中财网历史上哪个朝代最长:专题 短文改错
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专题 短文改错
1 命题趋势分析
一．短文改错的主要特点
1．内容大都是学生身边或社会生活中常见的话题。以记叙文为主，有时也有说明文或应用文。
2．内容相对独立、完整。命题的总原则是整篇理解、分行解题。
3．语言简单易懂，没有生僻的词汇或繁难的句法结构；短文的词数为120左右。
4．考查要点覆盖面广, 分布合理。涉及词法、句法、行文逻辑等三个方面。
二．短文改错的常见类型
纵观近几年高考题中的短文改错, 不难看出,其错误形式基本上为：错词占6行左右; 正确占1 行; 多词和缺词一般占3 行左右。错误类型主要涉及动词、名词、形容词、副词、冠词、代词、介词、连词、主谓一致、固定结构等语法知识。其中, 动词时态、语态、非谓语动词等是考查重点。
2考点知识精讲
一、短文改错的解题基本思路
1．通读全文，掌握大意
首先，要认真阅读短文，把握全篇主旨，弄清上下文的逻辑关系，了解文章所创设的语言环境，为正确判断创造条件。
2．整句理解，逐行找错。
在读懂文章之后，要逐句逐行地找错。分析每个句子中句法、语法、行文逻辑等方面是否有错，要做到逐行分析，不可遗漏，句与句之间要注意连词的用法。
3．由易到难，各个击破
改错要从最简单、最熟悉的项目入手，先从语法的角度入手，再从逻辑方面考虑，最后推敲难题。
4．检查核对，规范改正
最后浏览改后的全文，看全篇是否语义通顺，注意正确行。 要特别注意规范改正错误, 严格按照示范规定符号和要求去改。切忌文字说明或用箭头表示。
二．短文改错的设题方式
一．错词：
错词的情况归纳起来大致可分为虚词选择错误、实词词形错误、同(近)义词、形似词选择错误等。
1．虚词错误
①介词错误。介词错误主要集中在介词的固定搭配、介词多词义的用法以及一些意义相近介词、副词和连词的混用等。
1.After five years away in my hometown，I find that the neighborhood which I used to live in has changed a lot.(09全国卷I)
析：“从……离开，远离”应为短语 away from，不能与in搭配。应将in改为from。
② 连词错误主要表现: 句与句之间的关系混淆，是并列、转折、承接、还是表原因；连词与介词、副词的混用，一些连词具有多重功能和词性以及意义相近连词的区别等。
1.I meant to give it back to you before four in the afternoon，and I was held up on my way back(09全国卷II)
析：分析前后两个句子可知，前面的句子与后面的句子存在转折关系，不是并列关系，应将 and 改为but。
③冠词错误：冠词的考查集中在：应该使用定冠词的地方使用了不定冠词；应该使用不定冠词的地方却使用了定冠词；不定冠词a与an的误用等。
1.Three men were fishing when the angel appeared in the boat with them. （2009.四川卷）
析：初次提到的人或物前应该用不定冠词，因此要将第一个the改为an。
2．实词错误
① 名词错误主要集中在：名词的单复数形式，特别注意不规则名词的复数形式；可数名词和不可数名词的混用；抽象名词具体化；名词的所有格等。
1. I stayed there for one and a half hour and made sure that the girl was all right. （09全国卷II）
析：one and a half 后接可数名词的复数形式，不能用单数。要将hour改为hours。
② 动词错误主要有：不规则动词的过去式、过去分词形式错误；时态的不一致性；语态的错用；非谓语动词用法的选择，特别是非谓语动词作状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语时是用过去分词还是现在分词；在 to 后是用不定式还是动名词；以及在并列结构中后面动词的形式；谓语动词时态形式的错用；情态动词和 will(would), shall (should) 等助动词后面的动词形式的误用等。
1.There exist now a park that has a small river running through. （09全国卷I）
析：句子中的there exist相当于there be形式，exist的形式跟后面的名词a park保持一致，因此exist要用单三形式exists。
③ 形容词与副词错误主要表现在：这两类词的混用；形容词或副词的原级、比较级、最高级的混用等。
1.The
析：分析句子，句子中没有比较对象，不能用比较级，要将older改为原形old。
④ 引导词错误：在复合句中引导从句的连接词的错误运用，特别是在定语从句中关系词的错误运用，宾语从句中连接词的误用等。
1.One day I saw a second-hand bicycle, that was only one hundred yuan. I asked my father for the money. （09辽宁卷）
析：非限制性定语从句的先行词指物时只能用which不能用that，应将that改为which。
⑤代词错误。代词考查主要集中在句子中代词的一致性、人称代词、反身代词、指示代词的混用等。
1.When I was in high school, most of my friends had bicycles. I hoped I could also have it. （2009.辽宁卷）
析：根据句义后面句子中的it与前面句子中的bicycles是一类物，表示泛指。因此要将it改为one。
⑥思维定势干扰错误。由于受汉语思维定势影响，造成一些英语词语的搭配错误。
1.I’m glad to say that anything has worked out fine in the dorm. （09海南、宁夏卷）
析： anything意思是“任何事或任何物”，而everything表示“所有的东西或物”，很显然句子强调在宿舍的所有事情，应将anything改为everything。
⑦行文逻辑错误。
高考短文改错中，涉及短文主旨大意及逻辑关系的错误这类试题的隐蔽性较强，单独看并没有错，但若放在整篇中则与全篇的意思不符。
I stayed here for one and a half hours and made sure that the girl was all right.
