debt of both parties of the contract constraint behavior, but after all, this is the agreement, in no mandatory "world government" cases, with default countries, the international community to take action is still very limited, eventually have to rely on the governments of voluntary behavior choice.In that case, the international society is still unable to form "civilisational" order.

Therefore, the establishment of the international organizations are more restrictive is necessary, so as to better balance state sovereignty and investors of the relationship between the property rights, etc.The first effort was established in 1919 "multinational coalition" (The League of was, but as The organization and failed to stop The happening of The second world war, so its credibility sharply, to stop operating during world war ii.In 1944, the United States, Britain, Sue and China officially begin to prepare for the "United Nations" set, it is China's first with a constructive attitude to participate in the international order form.After a year of hard work, the UN was formally established in oct. 1945, and in theory become a worldwide "government".

In July 1944, the international monetary fund (IMF) and the world bank was established.The function of the former mainly is to help the country debt crisis facing the difficulties, and also protect foreign debt investors rights and interests.It fills the 1907 Hague shorn of agreement, let multinational lending can continue.In 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis, for example, in 1997 the first half of a series of South Korea financial group have bankruptcy, and then many international Banks from South Korea withdraw, that South Korea appear unprecedented financial crisis, unable to repay the debt.If the crisis occurred in the 19 th century, South Korea was force attack almost is no doubt (or be turned into colonies).But the IMF's existence save South Korea, not only South Korea is not force attack, and the IMF and the international bank creditors reach an agreement, the IMF for South Korea to provide transitional loans, and the IMF to convince the international bank will delay the $60 billion debt.Of course, the IMF's aid is conditional, it requires the South Korea must make a series of system and policy aspects of reform.We may think this is in violation South Korea's sovereignty, but these requirements by force compared with attack, should be more able to receive.In fact in the 16 th century almost every country closed our doors, each country almost all have absolute sovereignty.But when economies are tied together, a country's absolute sovereignty would mean another right of the state should be the absolute sacrifice.

The world bank is the main purpose of aid to developing countries, especially for private capital don't want to go to the countries and industry, the world bank can lead the international folk Banks and investors go to investment.Developing countries often lack of protection of property rights, and has always occupy the foreign capital enterprise property or altered, destroyed the performance of the contract, these infringe upon the behavior of property rights to foreign capital to tremble.In these cases, the world bank as an international investment bank lending, nonprofit, enjoys high reputation in the world and has a binding, on one hand it can request to the management countries such as the protection of property right system reform, on the other hand has the world bank involved in the investment, will let the folk investors and more confident.This not only can increase investment in developing countries, and make their financing cost reduction.

The United Nations founded in 1945, its main effect is blaming, constraints (not mandatory) no act of state standard.To a certain extent, the United Nations for the third world countries to provide a very important published the place of voice, because before world war ii always have powers to post comments, leading to prepare international rules and chance of place, but weak nation does not.And the United Nations in every country has equal a ticket guarantee it (the United Nations security council is a different matter).

The sound of the platform of a direct effect is, on the one hand, in-60-s 40 in almost all the rest of the colonial countries all have independent (Sri Lanka, Burma, Egypt, Algeria, etc), on the other hand encouraged many Latin American, Africa and Asia countries confiscated foreign property of the company (especially the property right of natural resources), to turn the state-owned.For example, in the 1945 to 1961, 12 American multinational company overseas property confiscated or occupation by foreign governments, but in the 1961 to 1973 years, the United States of the company's overseas property confiscated 160 times.According to the United Nations, 6, seventy s is a multinational company and individual investors overseas property rights in developing countries the invaded confiscated and extensive period, this is to give up force protection after overseas property rights, on international investment, international trade order the biggest challenge.

How to protect the citizens of a country or a company overseas property?

In the mid 1930 s, confiscated a lot of American Mexico oil company, mining companies in Mexico's natural resources property.1937-1941 years, Bolivia confiscated the standard oil company property.Guatemala in five and s also confiscated American companies in the country have land and other natural resources.Chile in the 60 s confiscated Germany in their territory of copper mining.Libya, Iran in the s and early 70 s forced confiscated in the British territory of oil field.Such examples could be listed.

