钢结构cad注册码:中考英语语法总汇及精练(1)

2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化
   ①改变单数名词中的元音字母
   eg. man--men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese, mouse--mice
   ②单复数同形  eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,…
         ③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数
         eg. a man doctor— men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers
     注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分,在使用时只有复数形式
     eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, scissors, etc;有些名词从形式上看是复数,   
 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news
 3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:
同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。eg. food 食物--- foods 各种食物，
time 时间 --- times  时代，green 绿色 ---greens 青菜
有些不可数名词用复数代指具体的事物
eg. hope ---hopes 希望     hardship --- hardships 艰苦
物质名词在表示数量时,常用某个量词+of来表示
eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of bread, several bags of rice, …
三、名词的所有格
名词的所有格是表示名词之间的所有关系,有两种表示形式, 一种是在名词后+’s；另一种是用of, 表示 “……的”。
1. (1) 一般词的所有格, 直接在词尾 +’s。 eg. Mr. Mott’s robot, children’s clothes
  (2) 以s结尾的名词所有格只在词尾 +’  eg. teachers’ books
  (3) 两人共有的物体, 则在第二个名词后+’s; 如果分别是两人所有, 则在每个名词后面
      +’s。 eg. Lucy and Lily’s room. (指两人共住一个房间)
           Mrs. Green’s and Mrs. Brown’s son. (指两人各自的儿子)
  (4) 表示某具体场所时, 所有格后面的名词可省略
      eg. the doctor’s (office)    Mr. White’s
2.(1) 没有生命的事物一般用of 短语来表示所属关系。
    eg. the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom，
  (2) 名词的的定语较长时,有生命的事物也可用of短语表示。
     eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man
双重所有格  eg. a friend of his,  the big nose of Tom’s
有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加’s来构成所有格。
eg. ten minutes’ walk, today’s newspaper
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. They got much _____ from those new books.
  A. ideas   B. photos   C. news   D. stories
  解析: much 是用来修饰不可数名词的, A B D三个选项均是可是名词的复数形式, C项为不可数名词, 因此选C.
2. I have two _______ and three bottles of _________ here.
  A. orange, orange          B. oranges, oranges
  C. oranges, orange         D. orange, oranges
解析: orange 有两种含义, 一种可数名词橘子, 另一种是不可数名词橘汁, 此题第一空应填可数名词, 第二空填不可数名词, 因此选 C。
3. Every evening M r. King takes a _________ to  his home .
  A. 25 minutes’ walk            B. 25 minute’s walk
  C. 25 minute walk              D. 25 minutes walk
解析: 句中的 minute应该用其复数的所有格形式,只+’,而不能+s,因此选A。
4. An old _______ wants to see you.
  A. people      B. person     C. the people    D. the person
解析: person 与people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同. “一个人”用 “a person”,
“两个人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人们”是集合名词,表示复数, the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一个民族”. 应选B。
5. Help yourself to __________.
  A. chickens and apples                 B. chickens and apple
  C. chicken and apple                   D. chicken and apples
解析: chicken 可用作可数名词指小鸡,用作不可数名词指鸡肉,根据词题意应理解为鸡肉;apple为可数名词, 故应+s, 因此选D。
6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _________.
  A. room’s number      B. rooms’ number     C. room numbers      D. rooms’ numbers
解析: room number 房间号码. room可直接用作定语修饰后面的名词 . 类似的还有my phsics teacher,  two bus drivers 等.  应选C。
7. She has been in Tianjin for ten years. Tianjin has become her second _________.
  A. family       B. house      C. home       D. room
解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成员; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房间;而home 指的是家, 因此选C.
8. ________ mothers couldn’t go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai .
  A. Mary and Peter’s              B. Mary and Peter
  C. Mary’s and Peter              D. Mary’s and Peter’s
解析: 此句中 “mothers”是复数,表示两个人各自的母亲,因此应选D。
9. Li Lei has been to __________ many times this month.
  A. her uncle    B. her uncle’s     C. her uncles          D. aunt’s
解析: 此句意为 “李雷这个去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具体场所时, 可省去所有格后面的名词.
因此选B。
10. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ________ in teaching.
   A. many experiences          B. much experience
   C. an experience              D. a lot experience
解析: experience  作 “经验” 讲时是不可数名词, 作 “经历”讲时是可数名词. 本句中应理解为 “经验”,因此是不可数名词,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此选B。
11. A classmate of _________ was here ten minutes ago.
   A. you        B. your         C. your sister         D. your sister’s
解析: 此题考查名词的双重所有格.应选D。
12. A group of _________ are talking with two ___________.
   A. Frenchmen, Germans        B. Germans ,Frenchmans 
   C. Frenchmans , Germen        D. Germen , Frenchmen
解析:  Frenchman 是复合词,其复数形式为 Frenchmen; German 的复数为直接在单词末尾+S, 应选A.
13.The team ________  having a meeting .
   A. is        B. are         C. am          D. be
解析: team 是一个集合名词,即可表示复数意义(指整个小组) , 也可指小组中的成员(表示复数), 此题意为后者, 因此选B。
14. “Would you like _________?”    “________, please.”
A. drink, Three coffees          B. a cup of drink, Coffees
C. a drink, A coffee             D. a drink, Three cups of coffees
解析: drink 和coffee是不可数名词, 可以用…of来表示数量, eg, three cups of coffee,
当前面加a 时,则表示　“一杯”．因此选C。
15. The Great Wall was made not only by _______, but also the flesh and blood of ________ men.
   A.earth and stone, millions of          B. earths and stones, millions
   C. the earth and stone, million of        D. the earths and stones, millions
解析：earth 是不可数名词，因此删除B D,数以百万的应为millions of .
因此选A。
练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！
 选择最佳答案：
1． Last night, there was a food accident. The _______ were ill, but no _______ were lost.
A. child, lives     B. children, life     C. children, lives    D. child, life
2. ---This is a photo of _________ when they were young.
  ---OK, how happy they both looked!
  A. my father and mother             B. my mother and father's
  C. my mother's and father's           D.my father's and my mother
3. The new student is in __________ , Grade Two.
   A. Class Third     B. Third Class     C. Class Three      D. Three class
4. Today is September 10th. It's __________ Day. Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.
  A. Teachers       B. Teachers'       C. the Teachers'       D. Teacher's
5. The market isn't far from here. It's only _________ bicycle ride.
  A.half an hours'    B. half an hour's     C. half an hour      D. an hour and a half
6. --- What would you like to drink, girls?
  --- _________, please.
  A.Two cup of coffee       B. Two cups of coffe
  C. Two cups of coffee      D. Two cups of coffees
7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _________.
  A. fun         B. wishes       C. interest       D. thanks
8. Some _________ are flying kites near the river.
  A. child        B. boy       C. boys        D. childs
9. After the exam, we'll have________ holiday.
  A. two weeks    B. two-weeks    C. two weeks'     D. two week's
10. They are those _________ bags.Please put them on the bus.
  A. visitor      B. visitors        C. visitor's          D. visitors'
11.--- How many workers are there in your factory?
  --- There are two ___________.
   A. hundreds      B. hundred       C. hundred of      D. hundreds of
12. ---What do you think of the _______ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven?
   --- It sounds really wonderful.
  A. subject      B. music      C. book       D. animal
13. There is not enough _________ in the corner for the fridge.
  A. place        B. room      C. field        D. ground
 14. _________ comes from sheep and some people like eating it
A. Wool       B. Pork       C. Mutton        D. Milk
15. If you don't take more ________, you'll get fat.
A. medicine    B. lessons     C. photos      D. exercise
16. My school is about twenty ________ walk from here.
   A. minute      B. minutes'    C. minutes's     D. minutes
17. Mum, I have _______ to tell you!
  A. a good news    B. some good news    C. some good newes   D. much good news
18. Which is the ________ to the post office?
  A. street         B. way        C. road       D. address
19. I stayed at ________ last Sunday.
  A. my uncles      B. my uncles'     C. my uncle's     D. my uncle's family
20. Maths ________ not easy to learn.
  A. are          B. is           C. am         D. were
 1-5  CBCBB     6-10 CACCD     11-15 ABBCD    16-20 BBBCB

