dual thrust实战微博:高考之非谓语动词讲解与训练

非谓语动词讲解与训练

江节明

本文源自网络，在此先向原作者致敬！

原文地址

友情提示：转载此文的目的是希望能够帮助那些感觉自己基础比较差的朋友们快速提高英语阅读能力。建议初中生有空也能读一读，相信你会发现做高考题比你平常做的那些练习题还要简单、好玩。如果你感觉我增加的内容是画蛇添足，请直接阅读原文。

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一、非谓语动词概说

顾名思义，非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的一种动词形式。英语里的动词使用非常复杂，有时态、语态，还有语气，这些都会引起动词的形式变化。由于汉语里没有非谓语动词形式，所以中国学生掌握起来有一定困难，必须下功夫。

友情提示：“顾名思义，非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的一种动词形式。”为什么会出现“非谓语动词”这么个怪物来折腾中国的孩子们，相信原因就在于有人给“非限定动词”又硬戴上一顶“非谓语动词”的帽子，而这个概念太容易让人“顾名思义”： 非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的一种动词形式。

非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词。分词又分为现在分词和过去分词。为了便于大家掌握分词，这里将现在分词和过去分词分开讲解。

友情提示：“非谓语动词有三种：动词不定式、动名词和分词”，请大家认真思考一个问题：至少分词应该是可以作谓语动词使用的，现在分词加be动词构成进行时态、过去分词加have构成完成时态，加be动词构成被动语态）。我们相信：除了动名词（其实它也就是现在分词作名词使用时的名称）不能作谓语动词外，所谓的“非谓语动词”都是可以作谓语动词使用的。只是由于它们是非限定动词（没有人称和数的变化），在作谓语动词使用时必须在主语和其之间加上一个只起语法作用的助动词来完成所谓的“主谓一致”。

另外，当代语法学家将动名词和现在分词统称为“动词的-ing形式”。这种分法将动名词和现在分词混为一谈，更加不利于中国学生掌握非谓语动词。故本文采取传统英语语法的分类。

友情提示：动名词和现在分词本身就是一个东西——v+ing形式，只是在作名词使用时有人又给写起了一个名字——动名词。相信这是受到拉丁语gerund的影响。建议大家再学习一下ground另外的意思：

gerund[5dVerEnd]n.拉丁语教师，学究式的老师

不论你如何理解动名词，只要你能把原来看起来比较复杂的英语句子读简单了就是胜利。在可以读懂相关的句子以后再做选择题，基本上就是手到擒来的事情了。

二、动词不定式

1. 不定式的构成与特征

动词不定式是动词的一种非限定形式，一般由“to＋动词原形”构成。它在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，同时也保留着动词的一些特征，可以带宾语或状语。例如：

At the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, Liu Xiang excited people all over Asia when he became the first Asian to win the gold medal in the men’s 110-metre hurdles. 在2004年雅典奥运会上，刘翔在110米跨栏比赛中成为第一个获得金牌的亚洲人，使全亚洲人兴奋不已。（不定式起形容词作用，带宾语和状语）

when he became the first Asian to win the gold medal in the men’s 110-metre hurdles

the first Asian to win the gold medal in the men’s 110-metre hurdles

在110米跨栏比赛中成为第一个获得金牌的亚洲人

to win the gold medal in the men’s 110-metre hurdles

在110米跨栏比赛中获得金牌

gold medal n. 金质奖章，金牌

in the men’s 110-metre hurdles在男子110米跨栏（比赛）中

友情提示：请大家一定要理解：不定式应分为带to和不带to两种。不定式可以用在英语句子中几乎所有的成份中，包括谓语中。英语中的不定式最主要的作用是用来表达“未、将”这样的概念。英语中几乎所有表示“将来”的“时态”实际上都是由“助动词+不定式（短语）”构成。

2. 不定式的功能与用法

1）作主语

To see is to believe. 眼见为实。（百闻不如一见。）

It is difficult to imagine a more inhospitable place.

