中财网美金兑人民币汇率:1904年西藏悲壮的抗英斗争及西藏晚清社会民生绘画图片【75P】
来源：百度文库 编辑：中财网 时间：2024/04/28 02:40:45
1904年西藏悲壮的抗英斗争及西藏晚清社会民生绘画图片 ★★★還舊樓主2011年4月2日覓自《华声论坛》★★★ 英国人血洗西藏，到今年已整整100余年。西藏社科院学者巴桑旺堆对《瞭望东方周刊》说，人们永远不会忘记这一段惨痛的往事。
巴桑旺堆说，18至19世纪，英国殖民者在占领了南亚大部分土地之后，企图加强其在中亚的势力，于是就策划把西藏变成它的“缓冲区”。1903年底，英国派遗麦克唐纳少将和荣赫鹏上校率领由3000士兵护送的“使团”进入西藏，要求与西藏政府“谈判”。13世达赖喇嘛派藏军阻止。
在曲米香果，英军与藏军对峙。英军诡称谈判，荣赫鹏上校要求双方退出子弹，但英军退出一发子弹后，随即又将另一发上膛。藏军不识英军现代步枪机关，毫无警惕地熄灭了火药枪的全部火绳。
谈判中英军忽然开火，而藏军无法还击。
“这不是战斗，而是一场大屠杀。”英国作家彼德·费莱明在《刺刀指向拉萨》一书中写道，1500人的西藏军队留下了600至700具尸体，英军仅6人受伤。
1904年3月，英国人开始了对战略要地江孜的攻击。由于藏军英勇抵抗，江孜直到7月才被攻占。由是，英军拿到了“前往拉萨的钥匙”。
江孜保卫战十分残酷。英军炮兵榴霰弹、机枪、步枪猛烈射击，藏军则用火绳枪、石头和大刀还击。山上的水干了，藏军就喝自己的尿。最后藏军弹尽粮绝，与英军展开白刃战,不少不愿投降的藏军跳崖身亡。
8月，荷枪实弹的英军开进拉萨。13世达赖喇嘛被迫逃亡。9月7日，英国军队进入布达拉宫，强迫当地政府签订不平等的《拉萨条约》。条约规定，西藏向英国赔款，拆除要塞，开放商埠，英国可在西藏的亚东驻兵。
从公元13世纪起，西藏就成为中国版图的一部分。但是，面对英军入侵，腐败的清王朝却没有提供有效的保护，这是整个中华民族的耻辱。不过，清朝中央政府最后仍拒绝了在《拉萨条约》上签字。
在屠杀了四五千名藏胞并掠夺大量珍贵文物后，英军于9月中下旬返回印度。
时至今日，《瞭望东方周刊》记者看到，有1200年历史的西藏康马县乃宁寺庙墙上和门上，子弹留下的痕迹依旧清晰可见，而当年被英军烧毁的五层经堂的血红色的断壁残垣也默默地伫立在后来重新修建的经堂的旁边。在抗击英军的战斗中，乃宁寺有44名喇嘛牺牲，后来寺庙将尸骨骨灰集中起来，修了一座土旺佛像，以永远拜祭。
100年前，同乃宁寺一样受英军洗劫的还有其他众多寺庙，如紫金寺、白居寺等，而投入到抗击英军的战斗中的僧侣更是不计其数。
拉萨色拉寺的27岁的喇嘛平措托美说，这段历史他了解，而且不会忘记。当年英军进入拉萨后，色拉寺一个喇嘛把匕首藏在架裟下冲进英军军营，与英军展开了殊死搏斗，后来被英军绞死。
出生、成长在江孜的中国藏学研究中心的学者郑堆说，一个崇尚和平、宽容的东方民族，被西方霸权欺凌，是整个人类的耻辱。
“英国的入侵标志着持续一个世纪之久的外国干涉西藏的开始，给中国中央政府和西藏的关系带来了恶劣影响。”北京广播学院国际关系教授许铁兵在接受《瞭望东方周刊》采访时说。
西藏社科院当代研究所所长阿旺次仁和他的同事在反复考证历史文献之后发现，“西藏独立”一词是在英国殖民者侵略西藏大约20年之后才在藏语里出现的。许铁兵指出，英国入侵后，西藏贵族阶层出现分裂，形成了一股亲英势力，而同时英国也开始在国际上宣扬清政府和西藏之间是所谓的宗主国之间的关系，想以此否定几个世纪以来的中国中央政府对西藏的领土主权。
“一些西藏贵族看到了枪炮的威力开始投靠英国人，以寻求对自己特权和财产的保护。这些贵族后来就逐渐形成了西藏的分裂势力。”许教授说。
英军入侵后，清朝中央政府在西藏的统治受到削弱，清政府派去的驻藏大臣也几乎成了摆设。
阿旺次仁则进一步指出，英国的侵略还给原本一直过着安宁生活的喜马拉雅山地区各界人民带来了至今没有完全解决的边界纠纷。
下面这些绘画图片即展示1904年当时情景。
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注意：图片下方英文注释不易辨认，也无法准确翻译，其立场观点如有违史实，请注意辨别分析。这并不影响我们通过图片情景去参考分析当年历史。screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="left"> screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center">
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screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center"> screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center"> screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center">歡迎進入還舊樓主個人圖書館>>>