冠词
冠词分为不定冠词(a, an )和定冠词 (the)

例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. _______ milk is food. ________ milk in this cup has gone bad.
2. ---Do you like playing _________ football?
  ---Yes. But I have only _________ basketball.
3. Do you know _______girl on ________another side of ________ lake?
4. There’s ________ “u” and ________ “s” in ________work “use”.
5. She says ________animals cant’s live without __________air, either.
6. His father, who is ________honest man, is teaching in ________ university.
7. Which is heavier, ________elephant or ________ horse?
8. ________ cold wind was blowing from the north.
9. He is always ready to help _________ old and ________ young.
10. ________ Greens are traveling in _________ South China.
11. Although ________ most of us like to drink beer, those who drink ________most are _______    least healthy.
12.Xiaomei saw _________ interesting film last night. ________ film was about _________ kind doctor.
13. You can have _________ second try if you fail _______ first time.
14. Tom went to _________ school as usual, but he didn’t know his father went to ________school for a parent meeting.
15. ________ knowledge begins with _________ practice.
解析：１．/, the  (milk 是物质名词，一般不用冠词，　但后面加上一个定语in the cup 后，使其成为特指，所以需要用定冠词the.)
2. / , the  (球类运动前不用the ; 指一个物体要用不定冠词a )
3. the,/, the ( 特指这个女孩用the;名词前已有定语another;)
4. a, an, the (“u” 发音以辅音开头所以用a;“s” 发音以元音开头所以用an; 特指这个单词用the)
5. /,/ (泛指动物所以不用任何冠词; air 不可数名词，其前一般不用冠词)
6. an, the ( honest 发音以元音开头，故用an, 在大学里为in the university)
7. an, a 或the ,the ( 不定冠词a , an 和 定冠词the与名词单数连用表示种类)
8. a (物质名词coffee, food, tea, fog, rain, snow, wind等，在表示　“一种”或　“一场”的意义时，前面要加不定冠词。
9. the, the ( 形容词前加定冠词，表示一类人)
10. The ,/ ( 姓氏的复数前加定冠词the 表示一家人；在华南是in South China)
11. /, the, the ( most当大多数讲时前面不用the；后两空均为形容词的最高级，前面要加the)
12. a, the, a ( 第一空和第三空都指一个事物，第二空是特指前面提到的电影)
13. a, the (a second try 指的是第二次)
14./, the (go to school 去上学，　go to the school 去那所学校)
15./,/ (具有单纯意义的物质名词或抽象名词前，一般不用冠词)