很难想像出一个比这（南极洲）更不宜居住的地方。（it作形式主语，to imagine a more inhospitable place为真正的主语）

inhospitable[in5hCspitEbl]adj.冷淡的, 不好客的, (地带, 气候等)不适合居住的, (指地方)荒凉的（in+hospit+able）

in-否定前缀

hospitable[5hCspitEbl]adj.好客的, 招待周到的（hospit+able）

hospit-源自 hospes  [客人，主人]

联想记忆：

hospital[5hCspitl]n.医院（hospit+al）

-al多作形容词后缀，这里的是作名词后缀，类似的还有capital：

capital[5kApitEl]n.首都, 首府, 大写字母, 资本, 资金, 资产adj.首都的, 重要的, 死罪的, 大写的, <口>极好的（capit+al）

源自拉丁语 caput的小后缀 [头部]

2）作表语

The aim of the treaty is to prevent the commercial and military use of the continent.

这个公约的目的是为了防止商业和军事上使用这个洲（南极洲）。

prevent[pri5vent]v.防止, 预防（pre先+vent（来））

continent[5kCntinEnt]n.大陆, 陆地，洲（con+tin+ent）

友情提示：英语中的主语、宾语、表语、同位语是名词性质成分，当需要使用动词担当这些成分时，须要要使用动词的非限定形式（主要是v+ing和to+v）。

3）作宾语

He was very happy to meet two foreigners and wanted to learn all about Europe.

他很高兴遇到两个外国人，于是想全面了解欧洲。

注意：两个不定式并列时，第二个不定式to省略。

例如： People like to meet in the evening and watch the moon. 人们喜欢在夜晚聚在一起赏月。

（watch the moon 与to meet in the evening为两个并列的不定式，故watch前to省略了。这两个不定式均作like的宾语。）

能够接不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：afford, agree, aim, ask, bear, begin, bother, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, pretend, refuse, remember, try, wait, want, wish。

【透视高考题】

真题1：I don’t want ________ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.

A. to sound B. to be sounded C. sounding D. to have sounded (2005 天津卷)

简析：考查不定式作宾语。want后接不定式而不接动名词，而且sound是连系动词，不用被动语态。所以A是正确答案。sound like听起来像是。

speak ill of v.说坏话

真题2：I think you’ll grow ________ him when you know him better.

A. liking B. to be like C. to like D. to be liking (2005 江西)

简析：考查不定式作宾语。句意为“我想当你更好地了解他时，你将渐渐喜欢他”，grow不接动名词作宾语，grow to like渐渐喜欢。D为正确答案。

4）作宾语补足语

It is an interesting study and can help you avoid difficulty in communication.

这是很有趣的研究，它能帮助你避免交际中遇到的困境。

We saw her enter a restaurant. 我们看见她走进一家餐馆。

I want you to come to my birthday party. 我要你来参加我的生日聚会。

注意：某些动词（大都是感官动词）接动词不定式作宾语补足语时，to通常不带。下面的口诀可以帮助大家记住这些动词：“四看（see, watch, notice, observe）三使役（let, have, make）二听（hear, listen to）一感觉（feel）。”

能够接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有很多，常见的有：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, direct, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, press, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn。

5）作定语

Do you want to make more friends but lack the confidence to talk to people you do not know?

你想结交更多的朋友但与陌生人交流感到信心不足吗？

Do you want to make more friends？你想结交更多的朋友吗？

to talk to people you do not know与陌生人交流

注意：某些不及物动词作定语时需要加上一个介词，即构成“不定式＋介词”结构，这个介词是不可省略的。

例如：Give me a pen to write with. 给我一支笔写字。

另外，还有一种“介词＋which＋不定式”的结构也可以作定语。例如：The young couple needs a lot of money with which to buy a new house. 这对年轻夫妇需要一大笔钱，用来买房子。

【透视高考题】

真题：This company was the first ________ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world.

A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced (2005 上海春)

简析：考查不定式作定语。在first, last等词后，要用不定式作定语。故B正确。

portable radio 手提收音机

6）作状语

Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year to visit her.

她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京来看她。

at least four times a year每年至少四次

at least adv.至少

I am very happy to meet you. 我很高兴见到您。

注意：①有的语法学家将形容词后的不定式归到宾语。这类形容词有：able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, content, determined, foolish, prepared, ready, slow, willing等。

②在强调目的状语时，不定式前可加上in order或so as，即通常我们所说的“in order to/so as to”词组。有时候为了突出强调目的时，还可将这个词组置于句首，但so as to较少用于句首。

③在so… as to, enough to, only to, too…to等结构中，不定式表示结果。

例如：Will you be so kind as to open the window? 劳驾您打开窗户好吗？

so as to adv.使得, 以致，如此...以致于

He arrived at the airport only to find the plane had already taken off. 他到达机场（结果）却发现飞机已经起飞了。

arrive at v.到达, 达到

only to 不料竟会..., 没想到会...

take off v.拿掉, 取消, 脱衣, 起飞, 减弱, 离开

【透视高考题】

真题1：________ the employees’ working efficiency, the supervisor will allow them to have a coffee break.

