烈士子女每月补助标准:失忆症

By Mayo Clinic staff

Amnesia refers to the loss of memories, such as facts, information and experiences. Though having no sense of who you are is a common plot device in movies and television, real-life amnesia generally doesn't cause a loss of self-identity. 

失忆症是指丧失记忆，如事实、信息和经历。虽然不知道你是谁在电影和电视情节中常见，但现实生活中的失忆症一般不会造成自我认同的丧失。

Instead, people with amnesia — also called amnestic syndrome — are usually lucid and know who they are, but may have trouble learning new information and forming new memories. 

取而代之的是，失忆症患者，即失忆综合征，通常头脑清晰且知道他们是谁，但在学习新信息和形成新记忆有困难。

Amnesia can be caused by damage to areas of the brain that are vital for memory processing. Unlike a temporary episode of memory loss (transient global amnesia), amnesia can be permanent. 

对于记忆处理的重要大脑部位受损会造成失忆症。与暂时的片段记忆丧失（发作性全面性遗忘症）不同，失忆症是永久的。

There's no specific treatment for amnesia, but techniques for enhancing memory and psychological support can help people with amnesia and their families cope.

对于失忆症没有特殊的治疗方法，但提高记忆力的技术和心理支持有助于改善患者的失忆症状及家人的处理。

Symptoms

症状

The two main features of amnesia are: 

失忆症的两个主要特征是：

Impaired ability to learn new information following the onset of amnesia (anterograde amnesia)

失忆症初期学习新信息的能力受损(顺行性遗忘)

Impaired ability to recall past events and previously familiar information (retrograde amnesia)

回忆过去的事件及先前熟悉信息的能力受损（逆行性遗忘）

Most people with amnesia have problems with short-term memory — they can't retain new information. Recent memories are most likely to be lost, while more remote or deeply ingrained memories may be spared. Someone may recall experiences from childhood or know the names of past presidents, but not be able to name the current president or remember what month it is or what was for breakfast. 

许多失忆症患者有短期记忆问题——他们不能记住新消息。最新的记忆最有可能遗忘，而越遥远的或根深蒂固的记忆可能会保留。某人能回忆起童年的经历，或者往届总统的名字，但不能叫出现任总统的名字或记起刚刚说过的话或者早餐吃的什么。

Isolated memory loss doesn't affect a person's intelligence, general knowledge, awareness, attention span, judgment, personality or identity. People with amnesia usually can understand written and spoken words and can learn skills such as bike riding or piano playing. They also may understand they have a memory disorder. 

单纯的记忆丧失不会影响个体的智力、常识、意识、注意力、判断力、性格或身份的认同。失忆症患者通常能够理解所写和所说的单词，而且能够学习诸如骑自行车或弹钢琴等技能。他们也可以认同他们患有记忆障碍。

Amnesia isn't the same as dementia. Dementia often includes memory loss, but it also involves other significant cognitive problems that lead to a decline in the ability to carry out daily activities. A pattern of forgetfulness is also a common symptom of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but the memory and other cognitive problems in MCI aren't as severe as those experienced in dementia. 

失忆症不同于痴呆。痴呆通常包括记忆力丧失，但它也涉及其他一些严重的认知问题，这些问题可导致从事日常活动的能力下降。某种类型的健忘也是轻微认知障碍（MCI）的一种常见症状，但在MCI，记忆力和其他认知问题并没有痴呆患者那么严重。

Additional signs and symptoms

其他体征和症状

Depending on the cause of the amnesia, other signs and symptoms may include: 

根据失忆症发生的原因，其他指征和症状包括：

False recollections (confabulation), either completely invented or made up of genuine memories misplaced in time

虚假的记忆（虚谈症），或者完全的虚构或编造在时间上不合时宜的真实记忆

Neurological problems such as uncoordinated movements, tremors or seizures，confusion or disorientation

神经问题，如运动不协调，震颤或惊厥，糊涂或没有方向感。

有无法解释的记忆丧失、头部损伤、糊涂或方向感缺失者在就医时需立刻进行药物治疗。失忆症患者可能不会确定他或她所处的位置，也不能记住要寻求医疗帮助。如果你知晓某人患有失忆症，那么帮助他（她）就医。

Causes

病因

Normal memory function involves many parts of the brain, and any disease or injury that affects the brain can interfere with the intricacies of memory. Amnesia can result from damage to brain structures that form the limbic system, which controls your emotions and memories. These structures include the thalamus, which lies deep within the center of your brain, and the hippocampal formations, which are situated within the temporal lobes of your brain. 