练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！
一、在空白处填入a / an 或the。
1. ---Mum, what shall we have for _______dinner?
   ---Dumplings.
   ---Oh, what _______ wonderful dinner! I enjoy it very much.
2. _________ PLA was founded on __________August 1st,1927
3. _______ Kings came to us at _________ noon.
4. The scientists from ________ United States live in __________ Ninth Street.
5. The doctor to him, “Take ________ medicine twice ________day. Stay in _________ bed and you’ll be better soon.”
6. September 10th is ____________ Teachers’ Day.
7. Mr Black arrived here on __________ Tuesday morning.
8. There are four seasons in _______year. ________ first season is spring. It is __________ best one of __________ four.
9. Some people have been to _________moon, in _______ spaceship.
10. _______ China is _________ old country with _________ long history
答案
1. /, a  2. the, / 3.the , /  4. the, the  5. the, a, /  6. /   7. /   8. a, the ,the , the  9.the, /  10../,an,/ a
二、选择填空：  A. /   B. a   C. an   D. the
They are living ______happy life now.
______bag on ______desk is mine.
There is ______empty box on the table.
Do you like ______music of the film “Titanic”?
On ______Saturday, I stay in ______bed till 12:00.
______Browns have been to China twice.
Don’t make any noise in ______class.
This is such ______interesting story that you must listen to it.
Next week they will go to Australia by ______air.
Which is bigger, ______sun or ______moon?
 Key: 1----5 BDCDA    6----10 DACAD
三、在空白处填入a / an或the。
1. This morning I bought _____ newspaper and _____ magazine. _______ newspaper is in my bag but I don’t know where I put ______ magazine.
2. I saw ______ accident this morning. ______ car crashed into ______ tree. ______ driver of ______ car wasn’t hurt but ______ car was badly damaged.
3. There are two cars parked outside: ______ blue one and _______ grey one. _______ blue one is my neighbour’s; I don’t know who ______ owner of _______ grey one is.
4. My friends live in _______ old house in _______ small village. There is _______ beautiful garden behind _______ house. I would like to have ______ garden like that.
1．a ,a, The the      2.an, a, a, The ,the, the      3. A, a, the the, the   4. an, a, a, the, a
代词
人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如：She is my English teacher.
宾格在句中作宾语。例如：They don’t want me to go there alone.
                                Don’t worry. I can look after her.
宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如：--- Who’s that?    --- It’s me.
注意：①人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如：
        You cannot go into the hall with slippers. 不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。
      ②人称代的主格作表语，一般都在正中的谈话中， 表示强调。例如：
        It was he who took away the necklace. 是他拿走了那条项链。
      ③人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、轮船等。 例如：
        The ship is leaving. She’s on her first trip to Boston. 轮船要起航了。 这时她第一次去波士顿。
      We love our country, we hope she’ll be stronger and stronger. 我们热爱我们的祖国，我们希望她越来越强大。
      ④It作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如：
        It is about 10 kilometres from here. 离这儿大约有10公里。
      ⑤It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语，来代替由不定式，动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语， 以避免句子头重脚轻。例如：
      It is not easy to learn English well.
      It is good for you taking a walk after supper.
      I found it difficult to sleep.
      ⑥英语里当主语是并列的几个人时，人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同， I 在最后， you 在最前；但是， 当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反，I 在最前， you在最后。 例如：
      You, he and I are all the winners.
      I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.
2．物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。
 
         词  义
 类  型 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他/她/它们的   
形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their   
名 词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 
形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语， 后面跟名词。例如：
To our surprise, he has passed the exam.
 (2) 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征， 在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如：
     May I use your bike? Mine is at school.  (作主语)
     Whose glasses are these?  They are hers.  ( 作表语)
     My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours?    (作宾语)
 (3) 名词性物主代词可以与of 连用， 作定语。 例如：A friend of ours are waiting for us.
3．反身带词：用来表示“某人自己”的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示：
 
        词  义
 数 我(们)自己 你(们)自己 他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己   
单 数 myself yourself himself herself itself   
复 数 ourselves yourselves themselves 
 
 （1）反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如：
       Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作宾语)
       He himself is always making such mistakes. (主语同位语)
       You’d better ask your wife herself. (宾语同位语)
反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配，例如：
make oneself at home, teach oneself, learn by oneself, help oneself to…,etc
4．指示代词：表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表
 
这，这个 那，那个 这些 那些   
this that these those 
     指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如：
     Those are my parents. ( 作主语)
     Throw it like that.   (作表语)
     The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表语)