A. Improving B. To improve C. Having improved D. Improved (2006 上海春)

简析：考查不定式作目的状语。分词一般不能作目的状语，故选B。

真题2：It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just ________ a look at the sports stars.

A. had B. having C. to have D. have (2005 上海)

简析：考查不定式作目的状语。运动爱好者在运动场外等三个小时的目的是为了看体育明星。故选C。

3. 不定式的否定结构

不定式的否定结构由“not＋不定式”构成，简言之，to前加not。例如：

She finally decided not to marry him. 她最终决定不嫁给他。

4. “疑问词＋不定式”结构

疑问词who, what, which, when, where和how后加上不定式可构成一种特殊的结构，它的作用相当于一个名词性从句。同样一句话，英语里可用从句和不定式结构来表达，意思没有区别。

友情提示：特别赞成这句话。英语中的动词的各种变化原本就是为了方便大家准确理解和更好地写作而服务的。它们给你的是更多的自由而不是束缚。

试比较：

我不知道该怎么办。

I don’t know what I should do. (宾语从句，较正式)

I have no idea (of ) what I should do. (同位语从句，较正式)

I don’t know what to do. (疑问词＋不定式结构作宾语，简洁，较口语化)

I have no idea (of ) what to do. (疑问词＋不定式结构作同位语，简洁，较口语化)

注意：在 Why (not) do sth.? 这个句式里，不定式不带to，例如：Why not try again? 为什么不再试试？

5. 不定式的复合结构

有时候不定式前有自己的逻辑主语，用for来引出，结构为：for＋名词（代词宾格）＋不定式。

例如：

It is necessary for us to master at least one foreign language.

我们至少掌握一门外语是很有必要的。

to master at least one foreign language至少掌握一门外语

It’s time for us to go to school. 我们该上学了。

When she arrived at Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest.

她1960年来到贡贝时，对女性来说，住进大森林还是件很稀罕的事。

注意：有些形容词后接这种结构时，不用介词for，而用of。

例如： It’s very kind of you to do so.你这样做真是太客气了。

这类形容词还有：silly, bad, nice, honest, stupid, clever, wise, wrong等。

6. 不定式的时态与语态形式

所谓不定式的时态和语态形式是指不定式有完成式、进行式和被动式。例如：

I am very happy to have met your mother. 见到了你的母亲我非常高兴。（表明已经见到）

Her English seems to be improving. 她的英语似乎在长进。

This book is said to have been translated into Chinese.

据说这本书已译成了中文。（完成式和被动式）

【透视高考题】

真题：The flu is believed ________ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.

A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused (2004 上海)

简析：考查不定式被动式。这是个被动语态句型：Sb./Sth. is believed to do/be done/doing/haven done/have been done，根据句意，应该用被动式，故选C。

三、动名词

1. 动名词的构成与特征

动名词是由“动词原形＋ing”构成，与现在分词的构成完全相同。顾名思义，动名词既具有动词的特征，又具有名词的特征。所谓的动词特征是说动名词可以有自己的宾语和状语，名词特征是指动名词可以像名词一样充当主语、表语、宾语和定语。

例如：

Would you mind my closing the window? 我关上窗户你会介意吗？（有宾语the window）

2. 动名词的功能与用法

1）作主语

Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。

It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶打翻了，哭也无益。

注意：在It is no use…;It is no good…; It is a great fun…这些句子结构中，其后习惯接动名词。

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cry over spilt milk v.做无益的后悔

spilt[spilt]vbl.spill的过去式及过去分词

spill[spil]n.溢出, 溅出, 摔下, 木片, 小塞子, 暴跌, 溢出量vt.使溢出, 使散落, 洒, 使流出, 使摔下, 倒出vi.溢出, 涌流, 充满（s+pill）

pill[pil]n.药丸, 弹丸(p+ill)

ill[il]adj.有病的, 坏的, 恶意的, 生病

cry over spilt milk=cry over spilled milk

意为:后悔无益；既往不咎；于事无补。

例子：

1.After the baby tore up Sue's picture book, Sue'smother told her there was no use crying over spilled milk（小娃娃撕碎了苏的图书后，苏的母亲告诉苏现在哭也于事无补）

tear up 撕碎

2.You have lost the game but don't cry over spilt milk.

