filewriter 编码:写作一点通：英语缩写、改写、仿写的技巧

要提高书面表达能力不能靠乱写, 必须经过指导性写作（guided writing）训练, 搞好过渡与衔接。

从语言使用的方式来分, 阅读属于“输入”, 写作属于“输出”。语言学习必须遵循的一条基本原则是: “输入”大于“输出”。因此要把阅读和写作结合起来, 以阅读带动写作, 指导写作, 在阅读中学会写作。要循序渐进地提高写作能力, 必须学会对所读材料进行缩写、改写和仿写。这三种训练既保证了阅读和写作之间顺利的“对接”, 又可以通过阅读与写作这样的综合训练, 把语言知识的巩固与语言能力的培养有机结合起来。

具体可以这样做:

先读一篇短文, 然后就短文的主要内容回答问题（不少教材都附有这类问题）, 再选择连接词语, 把问题的答案连接起来, 就成了原文的缩写。

让我们以下文为例, 首先快速阅读这篇短文。

Through the Forest

     Mrs Anne Sterling did not think of the risk she was taking when she ran through a forest after two men. They had rushed up to her while she was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with her children and tried to steal her handbag. In the struggle, the strap broke and, with the bag in their possession, both men started running through the trees. Mrs Sterling got so angry that she ran after them. She was soon out of breath, but she continued to run. When she caught up with them, she saw that they had sat down and were going through the contents of the bag, so she ran straight at them. The men got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away. “The strap needs mending."said Mrs Sterling later, “but they did not steal anything."

然后回答短文后面的问题, 并用括号中所给的连词把问题的答案连成一篇不超过70个词的短文。

1. How many men tried to steal Mrs Sterling's handbag?

2. What was she doing at the time?

3. Did they take the bag or not? Where did they run? （and）

4. Did she run after them or not? Did she catch up with them or not? （and）

5. Had the men sat down or not? What were they doing? （and）

6. What did Mrs Sterling do? What did they do? （so）

根据上面的答案及连词, 这篇短文可以缩写成:

Two men tried to steal Mrs Sterling's handbag while she was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with her children. After a struggle they took the bag and started running through the trees. Mrs Sterling ran after them and caught up with them. They had sat down and were going through the contents of the bag. Mrs Sterling ran straight at them. So they dropped the bag and ran away.

在缩写的基础上可以使用学过的词汇、句型、语法, 对原文进行改写。

如改写上面的短文可以使用这些句型或词语:

somebody was doing sth. when..., breathless, having seized, what was in the bag, so frightened that... 等。原文中最后一句话也可以用评述者的口吻来写。写成这样（改写的部分用斜体标明）:

Mrs Sterling was having a picnic at the edge of a forest with her children when two men rushed up to her and tried to steal her bag. In the struggle, the strap was broken. Having seized the bag in their hands, the two men started running through the trees. Mrs Sterling got so angry that she ran after them. Soon she became breathless, but she continued to run. When she caught up with them, she found them sitting near the trees and going through what was in the bag. So she ran straight at them. The men were so frightened that they dropped the bag and ran away. Thus Mrs Sterling got her bag back. She was sorry for the broken strap, but she was proud of herself, for nothing had been stolen.

在改写的基础上应进一步学会仿写。

在这篇短文后面, 为我们提供了下面这样的练习:

Composition

Rewrite the following sentences using the joining words in the brackets.

1. Thieves can be very daring. They can be very timid. （either... or）

2. A thief once broke into a house. He stole some money. The lady caught him. （and... but）

3. The thief gave back the money. He paid for the window he had broken. （notonly... but also）

这样写当然很容易了, 只须用连词把这几句话连起来即可。这主要是为了训练你连句成篇的能力。这也是一种重要的语篇能力。

严格说, 这还不叫仿写。你可以加上必要的词语、句型。如写这篇短文时, 你可以用 demand that sb. （should）do sth., or（否则）, 被动语态, 上面用过的so frightened that... 以及倒装句, 把这篇短文写成这样:

Thieves can be either very daring or very timid.

Once a thief broke into a house and stole some money, but unfortunately he was caught by the lady of the house. She demanded that he give back the money and pay for the window he had broken; or she'd send him to the police. The thief got so frightened that not only did he give back the money, but also paid for the broken window as he was told to.

为了进一步提高缩写、改写和仿写的难度, 你可以从原文或所给的句子中选择关键词语。所选的词语应尽量属于短文中信息的结合点。即看到它们很容易联想到短文必然要出现的其它词语, 而且动词、名词不必变化, 冠词、介词、连词等能省的就省。如果你自己觉得这样做不容易, 可以找一位同学帮忙。这样写, 你就必须考虑词与词之间的关系, 使用词的正确形式, 加上必要的冠词、介词、连接词语、使用正确的动词时态、语态、非谓语动词, 以及主从复合句等等。总之, 几乎所有的语法项目你都必须在语篇中通盘考虑。更为重要的是: 为了连句成篇, 你还必须加上恰当的连接词语。这将有效地提高你的语篇分析理解能力。所以缩写、改写和仿写是提高阅读理解能力和语篇表达能力之间的极好的结合点, 是巩固语言基础知识, 培养语言运用能力的最有效的方式之一。