      These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定语)
注意：（1）前面刚刚提到过的东西， 常用that, those 表示。 例如：
          I’m sorry to hear that.
( 2 )下文将要提到的事情， 可用these, this  表示， 起启下的作用。 例如：
Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.
5．疑问代词：用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有：who, what, which, whose, whom， 在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。
作主语： What make you so happy?
作宾语： Who / Whom is your manager talking with?
在口语中， 作宾语时 who和whom可以通用，但在介词后面只能用whom.例如：
About whom they are talking just now?
作定语： Which subject do you like best?
作表语： What’s your mother.
6．相互代词：用于表示相互关系的代词。 常用的有：each other, one another. 相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如：
             We should help each other.
             The villagers have looked after one another these year.
             相互代词后可以加’s,表示所有关系。 例如：
             We put the presents in each other’s stocking.
7．连接代词： 用来连接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句的代词叫连接代词。常用的有：what, which,  who, whom whose, that例如：
   I know what he said at the meeting.
  The problem is who will mend it.
   Could you tell me which is the way to the post office?
8. 不定代词：不定代词没有确定的对象， 常用的有：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many， much, other, another, some any, no以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。
   不定代词通常可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语， 而none及含有some, an every 的合成代词不能做定语，no和every 只能做定语。
代词
many, few, a few修饰可数名词，much, little, a little修饰不可数名词。both, either, neither, each用于指两者，all, any, none, every, another用于指三者或三者以上。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
This isn’t ______ pencil case. I left ______ at home.
A. my, mine      B. me, my      C. I, my      D. my, myself
解析：此类题主要用于考查学生对人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的掌握情况。要做好这类题，就必须熟练掌握这三类词的用法。应选A。
The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it.
A. a little        B. little         C. a few      D. few
解析：历年来中考始终将little, a little, few, a few作为一个重要考点，要做好这类题，必须明确几点：（1）little, a little修饰或代替不可数名词；few, a few修饰或代替可数名词复数。（2）few, little 一般表示否定意义；a few, a little表示肯定意义。应选D。
------ Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning?
------ ______ OK. I’m free today and tomorrow.
   A. Either        B. Neither      C. Both       D. None
解析：此类题主要是针对each, every, both, all, either, neither, none等不定代词的考查。Both指两个人或物；all表示三者或三者以上“都”，它们都表示肯定意义，均与of连用，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式，作定语修饰复数名词。all也可代替不可数名词或一个整体，这时谓语动词用单数形式，either指两者只任何一个，表肯定，表示三者或三者以上中的任何一个用any, neither是either的否定形式，表示两者都不是。应选A。
The population of China is much large than ______
A. this  B.those   C.it    D.that
解析：在比较级的句型中，经常用that指代前面提到过的不可数名词，用those指代可数名词的复数。 选D。
5 . ------ When shall we meet again?
   ------ Make it ______day you like. It’s all the same to me.
A. one   B.any    C.another   D.all
解析：any表示任何一个。选B。
He said ______ at the meeting and just sat there silently.
A. something  B. anything   C. nothing    D. everything
解析：此句的意思是“他在会上一言不发，只是静静地坐在那里。”根据句意，应选C。
------ Do you know the lady ______ is interviewing our headmaster?
------ Yes, she is a journalist from CCTV.
A. which         B. who          C. whom         D. whose
解析：先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语，所以应选B。
练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！
一、用适当的代词填空
Help ______ to some ice cream, girls.
He came up with an idea at last, the idea of ______ was very good.
Hurry, up, there’s ______ time left.
There is hardly ­­______ in the basket, it’s empty.
Lili and Coco don’t know ______ address. Lili has never been to Coco’s home and Coco has never been to Lily’s home, either.
He is ______ a kind friend that ______of us like him.
He have two English novels, but he has read ______ of them.
I don’t like the color of this jacket. Could you show me ______ one?
You may take ______ of them, they’re both good.
Don’t worry. ______ goes well here.
二、选择最佳答案填空：
1. These two books are very interesting. You can choose _________ of them.
A. both          B. each         C. either         D. any
2. He had ________milk but_________ bread for breakfast.
A. many; few          B. much; little        C. few; much         D. little; many
3. Is there ________you want to say?
A. something else         B. anything else         C. else anything        D. else something
4. A: _________ are you going to visit?
B: I am going to visit the Palace Museum.
A. Where       B. What      C. Why    D. When
5. One should keep ________ promise.
A. one’s own    B. every   C. himself   D. herself
三、完成句子
There’s two apples here, you can take ­­­­­­­­­­______（任意一个）.
Lisa has two daughters. ______(没有一个喜欢)traveling.
______ (所有的)girls like singing.
To say is ______ (一回事), to do is ______ (另一回事).
They keep one black cat and ______ (两只黑的).
He has ______ (许多) money, but he has ______ (没有) friends.
Can she speak French?    ______ (只会一点).
______ (他们中很少有人) can talk in Chinese.
______ (没人) has been reached farther than the moon.
We looked at ______ (相互) in great surprise.
Key: 一、1.yourselves 2.his 3.no 4.anything 5.each other’s 6.such,all 7.neither 8.another 9.either 10.everything
     二、CBBAA
     三、1.either 2.neither 3.all 4.one thing, another thing 5.two black ones 6.a lot of/much, no
        7.A little 8.Few of them 9. No one /Nobody 10.each other