这场比赛你已经输了，不必再做于事无补的抱怨了。

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2）作表语

His job is fixing computers. 他的工作 是 修电脑。

3）作动词宾语

Have you finished writing the article? 你写完那篇文章了吗？

She suggested going there by air, as plane tickets are very cheap.

由于机票很便宜，她建议乘飞机去那里。

suggest[sE5dVest]vt.建议, 提出, 使想起, 暗示（sug+gest）

digest[di5dVest; dai5dVest]n.分类, 摘要vi.消化vt.消化, 融会贯通(di+gest)

gest源自gerere [搬运]

有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语，这类动词常见的有：admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, stop, suggest等；短语动词有give up, insist on等。为了帮助大家记忆，现将最常用的10个动词的首字母缩略在一起：MEPSKARFI（梅不是咖啡）（M-mind, E-enjoy, P-practise, S-stop, suggest, K-keep, A-avoid, R-risk, F-finish, I-insist on）。

【透视高考题】

真题1：The parents suggested ________ in the hotel room but their kids were anxious to camp out during the trip.

A. sleep B. to sleep C. sleeping D. having slept (2006 上海春)

简析：考查动名词作宾语。suggest后有三种情况：1）意为“建议”，后接动名词作宾语，如此句，所以C为正确答案；2）后接that从句时，从句的谓语要用“（should）+动词原形”；3）表示“暗示”含义，后接that从句时，从句的谓语要用陈述语气。

真题2：When asked by the police, he said that he remembered ________ at the party, but not ________.

A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave

C. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave (2005 北京)

简析：考查动名词作宾语。remember后接动名词作宾语表示记得已经做过的事。remember to do sth.表示“记住去做某事”，即表示没有做的事。根据句意，前后都应填动名词，指已经发生过的事情，故C正确。

4）作介词宾语

I wrote him and his wife a thank-you note for helping me

我给他和他的妻子写了一封感谢信，因为他们帮助了我。

She didn’t feel like going out for a walk. 她不想出去散步。

【透视高考题】

真题：Accustomed to ________ the steep mountains, he had no difficulty reaching the top.

A. climbing B. climb C. having climbed D. have climbed (2005 上海春)

简析：考查动名词作介词宾语。be accustomed to是个词组，表示“习惯于（某事）”，to是介词，后接动名词作宾语。故A正确。

5）作定语

The Iron Curtain was the statesman Winston Churchill’s term for the dividing line between eastern and western Europe.

铁幕是政治家温斯顿•丘吉尔使用的术语，指东欧与西欧的分界线。

Iron Curtain n.铁幕(阻隔消息,思想交流的)无形屏障,特种装甲,特种装甲生成器

curtain[5kE:tEn]n.窗帘, 门帘v.装上门帘(curt+ain)

3. 动名词的否定结构

动名词的否定结构是由“not＋动名词”构成。例如：

I am sorry for not handing in my homework on time. 很抱歉我没有按时交作业。

hand in v.交上

4. 动名词的时态与语态形式

所谓动名词的时态形式是指动名词有一般式和完成式两种，语态形式是说动名词有被动式。例如：

Sorry to keep you waiting so long. 对不起让你久等了。（一般式）

Sorry for having kept you waiting so long. 对不起让你久等了。（完成式）

That’s all right. I don’t mind being kept waiting. 没关系。让我等了，我不会介意的。（被动式）

5. 动名词的复合结构

动名词有时带有自己的逻辑主语，这样就形成了动名词的复合结构。其构成形式为：“名词所有格（或物主代词）＋动名词”。

Mary’s coming late made the teacher very angry.

玛丽的迟到让老师很生气。

在口语中可用名词通格：

Mary coming late made the teacher very angry.

Do you still remember my first meeting with you? 你还记得我第一次与你见面的情景吗？

在口语中可用代词宾格：

Do you still remember me first meeting with you? ）

【透视高考题】

真题：I really can’t understand ________ her like that.