正常记忆功能涉及脑部的许多部分，因此累及脑部的任何疾病或损伤都能影响记忆的错综复杂。失忆可由于形成边缘系统的脑部结构受损引起，从而控制你的情绪和记忆。这些结构包括位于脑部中心深层的丘脑，位于颞叶的海马结构。

Amnesia caused by brain injury or damage is known as neurological or organic amnesia. Possible causes of neurological amnesia include: 

由于脑损伤或破坏造成的失忆症称为神经性或器质性失忆。神经性失忆症的可能原因包括：

Stroke

脑卒中

Brain inflammation (encephalitis) resulting from infection with a virus such as herpes simplex virus or as an autoimmune reaction to cancer somewhere else in the body (paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis)

由病毒感染（如单纯疱疹病毒）引发的脑部发炎（脑炎）或是身体其他部位癌症的自身免疫反应（副肿瘤边缘叶脑炎）

Lack of adequate oxygen in the brain (for example, from heart attack, respiratory distress or carbon monoxide poisoning)

脑部缺乏足够的氧气（例如，心脏病发作、呼吸窘迫症或一氧化碳中毒）

Long-term alcohol abuse leading to thiamin (vitamin B-1) deficiency (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome)

长期酗酒引起硫胺素（维生素B1）缺乏（Wernicke-Korsakoff 综合征）

Tumors in areas of the brain that control memory

掌管记忆区域的脑部肿瘤

Degenerative brain diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia

退行性脑部疾病，如老年痴呆症和其他类型的痴呆

Seizures

癫痫

Electroconvulsive therapy, a procedure in which electrical currents are passed through the brain, sometimes used to treat certain mental illnesses

电休克疗法，一种将电流通过大脑的治疗，有时用于治疗某种精神疾病

Certain medications, such as benzodiazepines

某种药物，如苯二氮平类药物

Head injuries, such as those sustained in car accidents, can lead to confusion and problems remembering new information, especially in the early stages of recovery — but usually don't cause severe amnesia. 

在车祸中的头部创伤，能引起意识模糊，记住新信息也有困难，特别是康复的早期阶段——但通常不会造成严重的失忆。

Another rare type of amnesia, called psychogenic or dissociative amnesia, stems from emotional shock or trauma, such as being the victim of a violent crime. In this disorder, a person may lose personal memories and autobiographical information, usually only briefly. 

另一种罕见的失忆类型，称为心因性失忆症或分离性遗忘症，缘于感情上的打击或创伤，例如暴力犯罪的目击者。对于这种疾病，

Risk factors

风险因素

The chance of developing amnesia might increase if you've experienced: 

如果你有以下经历的话，患失忆症的几率会增加：

Brain surgery, head injury or trauma

脑部手术，头部损伤或创伤

Stroke

脑卒中

Alcohol abuse

酗酒

Seizures

癫痫

Complications

合并症

Amnesia varies in severity and scope, but even mild amnesia takes a toll on daily activities and quality of life. The syndrome can cause problems at work, at school and in social settings. It may not be possible to recover lost memories. Some people with severe memory problems need to live in a supervised situation or extended care facility. 

失忆症的严重程度及影响范围不同，但即使是轻度失忆也会妨碍日常生活，降低生活质量。症状可以在工作、学习以及社会中造成问题。可能不会恢复丧失的记忆。对于有严重记忆问题患者必须实施监控或扩大护理范围。

Preparing for your appointment

准备看医生

You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, you may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system (neurologist). 

开始时你可能会看家庭医生或全科医生。不过，后来你可能会找脑部和神经系统专科医生（神经科专家）就诊。

It's a good idea to arrive at your appointment well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect from your doctor. 

就诊时的充分准备是一个好主意。这里有一些信息帮助你准备预约就医，以及在就诊时要向医生了解的问题。

What you can do 

你能做些什么

Write down any unusual symptoms as you experience them, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment.Write down key personal information, including any major stresses or recent life changes you can recall. Ask family members or friends to help you to ensure your list is complete.Make a list of all medications, vitamins or supplements you're taking.Ask a family member or friend to come with you. Even in the best circumstances, it can be difficult to remember all of the information provided to you during an appointment. Someone with you can help you remember everything that was said.Bring a notepad and pen or pencil to jot down the points you want to be sure to remember later.Write down questions to ask your doctor.Preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time with your doctor, as well as ensure that you cover everything you want to ask. For amnesia, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: 

写出你所经历的任何反常的症状，包括一些似乎与你打算就诊无关的原因。写下你的关键个人信息，包括你能回忆起来的主要压力或最近生活的改变。询求家人或朋友的帮助以确保你所列出的项目完整。列出你服用的所有药物、维生素或补剂。请家人或朋友陪你一起来就医。即使在最佳状态下，就诊时回忆起所有的信息都是困难的。写出要询问医生的问题。准备一张问题表有助于你在就医时充分利用时间，而且能够确保你能得到你想要的回答。对于失忆症，要询问医生的基本问题包括：

What's the most likely cause of my symptoms?

