无限极植雅洗头膏介绍:初中英语语法汇总(二

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  一、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级


  (The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)


  大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:


  1)原级,即原形。


  2)比较级,表示“较……”或“更……一些”的意思。


  3)最高级,表示“最……”的意思。


  1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成


  (1)规则变化


  单音节词和少数双音节词


  一般在词尾加-er或-est


  cold colder coldest


  strong stronger strongest


  fast faster fastest


  slow slow slowest


  以字母e结尾的形容词,加-r或-st


  nice nicer nicest


  large larger largest


  重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写辅音字母,再加-er或-est


  big bigger biggest


  thin thinner thinnest


  hot hotter hottest


  以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先改“y”为“i”,再加-er或-est


  easy esaier easiest


  happy happier happiest


  early earlier earliest


  少数以-er,-ow 结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er,-est


  clever cleverer cleverest


  narrow narrower narrowest


  多音节词和部分双音节词


  在词前加more或most


  delicious more delicious most delicious


  interesting more interesting most interting


  easily more easily most easily


  carefully more carefully most carefully


  (2)不规则变化


  good/well     better     best


  bad/badly     worse     worst


  much/many  more      most


  little     less      least


  far    farther/further  farthest/furthest


  2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法


  比较级:表示两者(人或事物)的比较


  Mr King is taller than Mr Read


  This mooncakes is nicer than that one。


  The tractor is going faster than the bike。


  最高级:表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过


  其他几个时,用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of(in)


  短语来说明比较的范围。


  Whose drawing is he best of all?


  She is the youngest in the class.


  The taxi is going ghe fastest.


  Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.


  注:在形容词和副词的比较级前,有时可以用much,a little等来修饰,


  如:much better a little taller


  二、数词(Numerals)(2)


  序数词(Ordinal Numbers)


  序数词表示事物的顺序,往往与定冠词the连用。


  fist 1st twentieth 20th


  second 2nd twenty-first 21th


  third 3nd thirieth 30th


  fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th


  fifth 5nd fortieth 40th


  sixth 6th fiftieth 50th


  seventh 7th sixtieth 60th


  eighth 8th seventieth 70th


  nineth 9th ninetieth 80th


  tenth 10th hundredth 100th


  eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st


  twelfth 12th


  三、冠词(Articles)


  冠词是一种虚词,让在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义,


  冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article)


  和定冠词(The Define Article)两种,a(an)是不定冠词。


  a用在辅音之前,如:a road


  a boy;an用在元音之前,如:an hour ;an old man等;the是定冠词。


  1.不定冠词的用法


  用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类。


  Susan is a scientist.


  Pass me an orange,please.


  指某人或某事,但不具体说明何人或何物。


  A boy is looking for you。


  We work five days a week。


  表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。


  We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。


  I have a mouth,a nose,two eyes and two ears。


  用于某些固定的词组中。


  a few ,a little ,a lot of ,a moment ago


  2.定冠词的用法。


  特指某些人或某些事物


  Show me the photo of the boy。


  The book on the desk is mine。


  指双方都知道的人或事物。


  Where are the new books,Jim?


  They are on the small table。


  指上文提过的人或事物。


  Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。


  用在世界上独一无二的事物前。


  The sun is bigger than the moon。


  用在序数词和形容词最高级前。


  The first month of the year is January。


  Walk along this road,and take the fourth turning on the left。


  用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。


  the Great Wall


  the Women's Hospital


  用在一些习惯用语中。


  in the morning(afternoon,evening),


  on the left(right),at the back(front)of


  the day befoer yesterday,all the same


  3.不用冠词的情况


  在专有名词和不可数名词前,


  China,Grade Two,Bill Smilk,milk


  名词前已有作定语用的this,that,my,your,some,any等代词。


  The letter is in her bag ,


  Come this way,please .


  I have some question.


  复数名词表示一类人或事物时,


  My father and mother are teachers.


  I like cakes.


  在星期,月份,季节,节日前,


  It is Sunday(Monday,Tuesday,etc。)today。


  June 1st is Children's Day in China。


  It is cold in winter。


  在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。


  Mr Mott is going on a trip。


  What colour are Mrs Green's shoes?