A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating (2005 安徽)

简析：考查动名词复合结构。understand后接动名词或动名词的复合结构作宾语。动名词的复合结构作宾语时，其动名词的逻辑主语可以用物主代词，也可以用人称代词宾格。此句中可用your treating 或you treating，故选D

6. 动名词与不定式的比较

动名词与不定式有许多相同或相似的用法，容易混淆，现将对二者的异同点作一比较。

1）相同之处。下列句子的表达既可用动名词，也可用不定式，意义无甚区别。

眼见为实。

Seeing is believing.

To see is to believe.

他爱玩电脑游戏。

He likes playing computer games.

He likes to play computer games.

鞋子需要修补。

The shoes want mending.

The shoes want to be mended.

婴儿哭了起来。

The baby began crying.

The baby began to cry.

你的作文需要修改。

Your composition needs correcting.

Your composition needs to be corrected.

他曾教我游泳。

He taught me swimming.

He taught me to swim (how to swim).

我建议她学开车。

I suggest she learn driving.

I suggest she learn to drive.

我不允许你这样放肆。

I won’t have you saying like that.

I won’t have you say like that.

我的工作是教你英语。

My job is teaching you English.

My job is to teach you English.

2）不同之处。下列的情况用动名词与用不定式会有不同的要求，或产生意思的差异。

A) 动名词的逻辑主语可能泛指人们，而不定式的逻辑主语则是句子本身的主语。试比较：

I hate smoking. 我讨厌吸烟。（相当于说：I hate people smoking.）

I hate to smoke. 我不爱吸烟。 （相当于说：I don’t smoke as I dislike it. ）

B) 动名词表示一般的或抽象的多次性的动作，而不定式则表示具体的一次性动作。试比较：

I like seeing English films. 我喜欢看英语电影。

Would you like to see the English film tonight? 今晚你想看英语电影吗？

C) 有些动词后面只能接动名词作宾语，而有些动词就只能接不定式。这些动词我们在前面已有归纳，这里不再赘述。试比较：

I enjoy living in a big house. 我喜欢住在大房子里。 （不可用to live）

I cannot afford to buy a villa. 我买不起别墅。 （不可用buying）

D) 有不少动词后面既可接动名词作宾语，也可接不定式作宾语。这类动词常见的有：attempt, begin, continue, fear, forget, hate, help, intend, learn, like, love, mean, need, neglect, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, try, want。有些动词后接动名词与不定式，意思会有所不同。试比较：

Try writing in pencil. 用铅笔写试一试。(try意为“试”)

Try to write neatly. 尽量写整洁点。(try意为“试图”)

They stopped talking. 他们停止交谈了。（stop是及物动词，后接动名词，意为“停止做某事”）

They stopped to talk. 他们停下来交谈。（stop是不及物动词，后接不定式（作目的状语），意为“停下来去做另外某一件事”）

I can’t help laughing. 我不禁笑了起来。 （help意为“避免”）

I can’t help to clean the office. 我不能帮助打扫办公室。 （help意为“帮助”）

I regret telling you the truth. 我懊悔对你讲了真相。 （动名词表示过去已发生的事情）

I regret to tell you that I cannot come. 我很遗憾告诉你我不能来。 （不定式表示现在）

I forgot posting the letter. 我忘记已把信寄走了。 （动名词表示已发生的事情）

I forgot to post the letter. 我忘记寄信了。 （不定式表示未完成的动作）

I remember sending her an e-mail. 我记得给她发了电子邮件。（动名词表示已完成的动作）

Remember to send her an e-mail. 记得给她发电子邮件。（不定式表示未完成的动作）

E) 有些动词后面接动名词主动式表示被动意义，而接不定式则要用被动式。试比较：

The car needs repairing. 汽车需要修理。 （repairing为主动式表示被动含义）

The car needs to be repaired. 汽车需要修理。 （to be repaired为不定式的被动式表示被动含义）

四、现在分词

1. 现在分词的构成与特征

现在分词由“动词原形＋ing”构成。现在分词亦有双重性，一方面具有动词的性质，可以有自己的宾语和状语，另一方面具有形容词的性质，可以像形容词一样充当定语等。例如：

My mother is in the kitchen making coffee. 我母亲在厨房里煮咖啡。（现在分词making有宾语tea）

2. 现在分词的功能与用法

1）作表语

This English story is very interesting. 这篇英语故事非常有趣。

2）作宾语补足语

We felt the house shaking. 我们感觉房子在摇晃。

注意：现在分词与不定式都可以作宾语补足语，不定式表示动作的全过程，而现在分词则表示动作过程的一部分。试比较:

We saw him go downstairs.

