故乡鲁迅优质课教案:探寻创意的阴暗面

探寻创意的阴暗面

Not all cheaters are creative. But apparently enough creative people cheat to interest researchers like Francesca Gino. Professor Gino is a behavioral economist at the Harvard Business School in Massachusetts. Behavioral economists use ideas from psychology to study how people make economic choices.

 并非所有作弊者都富有创意。但是很明显，有创意的作弊者人数众多。这引起了佛朗西斯卡·基诺（Francesca Gino）等研究者的注意。

FRANCESCA GINO: "Interestingly, there are actually a lot of examples in the literature, novels, movies, comic books about this idea of the evil genius, but really no empirical evidence for this relationship."

 佛朗西斯卡·基诺表示：“有趣的是，在小说、电影和漫画等文学作品中确实存在着大量这种邪恶的天才人物形象，可是却没有实质性的证据可以证明这两者（作弊和创意）间的关系。”

BATMAN (ADAM WEST): "He's terrorized Gotham City, he's baffled the police department and he's held us up to public ridicule."

 蝙蝠侠（亚当·韦斯特）：“他在哥谭镇引起了恐慌。他迷惑警局，使我们成为公众的笑料。”

Fans of old TV shows might recognize Batman and Robin, struggling to catch one of those evil geniuses -- the Joker.

 经典电视剧的粉丝大概已经认出了蝙蝠侠和罗宾，内心挣扎着要赶紧抓到其中一个邪恶的天才——开玩笑的人。

BATMAN: "Gloating on his own success, he may be planning some super crime and stumble on his own pride."

 蝙蝠侠：“他现在一定在沾沾自喜，计划着下一个超级犯罪计划，为再次发现自己的天才而兴奋不已。”

ROBIN (BURT WARD): "And how do we go about stopping him?"

 罗宾：“我们该如何阻止他的行动？”

BATMAN: "Just go about our normal routine and let the venomous viper trap himself."

 蝙蝠侠：“老规矩，引蛇出洞，让他自投罗网。”

ROBIN: "And when he does."

 罗宾：“然后，等他一行动。”

BATMAN: "Snap!"

 蝙蝠侠：“‘啪’，一举把他拿下。”

ROBIN: "Caught in a bat trap！”

 

罗宾：“把他当场抓个正着！”

BATMAN: "Right."

 蝙蝠侠：“没错。”

Professor Gino was less interested in catching cheaters than understanding them. She tested volunteers to see how creative they were. Then she tested them in situations involving small amounts of money, where they could earn extra by cheating.

 基诺教授对于理解作弊者心理的兴趣甚于要抓捕他们的兴趣。她先对志愿者进行试验，测试他们的创意程度。然后设置情境，让他们身处在涉及少量金钱的情景中对他们进行试验。在情境中，他们可以通过作弊来获取额外的金钱。

For example, they took a test and had to copy their answers onto another paper. But on that other paper the correct answers were already lightly marked, supposedly by mistake. The test-takers knew they would earn more for correct answers. They were led to believe they could cheat without getting caught.

举个例子，他们参加一个测试，测试中他们要把答案抄写到另外一份试卷上去。但是另一份试卷上，正确答案已经做了不是很明显的标记。这大概是某些差错造成的。受试者知道他们将做出更多的正确回答，从而得到更高的分数。试验条件将使他们相信作弊不会被捉到。

 

The results showed that the more creative people were more likely to cheat. By comparison, people who were more intelligent but less creative were not more likely to cheat. Professor Gino says creative people are better at creating excuses to justify their actions to themselves.

 

试验结果显示，越是有创意的人越有可能作弊。相比之下，聪明而创意稍弱的人作弊的可能性比较小。基诺教授说，有创意的人更擅长编造理由来为他们自己的行为辩护。

FRANCESCA GINO: "What we find is that that creativity leads people to be more morally flexible, so they are much more able to come up with justification for the behavior that they're about to engage in and as a result, they are more likely to cheat."

 佛朗西斯科·基诺：“我们发现，创意使人们的道德标准模棱两可，使得他们更容易找出理由来为自己即将采取的行动辩护，因此更倾向于作弊。”

She says workplaces that value creativity also create openings for that moral flexibility. Original thinkers may be less likely to follow all the rules.

 她表示，重视创意的工作场所也创造了模糊道德标准的机会。独创性思维的人不太可能服从所有的规则。

FRANCESCA GINO: "We think that creativity really helps people resolve this conflict between something that is more longer term --which is the idea of being good and moral -- and then something that is more short term, and is the idea of advancing your own self-interest. And that does not necessarily mean getting money out of cheating, but it could also be getting other types of pleasures or utilities."

 佛朗西斯科·基诺：“我们认为，创意确实能够帮助人们解决这样的矛盾，长期的、通常也是符合道德的想法，与短期的、帮助提高个人利益的想法，这两种想法之间的矛盾。这并不一定意味着就是通过作弊来获得金钱，它可以是其他的的乐事或公共资源。”

The study shows the "dark side" of creativity, she says.

 研究表明创意具有阴暗面，她说。

FRANCESCA GINO: "So it's not that we are trying to say that people shouldn't be creative, we are trying to say that they should be creative but they should be thinking about the fact that their creativity can be used for the wrong reasons."

 佛朗西斯科·基诺：“因此，我们想要表达的，并不是说人们不应该创新；我们想要表达的是，人们应该创新，但他们应该考虑这个事实，创意有可能被运用到不好的方面去。”

Her research with Dan Ariely at Duke University appears in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

她和丹·艾瑞里（Dan Ariely）在杜克大学的研究成果发表在《个性和社会心理学杂志》上。

And that's the VOA Special English Health Report. I'm Christopher Cruise.

 以上内容来自美国之音慢速英语健康报告。我是克里斯托夫·克瑞斯。

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Contributing: Rose Hoban

稿件来自：露丝·赫班