In the United States, for example, in addition to a few cause a series of economic sanctions against the situation, the United States government in the following two principles to deal with its overseas property being invaded the state of affairs: first, a foreign government confiscation of American companies or individuals in overseas of property rights, if is from the public interest (such as railway, Bridges, mining), so basic to be acceptable;Second, even if is from public purposes, confiscate the foreign company or personal property, the parties must pay enough reasonable compensation.Because of this two principles, the mid-twentieth century American companies in the property right of the overseas has been repeatedly confiscated, and not a war, but the debate, the focus of the talks on compensation for the price.

The two principles may also is the focus of the AngRong case.

Contemporary reform and opening up: the world wide beings from me

About the world economic order and the IMF, the world bank, the United Nations and the WTO (and its predecessor GATT) these international organizations such as the establishment of the historical background and, of course, is not thousands of words can say clearly.But having a bit is obviously, to 1978 years of China's reform and opening up, the past 200 years gradually establish the international game rules not only make China to face foreign trade cost reduced greatly, and make the world export market capacity increase greatly, that the Chinese factory, how much the world market can absorb much.Over the past 25 years of successful of course is mainly because of the Chinese people themselves, but in retrospect, China over the years seem to only have to do is put the open doors: open, the more the world economy means let China's economic growth more.

If the now of reform and opening up background back to the nineteenth century in the world order, is whether we can see so much economic success?The answer must be "can't".It is simple, then China's not powerful army for foreign trade service;And no plane transport and Marine capacity, not very low freight costs, computer, electronic technology are also during world war two things.A simple comparison, 16-19 century of multinational companies must want to have oneself of the military, and 20 century of multinational companies don't need to own troops, but must employ many lawyers.This is in the world today, it makes the foreign trade costs are extremely low, export market capacity is great, only in this world will China since 1978 so quickly the research results, the world what revelation to us?

From the Ming dynasty HaiJin began, China stopped taking part in the world order of the building.After the opium war, China can only receive a passive others international order.Only arrived during world war ii, China, as the Japanese, German, Italian Allies, the United States, Britain and Sue was invited to participate in the United Nations in 1944 the preparation and began to build the identity of the active participants in the world order.But the 1949-1978 years, we have closed the doors, no longer with the identity of the constructive participation in the world order established, also do not take the initiative to receive the world rules.

In this paper, the overseas property protection, international order change history review of simple, let us see a clear, although China and didn't directly involved in today's lawyers, to set up the law of the world order, but this kind of order to nearly 25 years of China's economic rise is how the balance.Today, we should at least cherish it, the behaviour with the nature.

So, in the case of liaoning AngRong whether the government should appeal?The answer is obvious.This case from many see is a very historic case.Today, the property right across national borders circulation, across national borders have already is common cross.Foreign companies and individuals can be directly to invest in China and also through in New York, in Singapore exchange buying Chinese company stock.Likewise, haier enterprise can in the U.S. factories investment, with the implementation of the QDII in the future and the yuan convertible, Chinese citizens and companies will also direct and indirect hold overseas company property.In this property behind multinational circulation, people on the international property rights protection nature have certain expectations, the property of the state government behavior also of course have certain expectations, or who will invest money to you here?The rights and interests of the investors protection is a hot topic, we find that even in a united country, even if a unified legal and authority, and the property right of investors don't necessarily have a reliable, justice protection.If we move away from domestic moved to outside, from domestic moved to multinational held property rights, so the difficulty of overseas property protection trillion.In this context, the government behavior is in accordance with the "international practice" is especially important.On one hand, we want to attract foreign investment, to get listed overseas financing, to make our products for export, but on the other hand in the property, and the compliance with the contract on the again, even in appear when property rights disputes still refuse to respondent.The world is such a good thing?

Why can't responding?And will not necessarily responding to lose, will greatly improve in China should appeal overseas public image, make the world more see China as a responsible power.But not responding affirmation is lost, the result can only be more negative.Something worth cheering is, this is the 21 st century, not 18, 19 century world.