We saw him going downstairs.

【透视高考题】

真题：Don’t leave the water ________ while you brush your teeth.

A. run B. running C. being run D. to run (2004 天津)

简析：考查现在分词作宾补。“leave＋宾语＋现在分词”意为“让…一直处于…（状态）”，正确答案为B。

3）作定语

It’s a most exciting film. 这是个激动人心的电影。

If you see soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets, they are United Nations peacekeepers.

如果你看见士兵戴着天蓝色的头盔，他们就是联合国维和人员。

peacekeeper 维和部队(peace+keeper)

【透视高考题】

真题1：The flowers ________ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.

A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt (2004 上海)

简析：考查现在分词作定语。由于smell是连系动词，所以用现在分词，只有B正确。

真题2. There are hundreds of visitors ________ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Gogh’s paintings.

A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait (2006 上海春)

简析：考查现在分词作定语。答案是C。在存在句中，现在分词作定语常常相当于一个含有现在进行时的定语从句。

如：There’s a bus coming. = There’s bus which is coming. 有一辆公共汽车开过来了。

4）作状语

Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn’t take much notice.

在夏威夷已经历过好几次地震，所以我就没有太在意。

注意：现在分词的逻辑主语都是后面句子的主语，上句Having experienced的逻辑主语是I。

下面这句话一般认为是错误的：

Entering the house, the window was found broken. 是谁走进屋子？

显然不是the window。所以应更正为：

Entering the house, I found the window broken.

但Judging from her accent, she must be an American.

从她的口音判断，她肯定是美国人。

这句话被看作是正确的，这类现在分词被称之为“悬垂分词”。

【透视高考题】

真题1：________ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.

A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited (2004 北京)

简析：考查现在分词的完成式作时间状语。相当于时间状语从句：After he had waited in…。C正确。

真题2：“We can’t go out in this weather,” said Bob, ________ out of the window.

A. looking B. to look C. looked D. having looked (2004 全国)

简析：考查现在分词作方式状语。Bob边说边看着窗外，用现在分词一般式即可，故选A.

真题3：“You can’t catch me!” Janet shouted, ________ away.

A. run B. running C. to run D. ran (2005 全国)

简析：考查现在分词作方式状语。边大声叫着，边跑开了。故B为正确答案。

真题4：The storm left, ________ a lot of damage to this area.

A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused (2005 全国)

简析：考查现在分词作结果状语。暴风雨过后已经造成影响，所以用现在分词的完成式。故应选D。

真题5. Having been attacked by terrorists, ________.

A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed

C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists (2004 上海)

简析：考查现在分词的逻辑主语。分词的逻辑主语一般都是句子的主语，遭受恐怖分子的袭击后，高楼坍塌了。根据句意，逻辑主语显然是the tall building，故B正确。

3. 现在分词的否定结构

现在分词的否定结构是由“not＋现在分词”构成。例如：

Not having received a reply, I sent her an e-mail again. 没有收到回复，于是我又给她发了一封电子邮件。（注意不可以写成：Having not received a reply,…）

4. 现在分词独立结构

“名词（或代词）＋现在分词”构成现在分词的独立结构，这个名词或代词就是现在分词的逻辑主语。这种结构常用于书面语，置于句首或句末，作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随动作。

Weather permitting, we will go climbing the mountain. 时间允许的话，我们去爬山。（表示条件）

weather permitting 如果天气良好

He guiding us, we had no trouble in finding his house. 他引着我们，我们毫不费劲就找到了他的家。（表示方式）

【透视高考题】

真题：I couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ________.

A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on (2005 北京)

简析：考查现在分词的独立结构。with后接复合宾语，现在分词作宾补，表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作，“with＋复合宾语”作方式状语。根据句意，“在有噪音的情况下无法做作业”，再根据句子结构，只有A正确。

5.现在分词的时态与语态形式

现在分词的时态形式是指现在分词有一般式和完成式两种，语态形式是说现在分词有被动式。以writing为例说明其变化形式：

主动语态 被动语态

一般式 writing being written

完成式 having written having been written

Having finished all his work, he went back home. 完成了所有的工作以后，他回家了。

现在分词的完成式，相当于时间状语从句：

After he had finished all his work, he went back home.

The high building being built over there will be a modern hotel.

