红烧猪肉的做法:医学论文英文摘要写作技巧

    医学论文是对整理和发表医学研究成果的一种特殊文本的总称，就其内容和文体特点而言科分为以下几种：2rU医家园
    1．医学科研论文（scientific papers）2rU医家园
    2．调查报告（survey）2rU医家园
    3．综述（review）2rU医家园
    4．学位论文（theses） 2rU医家园
    5．医学科研论文（scientific papers）2rU医家园

    医学科研论文定义2rU医家园

    国际生物学编辑委员会对医学科研论文的定义为：必须是首次公布的应提供足够的资料，使同行们能够进行：①评价所观察到的结果；②评价其推理过程；③重复实验。分为以下两种：①临床研究(clinical study)；②基础研究或实验研究（experimental study)2rU医家园

    医学科研论文的格式2rU医家园

    医学科研论文必须具备以下几个部分：2rU医家园
    （1）标题（title）2rU医家园
    （2）摘要（abstract）2rU医家园
    （3）引言（introduction）2rU医家园
    （4）材料和方法（materials and methods）2rU医家园
    （5）结果（results）2rU医家园
    （6）讨论（discussion）2rU医家园
    （7）致谢（acknowledgement）2rU医家园
    （8）参考文献（references）2rU医家园

    一、标题2rU医家园

    （一）要求2rU医家园

    1．简明扼要（short and concise）2rU医家园
    （1）尽量控制在一行，但不是一个句子2rU医家园
    （2）不超过25个单词或120-140个字母2rU医家园
    （3）除DNA、RNA、CT等不用缩写2rU医家园

    2．信息丰富(informative)2rU医家园

    3．便于索引（indexing）2rU医家园

    4．较长标题可采用副标题2rU医家园

    （二）标题写作中常用词组和表达方式2rU医家园

    1．用…（方法／手段）对…进行研究／分析／观察／评价：2rU医家园
    Study(analysis/observation/evaluation/assessment) of (on) … (by) using 方法/with工具）2rU医家园

    2．A对B的作用2rU医家园
    Effort of A on B2rU医家园
    Protective effect of omeprazole on endothelin-induced gastric mucosal injury2rU医家园

    3．A与B的关系2rU医家园
    Correlation (relation/relationship) between A and B2rU医家园
    Correlation of A with B and C2rU医家园
    常用修饰词：positively/negatively/significantly/insignificantly2rU医家园

    4．用…治疗…2rU医家园
    Use of …in the treatment of …(病）in …（生物）2rU医家园
    Use of omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulcer in the elderly2rU医家园

    5．A是B2rU医家园
    A as B2rU医家园

    二、著录部分书写2rU医家园

    （一）姓名2rU医家园
    标准式：WANG Luowei，HUANG Yingfeng，GUO Xiao’an2rU医家园

    （二） 地址2rU医家园
    800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China2rU医家园

    （三）资助2rU医家园
    A project funded by the National “863” Program2rU医家园

    三、摘要的分类与格式2rU医家园

    摘要是作者要给读者的精华，分两大类：2rU医家园

    （一）指示性摘要2rU医家园

    （二）资料性摘要2rU医家园

    1．非结构式摘要2rU医家园
    缺点：段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读和计算机处理带来诸多不便2rU医家园

    2．全结构式摘要（8要素摘要）2rU医家园
    （1）目的2rU医家园
    （2）设计2rU医家园
    （3）地点2rU医家园
    （4）对象2rU医家园
    （5）处理2rU医家园
    （6）主要测定项目2rU医家园
    （7）结果2rU医家园
    （8）结论2rU医家园

    全结构式摘要的优点2rU医家园
    （1）观点更明确2rU医家园
    （2）信息量更大2rU医家园
    （3）差错更少2rU医家园
    （4）符合计算机数据库建立和使用的要求2rU医家园

    全结构式摘要的缺点：烦琐、重复、篇幅过长2rU医家园

    3．半结构式摘要（四要素摘要）2rU医家园

    （1）目的（objective/purpose/aim）2rU医家园
    （2）方法（methods）2rU医家园
    （3）结果（results）2rU医家园
    （4）结论（conclusion）2rU医家园

    目的：是作者想要介绍的关键问题2rU医家园

    一、目的格式2rU医家园
    （一）单表目的2rU医家园
    （二）背景＋目的2rU医家园

    二、目的常用时态2rU医家园
    （一）背景：现在时（一般现在时、完成时和进行时）2rU医家园

    （二）目的：一般现在时／现在完成时，或一般过去时2rU医家园
    举例：2rU医家园
    （1）To evaluate the effects on 24-hour intragastric pH levels of infusions with omeprazole and H2 receptor antagonists in bleeding duodenal ulcer patients. 2rU医家园