数词

   英语数词表示数目或者顺序， 可分为基数词和序数词。基数词表示数量，序数词表示顺序。
知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
   一、基数词的构成
   1．1—12的基数词是独立的单词，即： one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight， nine，ten，eleven，twelve。 
   2．13—19的基数词以-teen结尾。如： fourteen，seventeen等，但13，15，18较特殊， 13—thirteen 15—fifteen 18—eighteen。 
   3．20—90的整十位均以-ty结尾。如： sixty，ninety，但20，30，40，50，80较特殊， 20—twenty 30—thirty 40—forty 50—fifty 80—eighty。 
   4．十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号“-”，如：28—twenty-eight，96—ninety-six。
   5．百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间加and，如：148—one hundred and forty-eight 406—four hundred and six。
   6．hundred（百），thousand（千），million（百万），billion（十亿）等前面即使有具体的数词，也不能在它们的后面加s。如：600—six hundred，8百万—eight million。
   7．1000以上的数字，从后往前数每三位加一个逗号“，”第一个逗号前为千（thousand），第二个逗号前为百万（million），第三个逗号前为billion（十亿）。英语中无“万”这个词，我们可以用“几十个千（thousand）”表示几万，“几百个千（thousand）”表示“几十万”。如：2，510＝two thousand five hundred and ten；84，296＝eight-four thousand two hundred and ninety-six；274，350＝two hundred and seventy-four thousand three hundred and fifty。
 二、序数词的构成
序数词一般是以与之相应的基数词尾加-th构成，例如 fourth, tenth,但以下的这些基数词变为序数词时， 有特别之处。
1.one--- first,  two --- second,  three --- third, five --- fifth,  nice --- ninth,  twelve --- twelfth
2. 以ty 结尾的单词， 要先变y为I, 在加-eth. 例如：thirty ---thirtieth, fifty ---fiftieth
3. 以one, two, three 等结尾的多位数词， 要将各位数变成序数词。 例如：  twenty-one --- twenty-first,  one hundred and one --- one hundred and first
 注意： 序数词前常用定冠词， 有时还可以用不定冠词 a/an 则表示 “又一 ”的意思。 
        例如：Mr Brown has a second car.  布朗先生另外还有一辆车。
He has tried a second time.  他又尝试了一次。
三、数词的应用 
1．时刻的表示：小时、点钟、分钟、秒钟要用基数词。
   ①“几点钟”用基数词加o'clock。o'clock可省略。如： 5点钟—five（o'clock）．
   ②“几点过几分  ”，≤30分钟”用介词past。如： 7：05—five past seven；7：15—fifteen （a quarter）past seven；7：30—half past seven。
   ③“差几分几点”用介词“to”。如：7：40—twenty to eight；7：45—fifteen（a quarter to eight。
   ④日常生活中的时间读法常常简化，直接按基数词的顺序读。如：7：05—seven o five；7：15— seven fifteen。
2．年月日的表示：
年份用基数词，如：1999年—nineteen ninety-nine； 1900年—nineteen hundred； 2000—two thousand；1905—nineteen o five；
年用基数词，日用序数词。如：1998年6月8日  写作：June 8，1998；读作：June the eighth， nineteen ninety-eight或the eighth of June， nineteen ninety-eight。
3. 世纪、年代表示法：
  （在）90年代   (in) the nineties
  （在）19世纪   (in) the nineteenth century
  （在）18世纪30年代  (in) 1730s或1730’s
4．编号的表示：
Lesson One ＝the first lesson第一课；
Bus No．3＝the No．3bus 3路公共汽车；
表示住所时不用“No．”如：302房间—Room 302（读作：room three o two）；
如果编号的数词比较长，一般用基数词。如：Page 457第457页；
电话号码，用基数词,如：3855633—three eight five five（double five） six three three（double three）。 
5．分数的表达：
分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于“1”，分母则加“s”。如：1／3 one third，2／3two thirds；  
另外：1／2 a（one）half; 1／4one fourth或a（one）quarter;3／4threefourths或three quarters。
   half a second; a quarter of a second四分之一秒
6. 表示有小数的词用基数词。 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　5.5 five point five 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
12.135 twelve point one three five
7．表示百分数
5℅：five percent (per cent)， 0.8℅ zero point eight percent (per cent).
8．表示有小数的词用基数词。 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　5.5 five point five 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
　　12.135 twelve point one three five 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
9．其他用法：
1）基数词＋单数名词＋形容词构成合成形容词。如：一个五岁的男孩a five-year-old boy；  
   一座800米长的桥an 800-metre-long bridge；女子400米接力girls'400-metre relay race。
2）具体数词＋metre（s）／kilometre（s）／kilo（s）long ／ high ／tall ／deep ／away等。如：长江长6300公里。The Changjiang River is 6，300 kilometres long．
3）表示"几十岁"用序数词，eg. 在他三十几岁时  in his thirties
4）倍数的表达：(一倍用once，两倍用 twice，两倍以上用基数词＋times。如：5倍five times)。 
例如：He is as tall a boy as I.
He is a head taller than I .
He is two years older than I
China is four times as large as Europe.
I am twice as old as you. (=I am twice older than you. /I am twice the age of you.)
My books are twice as many as yours.
China is four times larger than Europe.(=China is four times the size of Europe.)
I pay twice as much as it was worth.
I pay twice as much for the house.
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
 1. _______ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing  2008 Olympic.            
 A. Thousand       B. Thousands       C. Thousand of     D. Thousands of
 2. Both of the rules are broken. I want to buy a ______ one. 
     A. three           B. third           C. forth        D. /
3). --- Which is the smallest number of the four?           --- _________.
     A. Two- thirds     B. A half       C. A quarter     D. Three-fourths
4). Please write down the new words in the text of _______.
    A. Lesson Eleven   B. the Lesson Eleven   C. Lesson Eleventh
解析：1.基数词hundred, thousand, million, billion 等前有具体数字时，它们后面不能加s,若这些词后面有介词of (几百，成百上千) ，thousands of (几千，数千个)，millions of, billions of 前不可用数词修饰。但可用many, some, several 等修饰。故选答案D.
     2．答案： B。此题主要考查序数词的运用。
     3．答案：C。此题主要考查英语中的分数表示法。英语中表示分数时，分母用序数词，分子用基数词，当分子大于1时，表示分母的序数词后要加s.
     4．答案： A。 此题主要考查基数词的编号。在通常情况下，名词编号有这几种表示法： 1。事物名词+基数词，且每个单词的首字母都要大写。如：Lesson Eleven；2。定冠词+基数词+事物名词。如： No. 6 Middle School

练习与巩固：熟能生巧，取得好成绩！
选择填空：
_______  of people in the world are sending information by E-mail ever day.
  A. Many million   B. Several million   C. Several millions  D. Many millions
About _______ of the surface of the earth _______ covered with water.
  A. three quarter, is     B. three quarters, has    C. three quarters, is    D. three quarter, are
It will take _______ time to finish the work.
  A. one and a half years’    B. a year and half     C. one and a half year’s  D. a year and half’s
4．--- How long will your stay here ?、
   ---For ________ .
   A. one and two day’s   B. one and two day  C. a day or two   D. one or two day
5．When he moved to Germany in ______ , he was already in _______ .
   A. the fifties; his sixties   B. fifties; his sixties 
  C. the fifties; his sixty     D. fifty; sixty
6．My brother lives in ______ on ______ floor.
  A. six Room ;second       B. Room six ;the second 
  C. Room six; two floor     D. the room six ; the second
7．December is _______ month of the year.
  A. twelve   B. twelfth  C. the twelfth    D. the twelve
8．This took place in the ______ .
  A. 1940   B. 1940s  C. 1940es  D. 1940th
9．It is only _____ from my home to the train station.
  A. ten minutes walk   B. ten-minutes walk  C. ten minutes ‘s walk  D. ten minutes’ walk
10．There are ______ in this building , I live on ______.
A. nine floors ,the ninth floor    B. nine floor, the ninth floor
C. nine floor , nine floors      D.ninth floor,the ninth floor
11．The water behind the Three Gorges Dams (三峡大坝) should be ______ higher than downstream（ 下游）。
   A. sixty-five meter     B. sixty-fifth meter    
C. sixty-five meters   D. sixty-fifth meters
12. There are _______ days in a year.
   A. three hundred sixty-five              B. three hundred and sixty-five
   C. three hundred and sixty –five          D. two hundreds and sixty-five
13. ---How many teachers are there in your school?
  --- __________. , but I'm not sure.
   A. Hundreds       B. Hundred      C. Hundreds of        D. One hundred
14. There are _________ doctors and nurses working hard in that hospital.
  A. thousand        B. two thousand        C. two thousands       D. two thousands of
15. --- What's one fourth and a half, do you know?
   --- Yes, it's _________.
   A. two sixths        B. three fourths       C. one three        D. three sixth
16. Now children, turn to page ________ and look at the _______ picture in Lesson Two.
  A. twentieth, one     B. twenty, one    C. twentieth, first     D. twenty, first
17. Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a _______ one.
   A. three        B. third          C. forth         D. /
18. December is the __________ month in year.
  A. twenty       B. twelve         C. twentieth         D. twelfth
19. --- What is the date today?
   --- It's _________.
  A. Thursday       B. June the sixteenth    C. the best day     D. June fifteen
20. She knows a lot about China as she has been to China ________.
   A. for the forth time       B. four times      C. a fourth time     D. for four times
 1-5  CCACA   6-10 BCBD   11-15 CCCDA    16 –20  DBDBB