引起我的症状最可能的原因是什么？

Are there other possible causes for my symptoms?

还有没有其他可能的原因？

What kinds of tests do I need? Do these tests require any special preparation?

我要做哪些化验？这些化验是否需要特殊的准备？

Will my memory ever come back?

我的记忆还能恢复吗？

What treatments are available, and which do you recommend?

可以得到哪些治疗，您有怎样的建议？

I have other health conditions. How can I best manage them together?

我还有其他一些疾病。如何能最好地治疗这些疾患？

Do I need to restrict any activities?

我是否必须限制一些活动？

Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take home? What websites do you recommend?

有没有一些我可以带回家的宣传小册子或其他印刷材料？您推荐哪个网站？

In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment at any time that you don't understand something. 

除了你准备问医生的问题外，在就诊时如果有不懂的问题应该毫不犹豫地询问医生。

What to expect from your doctor

你期待从医生那里得到些什么？

Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, including: 

你的医生可能会问你一些问题，包括

When did you first notice your memory loss?

你在什么时候第一次发现你的记忆力下降？

Did you experience any other symptoms at that time?

在那段时间你是否还有其他症状？

Were you involved in any trauma? For example, a car accident, violent collision in sports or an assault?

你是否有外伤？例如，车祸、运动中的暴力冲撞或暴力？

Did an illness or another event seem to trigger the memory loss?

有没有疾病或其他事件诱发记忆丧失？

Does anything help improve your memory?

有没有能改善你记忆的东西？

What, if anything, appears to worsen your memory loss?

如果有，什么会加重你记忆丧失？

Are the memory problems intermittent or constant?

记忆问题是间歇性的还是一贯的？

Has the memory loss stayed the same or is it getting worse?

记忆丧失始终保持在某种程度还是不断加重？

Did the memory loss come on suddenly or gradually?

记忆丧失是突然出现的还是逐渐的？

Tests and diagnosis

化验和诊断

To diagnose amnesia, a doctor will do a comprehensive evaluation to rule out other possible causes of memory loss, such as Alzheimer's disease, other forms of dementia, depression or brain tumor. 

为了确诊失忆症，医生要进行全面的评估以除外其他引起记忆丧失的可能原因，如老年痴呆、其他类型的痴呆、抑郁症或脑肿瘤。

Medical history

病史

The evaluation starts with a detailed medical history. Because the person with memory loss may not be able to provide thorough information, a family member, friend or another caregiver generally takes part in the interview as well. 

评估始于详细的病史。因为记忆丧失的患者可能不能提供完整的信息，家人、朋友或其他监护人通常也接受问询。

The doctor will ask many questions to understand the memory loss. Issues that might be addressed include: 

医生会询问一些问题以了解记忆丧失的情况。这些问题包括：

Type of memory loss (can the person remember recent events and remote events?)

记忆丧失类型（患者能记住最近发生的和以前发生的事情吗？）

When the memory problems started and how they progressed

记忆问题何时出现的，怎样进展？

Triggering factors, such as head injury, stroke or surgery

触发因素，如头部损伤、脑卒中或手术

Family history, especially of neurological disease

家族史，特别是神经系统疾病

Drug and alcohol use

使用的药物和酒精

Other signs and symptoms, such as confusion, language problems, personality changes or impaired ability to care for self

其他体征和症状，如意识模糊、语言障碍、人格改变或自我护理的能力受损

History of seizures, headaches, depression or cancer

癫痫、头疼、抑郁或癌症史

Physical exam

体格检查

The physical examination may include a neurological exam to check reflexes, sensory function, balance, and other physiological aspects of the brain and nervous system. 

在这里输入译文

体格检查可包含神经系统检查以检验反射、感觉功能、平衡和其他脑部及神经系统生理学情况。

Cognitive tests

认知检查

The doctor will test the person's thinking, judgment, and recent and long-term memory. He or she will check the person's knowledge of general information — such as the name of the current president — as well as personal information and past events. The memory evaluation can help determine the extent of memory loss and provide insights about what kind of help the person may need. 

在这里输入译文医生将测试患者的思考力、判断力及最近和长远记忆力。他或她将检验患者的常识（例如现任总统的名字）、个人信息以及过去发生的事情。记忆评估可有助于确定记忆丧失的程度，对患者需要哪方面的帮助提供意见。

Imaging tests

成像检验

Diagnostic imaging tests — including MRI, CT scan and electroencephalogram — may be ordered to look for damage or abnormalities in the brain. Blood tests can check for infection, nutritional deficiencies or other issues. 