    （2）The role of omeprazole in triple therapy and the impact of Helicobacter pylori resistance on treatment outcome are not established. This study investigated the role of omeprazole and influence of primary H. pylori resistance on eradication and development of secondary resistance. 2rU医家园

    三、介绍目的常用句型2rU医家园

    主要用动词不定式to表达2rU医家园

    1．直接用to do短语表达2rU医家园
    举例：To determine if use of omeprazole protects against the gastric mucosal injury2rU医家园

    2．The purpose/aim/objective/goal(of present study is)was to2rU医家园
    举例：The aim of this study was to determine the protective function of omeprazole on gastric mucosal injury2rU医家园

    3．The present study is /was designed/devised/intended to2rU医家园
    举例：The present study was designed to establish whether there might be a genetic predisposition to an altered pattern of anti-inflammatory cytokine produced in patients with irritable bowel syndrome2rU医家园

    4．This study was performed/conducted/carried out/undertaken to2rU医家园
    举例：An experimental study was conducted using a canine mode to elucidate …2rU医家园

    5．We aimed/sought to/attempted to2rU医家园
    举例：We sought to assess whether there is an increased risk of tuberculosis among individuals who work in certain industries occupations.2rU医家园

    四、介绍目的常用动词2rU医家园

    1．研究：study, investigate, examine, observe, explore2rU医家园
    举例：Our objective in this report is to examine the clinical feature, pathology and treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer.2rU医家园
    2．评价：evaluate, validate2rU医家园
    举例：To evaluate sonography as a tool for initial diagnosis in emergency room patients with abdominal trauma.2rU医家园
    3．确定：determine, decide, confirm, support, define, characterize2rU医家园
    4．证实：prove, demonstrate, document, test, support, testify, verify2rU医家园
    5．阐明、搞清：explain, elucidate, clarify, illustrate, delineate, find out, contribute to the knowledge of2rU医家园
    6．介绍：describe, present, report2rU医家园
    7．建立：establish, develop, set out2rU医家园
    8．寻找：search for, look for, seek, find2rU医家园
    9．识别、区分：identify, differentiate, discriminate2rU医家园
    10．优选：optimize2rU医家园
    11．比较：compare2rU医家园
    12．回顾：review2rU医家园
    13．相关：correlate A with B2rU医家园

    方法部分2rU医家园

    （1）研究设计2rU医家园
    （2）研究对象的特性2rU医家园
    （3）干预或处理方法2rU医家园
    （4）测定或观察方法2rU医家园

    一、 研究对象的选择、来源及标准2rU医家园

    1．纳入研究：were entered into/enrolled in/selected (randomly)2rU医家园
    举例：A total of 169 patients were included in the study, 83 of whom received……2rU医家园

    2．排除或退出研究：were excluded from participation，withdrew from the study due to/because to2rU医家园
    举例：……Patients with significant aortic valvular diseases were excluded.2rU医家园

    二、 研究对象的分组2rU医家园

    1．……were divided into/classified/grouped into2rU医家园

    2．……were divided randomly/randomized into2rU医家园

    3．…… were divided equally into2rU医家园
    举例：Patients were divided into three groups: Group 1…… Patients (n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4 groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole, ……2rU医家园

    三、 年龄2rU医家园

    1．某一年龄2rU医家园
    举例：A 50-year-old patient. Patients (age 26±3 years).2rU医家园

    2．在某年龄范围内及平均年龄2rU医家园
    举例：Patients range in age from …to…, with a mean of (50 years).2rU医家园

    3．在某一年龄以上或以下2rU医家园
    举例：Patients more than 50 years. Patients under/less than 50 years.2rU医家园

    四、 性别、时间2rU医家园

    1．性别2rU医家园
    twelve patients (7 male and 5 female )2rU医家园
    The male-to-female ratio was 1:42rU医家园

    2．时间2rU医家园
    Body weight was measured weekly, and liver biopsy was obtained at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. ……2rU医家园

    五、 诊断与治疗2rU医家园

    1．诊断2rU医家园
    be diagnosed as having … 2rU医家园
    be diagnosed as …by …/with …®be suspected as … 2rU医家园

    2．治疗2rU医家园
    be treated with…(alone or in combination with …)2rU医家园
    be treated on outpatient/inpatient basis2rU医家园
    举例：2rU医家园
    （1）Patients (n = 539) with a history of duodenal ulcer and a positive H. pylori screening test result were randomized into 4groups. OAC group received 20 mg omeprazole,… 2rU医家园
    （2）50 patients with active bleeding duodenal ulcer were randomly assigned to receive one of the four treatment regimens. …2rU医家园

    结果部分2rU医家园

    1．是文章结论的根据2rU医家园
    2．应记录真实的科研数据2rU医家园
    3．除指示性说明外，一般用过去时表示2rU医家园

    一、 常用句型2rU医家园

    1．结果表明：The results showed / demonstrated / revealed / documented / indicated/suggested…that…®It was found that…2rU医家园
    举例：The results showed that high thigh cuff Doppler technique was 79 percent sensitive, 56 percent specific and 63 percent accurate.2rU医家园