动     词
动词是表示动作（study, find, swim 等）或状态（be, like, feel 等）的词。动词具有人称、数量、时态、语态和语态变化。

知识梳理：提纲挈领，抓住重点和难点！
动词分类：动词有助动词、情态动词、联系动词和行为动词四类。
一）助动词
助动词没有任何含义，不能单独做谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，帮助行为动词组成各种时态、语态、语气以及疑问或否定形式。常见的助动词有be, do, does, did, have, will, shall等。具体用法如下：
1、助动词be的用法如下：
1）构成各种进行时态。如：
It was raining all day yesterday.
昨天整天下雨。
2）构成被动语态。如：
The meeting was held yesterday afternoon.
会议是昨天下午举行的。
3）与不定式连用表示按照计划、预先安排或规定要发生的动作。如：
They are to see an English film this evening.
他们今天晚上看英语电影。
2、助动词do的用法如下：
1）构成疑问式或否定式。如：
Does he think so?
I didn’t say anything about the result.
2)在动词前加上do, does, did表示强调，意为“的确，确实”。如：
They do study hard.
She does love him.
He did want to help the old man.
3、have:  助动词have 的过去式是had。have和had均可与动词过去分词一起构成完成时态。如：
He has lived here for three years.
As soon as the sun had set they returned.
4、shall, should: 助动词shall只用于第一人称的将来时态；助动词should 是shall的过去式，构成过去将来时。如：I shall send ten letters to my good friend.
She wanted to know if I should go to the palace.
二）情态动词
情态动词本身有一定含义，但不能单独作谓语，要和行为动词一起构成谓语。它们也能表明句子的否定、疑问或时态上的区别。常见的情态动词有：can, may, must, need, should等。
表示能力
表示能力一般用can, could。如：Rose can speak now, but she couldn’t a week ago.
be able to 也表示能力，它和can 的区别如下：
1）表示做事的能力，两者可通用。但can 只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时。be able to 可用于任何时态。如：
She could / was able to eat four pieces of bread when she was young.
They will be able to finish the drawing soon.
2) 表示过去经过努力而成功的某一次动作，只能用was/were able to, 但在否定句中可互换。如：
She was weak, but was able to finish the task last night.
can (could) 在疑问句中与第二人称连用时，表示征求对方意见或提出请求，表示委婉语气。虽然could是can的过去式，但是could 只是表示比can语气更加委婉客气，没有时间上的差别。如：
-Could you lend me your pen?
-Yes, I can.
表示许可
表示许可一般用may/might, can/could, 而且常可互换。Might, could语气比较委婉。要特别注意：回答以might, could开头的疑问句只能用may, can 给予直截了当的回答。
-Might/Could I borrow your book?
-Yes, you may/can.
表示必需、必要
 must和have to都有“必须” ，一般情况下可互换。如：You must / have to finish the work..
但他们有如下区别：
1）must 表示说话人的主观看法；have to 表示客观需要。如：
I must have a talk with him.
He has to give up smoking because of badly cough.
2) 否定式mustn’t 表示禁止，意为“不准，不可以做”；don’t have to 意为“不必”。如：
You mustn’t hit her.
You don’t have to explain it to me if you dislike the job.
注：表示推测的情态动词有表示“一定”的must, 表示“很有可能”的should, ought to 和表示“可能”的can, could, may, might。具体用法如下：
must 表示较有把握的推测，只用于肯定句，不能用语否定句或疑问句。用法如下：
1）对目前动作的推测，用must+动词原形。如：
You must lose in the mountain.
2) 对目前状态的推测，用must + be + 表语。如：You speak for 4 hours, you must be thirsty.
在肯定句中，表示对现在或将来把握不大的推测用may (might) +动词原形，might 比 may　的可能性更小；对过去把握不大的推测用may (might) have+ 过去分词。如：
The package might come tomorrow.
They may have killed the enemies.
3、在疑问句中，对现在表示推测用can (could) …+动词原形，对过去表示怀疑则用can (could) …have+过去分词；在否定句中，对现在表示推测用can’t+动词原形，对过去表示推测用can’t (couldn’t) have+过去分词。如：
It can’t be John. He has gone to UK.
4、need的双重身份
need 既可作情态动词又可作实意动词，它们的用法不同，如不注意区分，就容易用错。
三）系动词
连词动词的种类
联系动词含有一定意义，它们要与其后做表语的形容词、名词或介词（短语）一起构成合成谓语。系动词按意义可分为三类，而且有自己的特定用法。
1、按意义联系动词有：be, appear, seem, keep, remain, continue, stay, prove 等，如：Jim appears very old.
２、表示感觉的联系动词有look, feel, smell, sound, taste等。如：It smells bad.
3、表示转变的联系动词有become, fall, get, go, grow, turn等。如：
   She becomes more beautiful than three years ago.
四）行为动词
    行为动词又称实义动词，它们都含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，可在句中独立作谓语。行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。
１、及物动词
及物动词后一定要跟宾语，意思才能完整。如：
My mother told me she wanted to buy some books for me.
2、不及物动词
   不及物动词意义完整，不需带宾语，但如果有些不及物动词非要带宾语时，必须先加介词后加宾语。如：
He only worried about his daughter.
二、动词的时态
    动词的时态有很多。初中阶段主要掌握八种：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、一般将来时、过去将来时、现在完成时、过去完成时。
1．一般现在时
1）一般现在时态的构成：主语是I, we, you, they和名词复数时作谓语的行为动词用原形。主语是he, she , it和名词单数时，作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
 
一般情况 ＋s   
以s, x, ch, sh　或　o结尾 ＋es   
以辅音＋y结尾 去y变i＋es 
2）一般现在时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
 
主   语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式   

第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I  am a student.
We/You/ They are students.
He/ She is a student.

