嘉靖皇帝的掌印太监:《英语语法句法窍门》之38讲:巧解被动语态
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《英语语法句法窍门》之38讲:巧解被动语态
被动语态是英语中的一个重难点,在学习运用中,常常出错。现从几个方面介绍一些学好被动语态的方法。
(1)如何把带情态动词的主动语态变成被动语态?
主动语态句的谓语动词带有情态动词时,其被动语态的构成方法是保留情态动词不变,而把后面的动词不定式do改为done,to do改为to be done。如:
(2)怎样把含有give,buy一类的动词变为被动语态?
这类动词是能带有直接宾语和间接宾语的动词。主动结构中如果有两个宾语,变为被动结构时,只将其中一个宾语变成主语,另一个宾语保留不变。这个留下的宾语叫做保留宾语。如果保留宾语原来是间接宾语,则其前面要加to(间接宾语是人称代词时,to可以省略);原句的主语一般可以省掉,如果要写出来,则其前面要加by。所以上句应变为:例:
I gave him a pen.变为被动语态:
He was given a pen by me.
或A pen was given him by me.(间接宾语him是代词,to可省略)
下面请看几种带有复合宾语结构的变化:
1)宾语+不定式
The newspaper has warned us to be careful of rats.→
We have been warned to be careful of rats.
2)宾语+现在分词
We all heard the boy crying.→
The boy was heard crying.
3)宾语+形容词
The man beat the boy black and blue.→
The boy was beaten black and blue.
4)宾语+名词
They made him leader of their group.→
He was made leader of their group.
5)宾语+as介词短语
We regard labour as a matter of honour.→
Labour is regarded as a matter of honour.
(3)含有两至三个动词的主动句子在变为被动语态时须注意:在一个句子中,不论它是简单句,还是并列句或是复合句,凡是可以变成被动语态的部分都要变,不能只变其中一个,如:
Someone taught him French and gave him a dictionary.
He was taught French and was given a dictionary.
这是个简单句,句中并列谓语taught和 gave都变成了被动语态。
We can turn solids into liquids if we raise their temperature high enough.→
Solids can be turned into liquids if their temperature is raised high enough.
在该复合同中,主句和条件状语中的动词都要转换。
He found the book which he had lost and returned it tothe library at once.→
The book which had been lost was found and was re-turned to the library at once.
该句中有三处变成了被动语态。
(4)在疑问句的转换中,主动句中的助动词do和被动句中的助动词be,初学者也常犯错误。如:
Do your parents often take good care of your youngerbrother?→
Does your younger brother often taken good care of byyour parents?(误)
Is your younger brother often taken good care of byyour parents?(正)
下列口诀会帮你化难为易:
“给、买”双宾不相同,
多个主动同变被。
疑问句常错在助动。
欲知情动句如何变?
情元之后be(to be)居中。
(5)最后,初学者在做主动语态变被动语态的题目时,还容易出现以下四种通病:
1)对一些特殊变化动词的过去分词的形态遗忘了。如:
They teach English in their school.→
English is teached(误)taught(正)in their school.
2)用错时态。如:
The PLA liberated my home town in 1949.→
My home town is(误)(was,止) liberated in 1949.
3)忽略了主谓语一致。如:
The workers have set up a power station in the village.→
A power station have(误)(has,正)been set up in the vil-lage.
4)写进行时态的被动句,初学时常常漏写一个be,为了帮助学习者记忆,请记住:
被动不离be,P.P.,
句中时态不可移,
主谓一致易忽略,
“进行”时易漏一个be,
请你一定要注意。