  在三餐饭和球类运动的名词前。


  He went to shool before breakfast this morning。


  Can you play basketball?



  四、动词(Verbs)(2)


  1.动词的种类(Kinds of Verbs)


  行为动词Action Verbs:含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句中能独立作谓语。


  She has some bananas。


  They often come back early。


  I listen to the radio every day。


  连系动词Link Verbs:本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。


  His father is a teacher。


  Twins usually look the same。


  Trees turn green。


  助动词Auxiliary Verbs 本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定,疑问,时态或其他语法形式。


  He doesn't speak Englist。


  We are playing basketball。


  Do you have a brother?


  情态动词Modal Verbs


  本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态,情态动词没有人称和数的变化。


  She can speak a little English。


  May I speak to Ann,please?


  We must go now。


  2.一般过去时态(The Simple Past Tense)


  一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和过去的时间状语连用,如:yesterday,last night,in 1990,two days ago等,也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作,常和often,always等表示频度的时间状语连用。例如:


  I got up at 6:30 yesterday。


  My father was at work yesterday afternoon。


  He always went to work by bus last year。


  一般过去时的构成


  be


  肯定句:I was……


  He (she,it) was……


  We(You,They)were……


  否定句 I was not(wasn't)……


  He(She,It)was not(wasn't)……


  We(You,They)were not(weren't)……


  work


  肯定句 I(You,He,She,It,We,You,They)worked。


  否定句 I(You,He,She,It,We,You,They)did not(didn't)worked。


  there be


  肯定句


  There was……


  There were……


  否定句


  There was not(wasn't)……


  There were not (weren't)……


  疑问句和简略答语


  be


  第一人称


  Was I……?Yes,you were。No,you were not。


  Were we……?Yes,we(you)were。No,we(you)were not。


  第二人称


  Were you……?Yes,I was。No,I was not。


  Were you……?Yes,we were。No,we were not。


  第三人称


  Was he (she,it)……?Yes,he(she,it)was。No,he(she,it) was not。


  Were they ……?Yes,they were。No,they were not。


  work


  第一人称


  Did I work?Yes,you did。No,you did not。


  Did we work?Yes,we(you)did。No,we(you) did not。


  第二人称


  Did you work?Yes,I did。No,I did not。


  Did you work?Yes,we did。No,we did not。


  第三人称


  Did he (she,it)work?Yes,he(she,it)did。No,he(she,it)did not。


  Did they work?Yes,they did。No,they did not。


  there be


  Was there a/any……?Yes,there was。No,there was not。


  Was there any……?Yes,there were。No,there were not。


  规则动词过去式地构成


  一般在动词原形末尾加-ed 例如:look looked,play played,


  结尾是e的动词加-d 例如:live lived,hope hoped,use used


  末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ed


  例如:stop stopped,plan planned,trip tripped


  结尾是"辅音字母+y"的动词,先变y为i再加-ed. 例如:study studied


  carry carried,worry worried.


  常见的不规则动词有:


  am/is-was are-were go-went have-had do-did get-got


  come-came say-said see-saw put-put eat-ate take-took


  3.一般将来时态(The Simple Future Tense)


  一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态,也表示将来将来经常或反复发生的动作,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.如:tomorrow,next,week,next


  year等


  例如:I will go to my hometown next week.


  We will come to see you every Sunday.


  1)一般将来时的构成 一般将来时由"助动词"will+动词原形"构成.在口语中,will


  在名词或代词后常简缩为'll,will not常简缩为won't.在疑问句中,主语为第一人称


  (I和well)时,常用助动词shall.


  第一人称肯定式I/We will go.否定式I/will not go.疑问式Shall/we go ?


  第二人称肯定式You not go.否定式You will not go.疑问句Will you go?


  第三人称肯定式He/She/It/They will go.否定式He/She/It/They will not go.


  疑问式Will he/she/it/they go?


  注:(1)在书面语中,主语式第一人称(I和we)时,常用助动词shall+动词原形.例如:


  I shall write you a letter next month.