那里正在建的高楼将是一座现代化的宾馆。

现在分词的被动式，作定语，相当于一个定语从句：

The high building which is being built over there will be a modern hotel.

【透视高考题】

真题1：The manager, ________ it clear to us that he didn’t agree with us, left the meeting room.

A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making (2005 江西)

简析：考查现在分词完成式作状语。表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。所以B正确，A不正确，是因为时态不对，改成who had made才对。

真题2：Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, ________ a record US $ 57.65 a barrel on April 4.

A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching (2005 山东)

简析：考查现在分词作伴随状语。reaching a record…分词短语进一步提供信息，用分词一般式即可。故选B。

6. 现在分词与动名词的比较

1) 作定语的比较。作定语时，现在分词不重读，动名词则要重读；现在分词与所修饰的名词有逻辑上的主谓关系，而动名词则没有这种主谓关系，动名词表示其所修饰的名词的性质。试比较：

现在分词                        动名词

a sleeping beauty 睡美人        a sleeping car 卧车

a living language 活的语言      living conditions 生活条件

the waiting audience 等候的观众 the waiting room 候机（车）室

running water 自来水          running track 跑道

a walking dictionary 活词典     a walking stick 拐杖

2) 作表语的比较。作表语时，现在分词完全是形容词，动名词则说明主语的内容。试比较：

His job is interesting. 他的工作很有趣。

His job is teaching. 他的工作是教书。

五、 过去分词

1. 过去分词的构成与特征

过去分词也是一种非限定动词。过去分词也有双重性，既具有动词的性质，又有形容词的性质。过去分词一般只有一种形式。

2. 过去分词的功能与用法

1）作表语

I feel tired. 我感觉累。

Are you interested in this TV play? 你对这个电视剧感兴趣吗？

2）作宾语补足语

His English is so poor that he cannot make himself understood.

他的英语很蹩脚，不能表白自己。

so…that…句型

My computer has broken down. I am going to get it repaired. 我的电脑坏了。我打算请人修理一下。

【透视高考题】

真题1：In the dream Peter saw himself ________ by a fierce wolf, and he woke suddenly with a start.

A. chased B. to be chased C. be chased D. having been chased (2006 上海春)

简析：考查过去分词作宾补。此句很明显用过去分词，因为后面跟有by短语。故A正确。

真题2：You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it ________ often enough.

A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained (2005 天津)

简析：考查过去分词作宾补。have sth. done 是个动词句型，故explain应用过去分词作宾语补足语。答案是D。

3）作定语

English is now an international language, spoken by about 750 million people.

英语现在是一门国际语言，约有7.5亿人说英语。

【透视高考题】

真题1：The disc, digitally ________ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.

A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded (2004 上海)

简析：考查过去分词作定语。过去分词表示被动，又表示动作完成，所以只有A正确，不可误选C，不定式表示将来。

真题2：The repairs cost a lot, but it’s money well ________.

A. to spend B. spent C. being spent D. spending (2005 湖北)

简析：考查过去分词作定语。spent修饰money，表示被花的钱。故B正确。

4）作状语

Born into a poor farmer’s family in 1931, Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agriculture College in 1953.

袁博士1931年出生于一个贫苦农民的家庭，1953年毕业于西南农学院。

Seen from space, the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe. 从空中看，地球看起来像一个巨大的被水覆盖的球体。

【透视高考题】

真题1：When first ________ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.

A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced (2004 全国)

简析：考查过去分词作状语。强调动作同时发生，所以分词前可加上when或者while。所以应选B。

真题2：________ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.

A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put (2005 上海)

简析：考查过去分词作状语。正确答案是 A ，the hotline是put动作的承受者，而且动作已完成，所以要用过去分词作状语，表示被动。注意不要误选D，现在分词的被动式表示动作正在进行。

3. 过去分词与现在分词的比较

现在分词与过去分词有两点显著的区别：1）现在分词表示主动，而过去分词表示被动；2）现在分词表示动作尚未完成，而过去分词表示动作已经完成。

现在分词                                   过去分词

a moving novel 一部动人的小说  a moved reader 一个被感动的读者

falling leaves 正在落下的树叶    fallen leaves 落叶

an interesting drawing 一张有趣的图画 an interested child 一个感兴趣的孩子

boiling water 正在煮沸的水       boiled water 已煮沸的水

【透视高考题】

真题：________ with a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.