    2．与…有关：A was related / correlated /associated with B. There was a relationship /correlation between A and B. There was a relation of A with B and C2rU医家园
    举例：Insulin sensitivity index was negatively with blood velocity (r=0.530, P<0.05), body mass index (r=o.563, P<0.01) and baseline insulinemia (r=0.489, P<0.05)2rU医家园

    3．增加或减少2rU医家园
    （1）表示数值增加的动词：increase, rise, elevate2rU医家园
    （2）表示数值增加的名词：increase, increment, elevation2rU医家园
    （3）表示数值减少的动词：decrease, reduce, fall, drop, decline, lower2rU医家园
    （4）表示数值减少的名词：decrease, decrement, reduction, fall, drop, decline, lowering 2rU医家园
    （5）从…增加到…，平均增加…：increase from …to …, with a mean/average (increase) of …2rU医家园
    （6）从…增加到…，总的增加…：increase from …to …, with an overall increase of …2rU医家园
    （7）增加了10％：increase by (10%)2rU医家园

    4．倍数比较2rU医家园
    （1）增加或减少3倍：increase by 3 fold (times). a 3-fold increase2rU医家园
    （2）A 是 B的3倍：A is 3 fold (times) as…as B. A is 3 fold (times) B2rU医家园

    5．结果的统计学意义2rU医家园
    （1）明显不同（significant difference）2rU医家园
    （2）很明显不同（very/highly significant difference）2rU医家园
    （3）区别不明显（ insignificant difference）2rU医家园
    （4）无区别（ nonsignificant difference/no difference）2rU医家园

    6．统计学意义常用句型2rU医家园
    （1）There was/is significant difference in…between A and B2rU医家园
    （2）The difference in …between A and B was/is significant 2rU医家园
    （3）A was/is significant difference from B in …2rU医家园
    （4）No significant difference was found / observed / noted in …between A and B2rU医家园
    “in” 表示区分的性质或内容2rU医家园
    举例：2rU医家园
    ①There were no significant difference between treatment groups in symptoms and lung function (P>0.05).2rU医家园
    ②Significant difference were not noted in the level of HDL cholesterol, and LDL peak particle diameter before and after treatment.2rU医家园

     结论部分：是作者发表观点和见解，给读者的精髓部分2rU医家园

    1．归纳性说明研究结果或发现2rU医家园
    2．结论性说明结果的可能原因、机理或意义2rU医家园
    3．前瞻性说明未解决的问题2rU医家园

     一、结论部分时态2rU医家园

    1．过去时2rU医家园
    （1）涉及本研究的内容2rU医家园
    （2）涉及他人研究过程的内容2rU医家园
    （3）作者认为只适用于本研究环境和条件的结论2rU医家园

    2．现在时2rU医家园
    （1）指示性说明2rU医家园
    （2）普遍接受的思想、理论或结论2rU医家园
    （3）作者认为本研究结论具有普遍意义2rU医家园
    （4）前瞻性说明2rU医家园
     举例：Our findings indicate that hepatitis C is a progressive disease [指示性说明-现在时]，but only a few died during the average 20.4 years after the initiation of injection drug use [本试验过程中发生的事-过去时］. Antiviral treatment to eradicate the virus and halt the progression of diseases is indicated in this group of patients [作者认为具有普遍意义的结论-现在时].2rU医家园

    二、 结论部分常用句型2rU医家园

    1．结果提示…：These results suggest that…2rU医家园
    举例：These data confirm the presence of at least two major HCV genotypes in Nigeria.2rU医家园
    2rU医家园
    2．结果支持或反对某种观点：These results support the idea that…；These results fail to support the idea that…2rU医家园
    举例：These results do not support the idea that treatment to lower cholesterol concentration cause mood disturbance.2rU医家园

     3．表示观点的确定或不确定性：There is no evidence that…；It is likely/unlikely that …2rU医家园
    举例：There is no evidence that NIDDM produce any change in bone metabolism or mass.2rU医家园

    4．具有…意义：Be of great (some/little/no) clinical significance in…to …2rU医家园
    举例：The detection of p53 gene is of great clinical significance in tumor diagnosis.2rU医家园

    5．前瞻性说明：…remain to be further studied；It is remains to be proved that …   2rU医家园
    举例：However, the relation of insulin resistance to hypertension remains to be further studied.2rU医家园

    6．插入语：This is the first case of pancreas divisum. 2rU医家园
    举例：This is the first case, to our knowledge, of pancreas divisum.2rU医家园

2rU医家园
小结2rU医家园

      中文是关键2rU医家园
符合英语习惯2rU医家园
不用简单句2rU医家园
注意词语的用法2rU医家园
注意时态 2rU医家园