  We shall be very please to see you.


  (2)在表示"带意愿色彩的将来"时,常用will.例如:


  I will tell you all about it.


  (3)在问对方是否愿意,或表示客气的邀请或命令时,常用will.例如:


  Will you go to the zoo with me?


  Will you please open the window?


  (4)在表示建议或者征求对方意见时,可用shall.例如:


  Shall we go at the ten?


  Shall we get some food?


  2)用"be going to+动词原形"表示将要发生的的事或打算,计划,决定要作的事情.


  例如:


  What are you going to next Sunday?下星期你打算干什么?


  They're going to meet outside the school gate.他们打算在校门口见面.


  We're not going to have any classes next week.下一周我们不上课.


  五、句子的成分(Members of the sentence)


  组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分,即:主语.谓语.表语.宾语.宾语补足语.定语和状语.


  主语和谓语是句子的主体部分.表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分


  主语(The Subject) 表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事物,一般由名词 代词或相当于名词的短语等充当.例句:Lucy is an American girl.


  We study in No.1 Middle School.


  谓语(The Predicate)说明主语"做什么","是什么"或者是怎么样.谓语(谓语部分里主要是词)用动词.谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致.例如:We love China.


  Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She is singing.


  表语(The Predicative) 说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。例句:Her aunt is a driver.


  宾语(The Object)表示动作或行为的对象,由名词,代词或相当于名词的词,短语等充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么.例句:He often helps me.


  We study English at school. Did you see him yesterday?


  定语(The Attribute)用来休息名词或代词.做定语的除形容词外,还有代词,数词,名词,介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等.例句:The black bike is mine.


  We have four lessons in the morning.What's your name.please?


  状语(The Adverbial)用来修饰动词,形容词或副词.一般表示行为发生的时间,地点,目的,方式,程度等意义,通常由副词,介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示


  例句:People are all working hard.It is very nice.


  We had a meeting this afternoon.


  六、句子的种类(Kings of Sentence)


  1.四种疑问句(Four Kind of Question)


  选择疑问句(The Alternative Question)


  提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种,这种疑问句叫选择疑问句.它的机构是一般疑问句加or加一般疑问句,但常把后一部分里面和前一部分相同的成分省略.说


  是or前面部分用声调,后面用降调.如:Is her brother a adoctor or a teacher?


  Would you like tea or coffee?Shall we go to the cinema on Saturday or on sunday?


  反意疑问句(The Tag Question)


  反意疑问句表示提问者有一定的主见,但没有把握,希望对方来证实.


  反意疑问句由两部分组成,前一部分是对事物的陈述,后一部分是简单的提问.如果前一部分用肯定的形式,后一部分一般用否定的形式;前一部分用否定的形式,后一部分久用肯定的形式两部分的人称和时态要一致.反意疑问句陈述的部分用降调.后办部分可升可降.提问者对陈述部分把握较大时,后半部分用降调;把握不大时,用降调.The weather here is very cold,isn't it?


  You're from Australia,aren't you? Yes,I am .


  对反意疑问句的回答,不管问题的提法如何,若事实是肯定的,就要用Yes,事实是否定的,就要用no.这和汉语不一样,应该注意.如:


  He isn't going to the meeting,is he?它不去参加会是吗?


  Yes,he is.不,他要去的.


  No ,he isn't.对他不起.


  2.感叹句(The Exclamatory Sentence)


  感叹句多用how和what引起.how 和what与所修饰的词放在句首,其他部分用陈诉语气.在口语中谓语常省略


  (1)how作状语,修饰形容词,副词和动词.如:


  How cold it is today!


  How delicious they are!


  How beautiful the flowers are!


  How I miss you!


  (2)what作定语,修饰名词(名词前可由其他定语),单数可数名词前要加不定冠词a(an).如:


  What a good idear!


  What a beautiful day!


  What a happy woman!


  感叹句用来表示强烈的感情.句末要用感叹号!,读时要用降调.在口语中常用省略句.后面的主语和谓语往往省略,由时候只用一个词或者是词组.如:How cold! Wonderful