A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing (2005 北京春)

简析：考查过去分词作状语。be faced with a difficult situation面临困境。过去分词短语faced with a difficult situation作状语。只有C正确，注意不要误选D。

五、非谓语动词专项训练

I. 选择填空。从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳选项填空。

1. More and more people are signing up for Yoga classes nowadays, ________ advantage of the health and relaxation benefits.

A. taking B. taken C. having taken D. having been taken (2005 上海)

2. All these gifts must be mailed immediately ________ in time for Christmas.

A. in order to have received B. in order to receive

C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving (2005 辽宁)

3. — Is Bob still performing?

— I’m afraid not. He is said ________ the stage already as he has become an official.

A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left (2005 江苏)

4. ________ in the mountains for a week, the two students were finally saved by the local police.

A. Having lost B. Lost C. Being lost D. Losing (2005 江苏)

5. ________ more about university courses, call (920)746-3789.

A. To find out B. Finding out C. Find out D. Having found out (2005 浙江)

6. ________ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.

A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed (2005 湖南)

7. He glanced over at her, ________ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.

A. noting B. noted C. to note D. having noted (2005 广东)

8. He hurried to the station only ________ that the train had left.

A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found (2005 广东)

9. When the first English settlers arrived in the New World, the Indians ________ jewellery made of animal bones greeted them warmly.

A. wearing B. to wear C. worn D. having worn (2005 上海春)

10. He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldn’t risk ________ the good opportunity.

A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost (2005 上海)

II. 句子改错。下列的非谓语动词使用有误，请改正。

1. He was seen go upstairs.

2. Be careful when cross the road.

3. Feeling tiring, I went to bed early.

4. It’s silly for Gary to give up his present job.

5. Do you think this water is safe to drink it?

III. 句型转换。将下列的复合句使用非谓语动词改写成简单句。

1. Do you know the girl who is wearing a red skirt?

2. Joan suggested that I should ask your advice.

3. When she entered her shop, she found that her diamond necklace was stolen.

4. The building which is being built near the bridge will be Olympic Office Building.

5. After he had discussed the economy, the president then went on to talk about foreign policy.

附非谓语动词专项训练参考答案

I. 选择填空。

1. 【答案】A 【简析】考查现在分词作伴随状语。表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作，用现在分词的一般式。

2. 【答案】C 【简析】考查不定式的被动式。so as to后接动词原形，表示“以便”。根据gift与receive的关系可判断，不定式要用被动形式。

3. 【答案】A 【简析】考查不定式的完成式。动词不定式的完成式表示过去发生的事或已经完成的动作或表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。I’m afraid not. 表明Bob现在不再演出，已经离开了舞台。

4. 【答案】B 【简析】考查过去分词作状语。be lost in意为“在……中迷路”，作状语时就不需要用be，所以用过去分词lost即可。

5. 【答案】A 【简析】考查不定式作目的状语。不定式放在句首表示强调目的。

6. 【答案】A 【简析】考查过去分词作状语。dress是及物动词，表示“某人穿着……衣服”要用be dressed in，所以要用过去分词，不可误用dressing。

7. 【答案】A【简析】考查现在分词作伴随状语。noting作伴随状语，表示与glanced over at her同时发生的动作。

8. 【答案】A 【简析】考查不定式作结果状语。动词不定式与only连用表示未曾预料的结果，结果发现火车已经开走了。

9. 【答案】A 【简析】考查现在分词作定语。wearing作定语表示“正穿着”。而不定式作定语通常表示将来的动作。

10.【答案】B 【简析】考查动名词作宾语。risk意为“冒险，胆敢”，强调具有一定的危险性，后只能接动名词作宾语，表示“冒险做某事”。

II. 句子改错。

1. He was seen to go upstairs. (或: He was seen going upstairs.)

2. Be careful when crossing the road. （或:Be careful when you cross the road.）

3. Feeling tired, I went to bed early.

4. It’s silly of Gary to give up his present job.

5. Do you think this water is safe to drink?

III. 句型转换。

1. Do you know the girl wearing a red skirt?

2. Joan suggested my asking your advice.

3. Entering her shop, she found her diamond necklace stolen.

(或：When entering her shop, she found her diamond necklace stolen.)

4. The building being built near the bridge will be Olympic Office Building.

5. After discussing the economy, the president then went on to talk about foreign policy.

(或：Having discussed the economy, the president then went on to talk about foreign policy.)