诊断性成像检验包括MRI、CT扫描和脑电图，可用于寻找脑部的损伤或异常。血检可检验感染、营养不良或其他异常。

Treatments and drugs

治疗和药物

Treatment for amnesia focuses on techniques and strategies to help make up for the memory problem. 

失忆症的治疗关键在于技术和方法以帮助弥补记忆问题。

Occupational therapy

职业疗法

A person with amnesia may work with an occupational therapist to learn new information to replace what was lost, or to use intact memories as a basis for taking in new information. Memory training may also include a variety of strategies for organizing information so that it's easier to remember and for improving understanding of extended conversation. 

失忆症患者可以再职业治疗师的帮助下学习新信息以取代丢失的记忆，或以完整的记忆为基础吸收新的信息。记忆训练也可包括各种各样的策略来组织信息从而更容易记住和改进对拓展谈话的理解。

Technological assistance

技术辅助

Many people with amnesia find it helpful to use a PDA, such as a Palm Treo, BlackBerry or iPhone. With some training and practice, even people with severe amnesia can use these electronic organizers to help with day-to-day tasks. For example, they can program the PDA to remind them about important events or to take medications. 

许多失忆症患者发现使用PDA有帮助，如Palm Treo、黑莓或iPhone。通过某些训练和实践，即使是严重失忆症患者也可以借助这些电子万用笔记本帮助他们完成日常的活动。例如，他们可以PDA上设定程序来提醒他们重要的事情或服药。

Low-tech memory aids include notebooks, wall calendars, pill minders and photographs of people and places. 

低端记忆辅助包括笔记本、台历、小纸条及某人和某地的照片。

Medications or supplements

药物或补剂

No medications are currently available for treating most types of amnesia. Because Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome involves a lack of thiamin, treatment includes replacing this vitamin and providing proper nutrition. Although treatment, which also needs to include alcohol abstinence, can help prevent further damage, most people won't recover all of their lost memory. 

对于大多数类型的失忆症目前尚无治疗方法。因为Wernicke-Korsakoff 综合征涉及硫胺素缺乏，所以治疗包括维生素替代和提供适当的营养。虽然治疗（也必须包括戒酒）能防止进一步损伤，但大多数人不能完全恢复记忆。

Researchers are investigating several neurotransmitters involved in memory formation, which may one day lead to new treatments for memory disorders. But the complexity of the brain processes involved makes it unlikely that a single medication will be able to resolve memory problems. 

研究者正在研发包含记忆形成的几种神经传递素，这可能成为将来治疗记忆损伤的新方法。但大脑处理涉及的复杂性不可能用单一药物治疗就能治愈记忆问题。

Coping and support

处理和支持

Living with amnesia can be frustrating for the person with memory loss, and for family and friends too. More-severe forms of amnesia may require direct assistance for the affected person from family, friends or professional caregivers. 

对于记忆缺失的人生活在失忆症中会非常沮丧，他的家人和朋友也同样难过。对于患者而言，较严重类型的失忆症需要来自家人、朋友或专业护理人员的直接帮助。

It can be helpful to talk with others who understand what you're going through, and who may be able to provide advice or tips on living with amnesia. Ask your doctor if he or she knows of a support group in your area for people with amnesia and their loved ones. 

和那些了解患者经历的人，能够对失忆症生活提供建议或出主意的人交谈非常有帮助。向你的医生咨询，他（她）所知道的你所在地针对失忆症患者的支持团体以及他们钟爱的。

If an underlying cause for the amnesia is identified, there are national organizations that can provide additional information or support for the individual and their families. Examples include: 

如果确定了失忆症的根本病因，那么对于个人和家庭有提供其他信息和支持的国家组织机构。例如：

The Alzheimer's Association (800-272-3900)

老年痴呆协会 (800-272-3900)

The Brain Injury Association of America (800-444-6443)

美国脑损伤协会(800-444-6443)

Prevention

预防

Because damage to the brain can be a root cause of amnesia, it's important to take steps to minimize your chance of a brain injury. For example: 

由于脑部损伤是引起失忆的根本原因，因此采取措施降低脑损伤的发生率很重要。例如：

Avoid excessive alcohol use.

不要酗酒

Wear a helmet when bicycling and a seat belt when driving.

骑自行带好头盔，开车时系好安全带。

Treat any infection quickly so that it doesn't have a chance to spread to the brain.

对任何感染应尽快治疗以至于不会有机会蔓延到脑部。

Seek immediate medical treatment if you have any symptoms that suggest a stroke or brain aneurysm, such as a severe headache or one-sided numbness or paralysis.

如果有任何症状提示脑卒中或脑动脉瘤，如严重的头痛或半边麻木或偏瘫，应立即求医。