析：直接分析该句，没有任何错误，但结合上下文可看出句子是在转述过去发生的事情，不能用here，因此应将here改为there。
二、漏词
漏词考查主要集中在：名词前漏冠词；不及物动词后漏掉相应的介词。不定式前少了不该省的to；分句与分句之间往往漏掉相应的连词；句子中助动词、情态动词的遗漏。复合句中关系词、连接词的遗漏；以及句子中替代词的遗漏等。
1.One day, the school held party, where I was invited to talk about
析：初次提到的可数名词单数前面要加不定冠词，因此要在party前加不定冠词a。
2.It was a lesson to us that it was possible give without expecting anything（09浙江卷）
析：在it is/was possible to do sth结构中，动词不定式符合不能省略，因此要在give前加to。
三、多词
多词考查主要集中在介词、副词、连接词、冠词、不定式符号to、代词、助动词等。这些词大都为虚词，在句子中的作用显得不大，但极易引起误用，是学生语言运用中最常犯的错误。
1.The market at the corner of
析：句子的意思为 “市场把位置让给了一个超市”。这里并不表示被动意义，要将been去掉。
2. I’m sorry that I wasn’t able to return to your bike on time yesterday.（09全国卷II）
析：return to的意思为返回到某地，而在句子中的意思为归还某物，不能加to，要将to去掉。
3 高考强化训练
（一）
A few days ago, Miss Wang was going home by bike. While he was 76.
riding in the street, she saw the man with a knife in his hand and his 77.
face covering with a piece of cloth running towards her. The man 78.
took her handbag out of the basket of her bike and ran away before 79.
she could do anything. There was no one she could turn for help at 80.
that time, for it was very late at night. Lucky, she had her mobile 81.
phone at hand. Immediately when she took it out and phoned the 82.
police. She told them what the man was like and in which directions 83.
he had run. The police came very quickly and catch the robber. Miss 84.
Wang got her handbag back and felt very grateful for the police had 85.
done for her.
（二）
I'll never forget the trip to
a small village in the south of
town. In the way a young man who was very tall stopped me and 78.
asked me for the lift. As soon as he got into the car, I said 79.
"Good morning" to him in French and he answered with the same 80.
language. Except for a few words, I do not know any French 81.
at all. None of us spoke during the journey. I had nearly 82.
reached the town, while the young man suddenly said very slowly. 83.
"Do... you.., speak... English?" I looked at him in surprising. 84.
Here was no people speak English. Just then I understood that 85.
he, too, was an Englishman.
（三）
To everyone in the world, money was a sensitive topic. 76.
Not one can live without money in modern society. People 77.
has different opinions on it. Some people think one should 78.
live to make money, when others make money to live. 79.
In my opinion, the latter should reasonable. 80.
We should not be the slave of money. Although money 81.
means a lot in our life, but it doesnot mean everything. 82.
We can't exchange it for friendship or love. Money indeed can 83.
made a person enjoy his life for a while but not all his life. 84.
On a word, money is something but not everything. 85.
（四）
Coffee houses can be seen anywhere in
People from European brought the idea with them. Soon 77.
coffee became the leading drink. Today people in United 78.
States drink more coffee than people in any country. 79.
People who drink coffee at breakfast, at lunch, and 80.
between meals. They drink them at work and at home. 81.
Coffee is drunk by people around the world. Some 82.
people like coffee what is very black and very strong. 83.
Another people like coffee with cream or sugar, or, cream 84.
and sugar with it. Now coffee has become a world-wide drink. 85.
（五）
Smoking which is a widespread habit even among school children. 76.
The number of young smokers are increasing. It is reported that 77.
over two-fifth of the students in a certain school smoke, and 78.
some of whom even steal money to buy cigarettes. This is terrible. 79.
As we all know, smoking is harmful to our health. So it's 80.
even harmful to middle school students for it does great harm not 81.
only to their health but also for their mind. Middle school students 82.
are future builders of the country. They should spend their time 83.
learning useful knowledges. So it's really time that these young 84.
smokers made up their minds give up smoking. 85.
答案：
（一）
76．he → she 77. 第二个the → a 78. covering → covered 79.√
80. turn∧→ to 81. Lucky → luckily 82. 去掉when 83. directions → direction
84. catch → caught 85. for∧→ what
(二)
76．∧left → had 77. √ 78. In → On 79. 第一个the→ a
80. with → in 81. do → did 82. None → Neither 83. while → when
84. surprising → surprise 85. speak → speaking
(三)
76．was → is 77.Not → No 78. has → have 79. when → while
80. should∧→ be 81.slave → slaves 82. 去掉 but 83. √
84. made→ make 85.On → In
(四)
76．anywhere → everywhere 77.European → Europe 78. in ∧→ the
79. any ∧→ other 80. 去掉who 81.them → it 82. √
83.what → that/which 84. Another → Other 85.with → in
(五)
76．去掉which 77.are → is 78. two- fifth → two-fifths
79. whom → them 80.So → But 81. ∧harmful → more 82.for → to
83. √ 84.knowledges → knowledge 85. minds ∧ → to