负向激励:家人打哈哈更容易传染

很多人都知道打哈哈会传染，也就是当我们看到别人打哈哈，自己总是情不自禁的也要打，这个现象长期以来一直困扰着科学家们。

Although some suggested the behaviour was at least in part a form of social empathy which helps people connect with one another, it was unclear what determines whether we "catch" a yawn or not. 

尽管很多人任认为这个行为只是人与人之间沟通的方式，是共情的一种，但是对于什么决定我们去“捕捉”到哈哈的，却不得而知。

Now a new study has shown that the biggest factor in whether or not a yawn is contagious is the relationship between the yawner and the person who hears or sees it. 

现在有个新的研究结果表明，影响打哈哈的传染性的是打哈哈的人与看见/听见打哈哈的人的关系。

We are most likely to catch or pass on a yawn when interacting with close family members, followed on a decreasing scale by friends, then acquaintances and lastly strangers – the same pattern that is seen for other measures of empathy. 

在亲近的家人身边，我们更容易捕捉和传递哈哈，其次是朋友，熟人，最后是陌生人。在这点上，跟共情的影响是一样的。

Children do not develop contagious yawning until the age of four or five – the same point at which they develop the ability to interpret other people's emotions properly. 

儿童一般在四到五岁才会因为看到/听到别人打哈哈而自己打哈哈，因为直到那个年龄段，他们才能正确得解读别人的感受。

The findings, published in the Public Library of Science ONE journal, confirms the theory that yawn contagion is a form of empathetic bonding that happens within social groups, scientists said. 

科学家指出，在Public Library of Science ONE杂志上的一些论据证明了打哈哈传染是共鸣的一种体现

Researchers from the University of Pisa in Italy analysed 480 bouts of yawning among 109 adults in Europe, North America, Asia and Africa over a 12-month period. 

意大利的PISA大学的研究学者们用一年的时间分析了来自欧洲，北美，亚洲，非洲的109个成年人的480轮哈哈

They found that half of all yawns are contagious between family members, compared with about a quarter of those between friends, an eighth between acquaintances and fewer than one in ten between strangers. 

他们发现有一半的哈哈是家人间传递的，四分之一是朋友，八分之一是熟人，剩下不到十分之一是陌生人

The results also showed that the delay in which a yawn is passed on is longer between strangers than between people who know each other well. 

这个结果同时表明，陌生人之间传递哈哈的时间也要比熟人更长一些

Prof Elisabetta Palagi, who co-authored the study, said: "We wanted to try to understand what are the most important factors affecting yawn contagion in humans so we had the idea to collect data for one year in different countries in the world. 

Elisabetta Palagi教授，也是这项研究的发起人之一，指出“我们一开始是想理解影响人们哈哈的最重要的因素都有哪些，于是我们就想从不同的国家用一年的时间来采样。

"We found that the most important factor is not nationality, the colour of skin, different cultural habits, sex or age of the people involved, but the type of relationship that linked the two people." 

然后我们发现，最重要的影响因素不是国际，不是肤色，不是文化习俗，性别，年龄，而是人与人之间的关系的远近。”

Similar behaviour in monkeys suggests that the relationship between yawn contagion and empathy may have developed before the last common ancestor of humans, other apes and monkeys, she added.

同时，她补充到，猴子类似的行为说明我们可以追溯到人类与猿猴，猩猩的共同的祖先那里，打哈哈和共情的关系应该是在那时就已经形成了