I / We/ You/ They/ like music.
Many people like music. I am not a student.
We/You/ They are not students.
He/ She is not a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ don’t like music.
Many people don’t like music. Are you a student.
Are you/ they  students?
Is he/ she a student?

Do you/ they like music?
Do many people like music? 

3）一般现在时态的用法：
 现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作 。例如：
    I get up at six every morning.  
    He plays tennis once a week.
现在的状态         例如：
My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.
客观真理           例如：
The earth goes around the sun.
4）常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：
   often  usually  sometimes  always  every day  never  in the morning 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
--- May I help you, sir?
--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.
A. didn’t work   B. doesn’t work  C. won’t work   D. can’t work
解析：电视虽然是前天买的， 但坏了是现在的状态， 应该用一般现在时态。选B.
2．______ the bus until it ______..
   A. Get off, stops    B. Get off, will stop  C. Don’t get off, stops  D. Don’t get off, will stop
解析：这是一个以until引导的时间状语从句，主句是祈使句，因此从句要用一般现在时表示将要发生的动作。根据句意此题应用not …until（直到……才）句型。应选C。
3．The 70-year-old man ______ exercises in the morning.
   A. takes          B. are taking      C. took             D. will take
解析：“这个70岁的老人早晨锻炼。”这里锻炼是一个经常性、习惯性的动作。因此，应选A.

2. 现在进行时
 1）现在进行时的构成：Am/is/ are+ v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式
   v-ing现在分词的构成：
 
一般情况 +ing   
以不发音字母e结尾的单词。去e,加ing +ing   
以辅音字母＋y结尾的单词 去e+ing   
以重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母时. 双写词尾字母+ing 
 
 2) 现在进行时的肯定肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
 
主   语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式   

第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 
I am driving.
He/She/It is working.
We/You/They are doing something.
 
I am not driving.
He/She/It is not working.
We/You/They are not doing anything.
 
Are you driving?
Is he/she/it working?
Are you/they doing something?
 

3）现在进行时的用法：
 1. 说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如：
   She is having a bath now.
 2. 现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如：
  You are working hard today.
  Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.
  The population of the world is growing very fast.
频度副词always, forever等词连用时， 表示某种强烈的感情。如：
He is always trying out new ideas. (表示欣赏，表扬)
表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词）。如：
  The party is beginning at 8:00 o’clock.
6) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语： now 等。
   often  usually  sometimes  always  every day  never  in the morning 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
 1．I don’t think that it’s true. She’s always ______ lies.
    A. tell      B. tells       C. telling      D. told
解析：always在这里应现在进行时连用， 带有感情色彩， 表示讨厌。选C.
How ______ you ______ with the new job?
A. do, do     B. do, get along    C. are, doing     D. are, getting on
解析：表示现阶段正在发生的动作，用现在进行时。选D.
3．--- Are these socks yours?
   --- No. Mine ______ outside on the clothes line.
  A. are hanging   B. have hung    C. hang      D. hung
解析：hang意为悬挂， hung意为上吊、绞死，先排除答案B、D。根据前后句意可判断出现在的状态，应用现在进行时。应选 A.

3．一般将来时
1）一般将来时的构成：
   1. 助动词will(shall)+动词原形
   2. am / is / are    +going  to +动词原形 
2）一般将来时的用法：
   1．将要发生的动作。例如：
      I will leave for Beijing tomorrow.
   2．将要存在的状态。例如：
      This time next year I will be in Japan. Where will you be?
   3．打算要做的事。 例如：
      Are you going to watch the film on television tonight?
 3) 常用于一般将来时的时间状语：
tomorrow    next week    in 2008   等。  
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. I______ for Hong Kong on Saturday. Will you go to see me off at the airport？
A. am leaving  B. am left    C. am going to leaving  D. left
解析：趋向动词leave 可用现在进行时表将来。选A。
2.I______ to see grandma and help her with some housework every week.
A. came     B. am going come  C. come   D. will come
解析：此题虽然有every week, 但句意中表达的事将要去做的经常性动作。应该用一般将来时。因此选D。
We Chinese ______ the Olympic Games in 2008.
A. held       B. shall holding   C. are holding   D. are going to hold
解析：本题的时间状语是将来的时间， 所以选用一般将来时，A、D都删去。shall后面应跟动词原型，
故应选D.

4．一般过去时
 1）一般过去时的构成：
   用动词的过去式。作谓语的行为动词的词尾变化如下：
 
一般情况 +ed   
以e字母结尾的辅音 +d   
以辅音字母＋y结尾 去y变i＋ed   
重读闭音节结尾的单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母           双写词尾字母+ed 
2）一般过去时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和like为例）：
 
主   语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式   

第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数 I was a student.
We/You/ They were students.
He/ She was a student.

I / We/ You/ They/ liked music.
Many people liked music. I was not a student.
We/You/ They were not students.
He/ She was not a student.
I / We/ You/ They/ didn’t like music.
Many people didn’t like music. Were you a student.
Were you/ they  students?
Was he/ she a student?

Did you/ they like music?
Did many people like music? 

3）一般过去时的用法：
1． 过去发生的动作。例如：
    The police stopped me on my way home last night.
2． 过去存在的状态。例如：
They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
3. 常用于一般过去时的时间状语：
   yesterday，three months ago，last year，in 1979，often，always等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
r. Mott is out. But he ______ here a few minutes ago.
A. was       B. is       C. will be      D. would be
解析：时分钟前发生的动作， 应该用一般过去时。 应选 A，
2．---Hi, Tom.
   ---Hello, Fancy. I ______ you were here.
     A.don’t know   B.won’t think   C. think        D. didn’t know
解析：虽然句中没有明确的时间状语， 但是可以通过上下文语境判断出， 这句话指的是我这段时间并不知道， 你前一阵子在这儿。 所以应选A。
3．He promised to tell me by himself when I ______.
A. come      B. would come   C. come   D. had come
解析：在时间状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来。应选C。

5．现在完成时
现在完成时的构成：have / has + v-ing
2）现在完成时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式（以be和see为例）：
 
主   语 肯 定 式 否 定 式 疑 问 式   

第一、二人称和第三人称复数以及名词复数  I /We/You/ They have been here before.
He/ She has been here before.
.I / We/ You/ They/ Many people have seen the film.
 I /We/You/ They haven’t been here before.
He/ She hasn’t been here before .
.I / We/ You/ They/ Many people haven’t seen the film. Have you/ they been here before?
Has he/ she been here before?
Have you/ they/ many people seen the film?
 