巴桑旺堆说，18至19世纪，英国殖民者在占领了南亚大部分土地之后，企图加强其在中亚的势力，于是就策划把西藏变成它的“缓冲区”。1903年底，英国派遗麦克唐纳少将和荣赫鹏上校率领由3000士兵护送的“使团”进入西藏，要求与西藏政府“谈判”。13世达赖喇嘛派藏军阻止。
在曲米香果，英军与藏军对峙。英军诡称谈判，荣赫鹏上校要求双方退出子弹，但英军退出一发子弹后，随即又将另一发上膛。藏军不识英军现代步枪机关，毫无警惕地熄灭了火药枪的全部火绳。
谈判中英军忽然开火，而藏军无法还击。
“这不是战斗，而是一场大屠杀。”英国作家彼德·费莱明在《刺刀指向拉萨》一书中写道，1500人的西藏军队留下了600至700具尸体，英军仅6人受伤。
1904年3月，英国人开始了对战略要地江孜的攻击。由于藏军英勇抵抗，江孜直到7月才被攻占。由是，英军拿到了“前往拉萨的钥匙”。
江孜保卫战十分残酷。英军炮兵榴霰弹、机枪、步枪猛烈射击，藏军则用火绳枪、石头和大刀还击。山上的水干了，藏军就喝自己的尿。最后藏军弹尽粮绝，与英军展开白刃战,不少不愿投降的藏军跳崖身亡。
8月，荷枪实弹的英军开进拉萨。13世达赖喇嘛被迫逃亡。9月7日，英国军队进入布达拉宫，强迫当地政府签订不平等的《拉萨条约》。条约规定，西藏向英国赔款，拆除要塞，开放商埠，英国可在西藏的亚东驻兵。
从公元13世纪起，西藏就成为中国版图的一部分。但是，面对英军入侵，腐败的清王朝却没有提供有效的保护，这是整个中华民族的耻辱。不过，清朝中央政府最后仍拒绝了在《拉萨条约》上签字。
在屠杀了四五千名藏胞并掠夺大量珍贵文物后，英军于9月中下旬返回印度。
时至今日，《瞭望东方周刊》记者看到，有1200年历史的西藏康马县乃宁寺庙墙上和门上，子弹留下的痕迹依旧清晰可见，而当年被英军烧毁的五层经堂的血红色的断壁残垣也默默地伫立在后来重新修建的经堂的旁边。在抗击英军的战斗中，乃宁寺有44名喇嘛牺牲，后来寺庙将尸骨骨灰集中起来，修了一座土旺佛像，以永远拜祭。
100年前，同乃宁寺一样受英军洗劫的还有其他众多寺庙，如紫金寺、白居寺等，而投入到抗击英军的战斗中的僧侣更是不计其数。
拉萨色拉寺的27岁的喇嘛平措托美说，这段历史他了解，而且不会忘记。当年英军进入拉萨后，色拉寺一个喇嘛把匕首藏在架裟下冲进英军军营，与英军展开了殊死搏斗，后来被英军绞死。
出生、成长在江孜的中国藏学研究中心的学者郑堆说，一个崇尚和平、宽容的东方民族，被西方霸权欺凌，是整个人类的耻辱。
“英国的入侵标志着持续一个世纪之久的外国干涉西藏的开始，给中国中央政府和西藏的关系带来了恶劣影响。”北京广播学院国际关系教授许铁兵在接受《瞭望东方周刊》采访时说。
西藏社科院当代研究所所长阿旺次仁和他的同事在反复考证历史文献之后发现，“西藏独立”一词是在英国殖民者侵略西藏大约20年之后才在藏语里出现的。许铁兵指出，英国入侵后，西藏贵族阶层出现分裂，形成了一股亲英势力，而同时英国也开始在国际上宣扬清政府和西藏之间是所谓的宗主国之间的关系，想以此否定几个世纪以来的中国中央政府对西藏的领土主权。
“一些西藏贵族看到了枪炮的威力开始投靠英国人，以寻求对自己特权和财产的保护。这些贵族后来就逐渐形成了西藏的分裂势力。”许教授说。
英军入侵后，清朝中央政府在西藏的统治受到削弱，清政府派去的驻藏大臣也几乎成了摆设。
阿旺次仁则进一步指出，英国的侵略还给原本一直过着安宁生活的喜马拉雅山地区各界人民带来了至今没有完全解决的边界纠纷。
下面这些绘画图片即展示1904年当时情景。
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screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center">screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center"> screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center">screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center"> screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center">screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center"> screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center"> screen.width*0.7) this.width=screen.width*0.7;" title="" onmousewheel="return imgzoom(this);" align="center">歡迎進入還舊樓主個人圖書館>>>