在完成时的用法：
1、表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果.常与already, just, ever, never, before等词连用. 如:
 She has never read this novel.他从未读过这本小说.(他对小说的内容不了解)
2、表示 “过去的动作”一直延续到现在并有可能继续延续下去. 常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
I have been a member of the Party for 10 years.
        I have been a member of the Party since 10 years ago.
注：在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词，应用与之相应的表示状态的词。如：
    He has died for 3 years.(F)
He has been dead for 3 years.(T)
注意：①现在完成时不能和表示明确的过去时间连用。如：in 1998, last morning等
      ②have/has been to 表示“去过”（去了又回来了）
        have/has gone to 表示“去过”（去了没回来了）
      如：Where has she gone?(句中所指的人不在)
         Where has she been?(句中作指的人在)
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
--How long ______ he ______ a fever?
--- Ever since last night.
A. have, got     B. have , had    C. have, caught   D. did, have
解析：此句表示从昨晚起持续到现在的状态，应用现在完成时，去掉答案D。因为是段时间， 所以不能用短暂行动词，get和catch 都是短暂行动词。 因此选B.
My bowl is empty. Who ______ all my soup?
A. drinks      B. had drunk   C. has drunk     D. drank
解析：碗是空的了，这里强调的是所发生的动作造成的结果。 “谁把我的汤都喝了。应选C.
3.  I ______ you for a long time. Where ______ you ______?
   A. Didn’t seen; did, go   B. didn’t see; have, gone   C. haven’t seen; have, been    D. haven’t seen; have gone
解析：for+段时间一般预先在完成时连用。“你去哪儿了？ ”（在这段时间你不在）应选C。

6、过去进行时
1）过去进行时的构成：  was / were +v-ing
2) 过去进行时的用法：
  过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。 例如：
  This time last year I was living in Brazil.
  What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语：
  at four yesterday afternoon，then，at that time/moment 等。
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
Daddy promised me he ______ me a computer
A. was bought   B. had bought   C bought    D. would buy    
解析：“爸爸答应我给我买一台电脑”。宾语从句中的动作是以过去为起点将要发生的动作，应用过去将来时。
选D。
They said they ______ do some sports if it was fine.
A. were going to   B. went    C. would going  D. were going
解析：“他们说如果天气好的话他们打算去运动。”去做运动发生在说话之后，所以应选用过去将来时，答案B不合适，“打算作某事”为“be going to do ”.would 后面应跟动词原形，应选A.

7、过去完成时态
1）过去完成时态的构成： 
                   肯定式：had + 动词的过去分词      
                   否定式：hadn’t + 动词的过去分词
                   疑问式：Had … + 动词的过去分词
                   简略回答: Yes, 主 + have/has had.
    No, 主 + had现在完成时的用法
过去完成时的用法：
1、表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作。 他表示的时间是“过去 的过去 ”常与by last year, by the time of yesterday,等连用。如：
 She said she had seen the film 4 times.
 When Mr Li got to the classroom, all the students had begun reading.
 By the time they arrived, the bus had left.
2、表示 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。常与for (后跟段时间)或since (后跟点时间)等连用.如:
 She had worked in this school since it opened 25 years ago.
例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！
1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing.
A. studied, had gone     B. had studied, went
C. has studied, goes      D. had studied, had gone
解析：“他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年 ”。在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。此题选B。
2. Mary said it was at least five years since he ______ a good drink.
A. enjoyed     B. was enjoying   C. had enjoyed   D. would enjoy
解析：It was + 时间段+since 引导的从句中用过去完成时。应选C。
3. Xiao Pei said she ______ Hainan for 3 months.
A. has been in    B. had been in   C. had been to   D. had gone to
解析：“小培说她去了海南三个月  ”。have been to 和have gone to 都是短暂性的动词短语。所以适应表示状态的have been in. 应选B.
时态综合例题解析：
１--What are Mr and Mrs Black doing ?
---They _____ tea in the garden.               
  A. are drinking    B. drank    C. have drunk     D. drink
2. My mother often asks me _____early .           
  A. get up   B. got up    C. getting up     D. to get up
3. Soon Wu Dong ____ up with Li Lei, then they were neck and neck.  
  A. taught    B. caught    C. bought    D. brought
4. The car ____and stopped at the red traffic light.     　
  A. got on    B. got off   C. slowed down   D. picked up
5. Tom ____ the CD player for two weeks.             
  A. has lent    B. has borrowed    C. has bought     D. has had
6. ---Do you know ______?
  ---Sorry, but if he _____ back, I ____ you know as soon as possible.  
  A. when will he be back, comes, will let       B. when he will be back, will come, will let
   C. what time will he be back, will come, let    D. what time he will be back, comes, will let
7. We ____ to the park if it is fine tomorrow.      
   A. will go   B. have gone    C. go
8. A new shoe factory will ______ in this part of the city.  
  A. be building    B. be built    C. build 
9. ---______ all your things, Tom! I hate them here and there. 
  ---Ok, Mom.
  A. Put up     B. Put on   C. Put down   D. Put away
10. --- How about going hiking this weekend?     
   --- Sorry, I prefer ____ rather than _____.
   A. to stay at home, go out      B. to go out, stay at home
   C. staying at home, go out     D. going out, stay at home