以下的英文:高三M10U2段落基本要素

好的文章有一些主要的构成要素，段落就是其中之一。段落是用来在散文、故事或其他文章中组织信息的。在写段落时，我们通常包括以下内容：

1、  主题句

每个段落都应有一个要点，该要点通常由主题句表达。主题句应清楚地陈述本段落的信息。整个段落都围绕主题句展开。例如：

（书19页44行）Young adults give many different reasons for moving to cities.

不过也并不是所有的段落都有主题句的。比如有时一个段落延续了前一个段落的主题，而前一个段落有主题句的情况下，这个段落就不一定有主题句了。

主题句通常是段落的第一句。不过在散文、故事或其他一些文体的第一段中，主题句可以置于一段引子之后。为了吸引读者的注意力，我们可以使用一段引子。这个引子常常是一个有趣的事实、一个问题或一段引语。例如：

       （书18页4行）Older Americans are on the move.

2、  支撑句

主题句后应跟有对其加以解释或证明的支撑句。例如：

（书18页8行）For decades, Florida has been attracting older residents. In fact, according to the national population survey conducted in 2000, Florida was home to the largest population of people aged 65 and older.

段落中的支撑句的排列顺序是有逻辑的。我们可以使用过渡的词语将每句句子与其前后的句子连接。可使用的过渡词语包括for example, for instance, furthermore, first, second, third, on the other hand, however, but和also。

（书18页23行）Florida is a popular choice for these people because of the climate and the state’s relatively flat landscape. However, as the number of older Americans moving there increases, more changes are made to cater to them. For example, ambulance response time has been decreased, and many houses have bathrooms designed for elderly homeowners, with things like walk-in bathtubs that reduce the risk of slips and falls.

3、  结论句

段落应以一句用新的方式重复主题句内容的句子结尾。当然了，结论句不是主题句的简单重复，而是对它的扩展与总结。有时也可以用结论句来表达关于这个主题的最后想法，或用它来帮助引入下一段的主题。

（书19页42行）Across the USA, people are noticing the same thing: young people want to live in cities.

4、  注意

与中文不同，英文段落中的“主题句-支撑句-结论句”的结构一般情况下是很明确的。而中文段落的主题句可能出现在段首、段中或段末。这是中西文的不同之处。

相关练习

一、   选出下列各段落的主题句

1.       One of the reasons for visiting the lighthouses is that the lighthouses have a profound history and provide a good view of nature.

2.       Visiting lighthouses will help us to understand the lives of lighthouse keepers.

3.       Another reason for considering a visit is that the lighthouses themselves can be very attractive buildings.

4.       The most important reason for such a visit is to realize how our ancestors battled nature with the basic tools they had.

Everyone should visit a lighthouse at least once.

(1)    __________ They had only basic ways of creating light, and yet they found a way of using this simple technology in isolated (孤零零的) places to save ships from hitting rocks.

(2)    __________ By their very nature, lighthouses were built on some rocks or cliffs. Thus the lighthouse keepers often lived lonely lives. To walk around their small home, and imagine the angry storm outside beating against the walls, is to take a step towards understanding the lives they had.

The reason for a visit to a lighthouse is not all so backward-looking in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day, this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. Therefore, with the gentle waves touching all round the lighthouse, the visitor is likely to think it is a world preferable to the busy and noisy modern life.

(3)    __________ Mankind could often not be content just to put up a basic structure, but felt the need, even in such an isolated place, to build with an artistic touch. The result is a view for tired eyes to enjoy. Finally, lighthouses have a romantic attraction, summed up by the image of the oil-skin-coated keeper climbing his winding stairs to take care of the light to warn ships and save lives.

二、   将下列句子按逻辑顺序组合成段落

a.       First, don’t let your pride get in your way. Most of us can forgive each other when differences are brought out in the open.

b.       Second, apologize when you are wrong- even if you’ve been wronged. Over the course of a friendship, even the best people make mistakes.

c.       And finally, accept that friendships change as our needs and lifestyle change. Making friends can sometimes seem easy.

d.       My suggestion: Consider friendship an honor and a gift, and worth the effort to treasure and nurture（培养）.

e.       The good news is that most troubled friendships can be mended.

f.        Third, see things from your friend’s point of view.

g.       Sometimes, it may be best if the wronged person takes the lead and apologizes. When you apologize, give you friend a chance to admit that he has been wrong.

h.       The hard part is keeping the connections strong during the natural ups and downs that have an effect on all relationships.

正确的段落顺序是：___—___—___—___—___—___—___—___

三、   选词填空

then        later        since              whenever               on the other hand

and         once        while             on the contrary       in the first case

Do you want to live with a strong sense of peacefulness, happiness, goodness and self-respect? The collection of happiness actions broadly categorized as “honor” helps you create this life of good feelings.

Here’s an example to show how honorable actions create happiness. Say a store clerk fails to charge us for an item. If we keep silent, and profit from the clerk’s mistake, we would drive home with a sense of sneaky excitement. (1) _________ we might tell our family or friends about our good fortune. (2) __________, if we tell the clerk about the uncharged item, the clerk would be grateful and thank us for our honesty. We would leave the store with a quiet sense of honor that we might never share with another soul.

       (3) __________, what is it to do with our sense of happiness?

       (4) __________, where we don’t tell the clerk, a couple of things would happen. Deep down inside we would know ourselves as a type of thief. In the process, we would lose some peace of mind and self-respect. We would also demonstrate that we cannot lie trusted, (5) ___________ we advertise our dishonor by telling our family and friends. We damage our own reputations by telling others. (6) ___________, bringing the error to the clerk’s attention causes different things to happen. Immediately the clerk knows us to be honorable. Upon leaving the store, we feel honorable and our self-respect is increased. (7) ___________ we take honorable action we gain the deep internal rewards of goodness and a sense of nobility.

       There is a beautiful positive cycle that is created by living a life of honorable actions. Honorable thoughts lead to honorable actions. Honorable actions lead us to a happier existence. (8) ____________ it’s easy to think and act honorably again when we’re happy. (9) ____________ the positive cycle can be difficult to start, (10) ____________ it’s started, it’s easy to continue. Keeping on doing good deeds brings us peace of mind, which is important for our happiness.

参考答案

一、选出下列各段落的主题句

（1）D   （2）B   （3）A   （4）C

二、将下列句子按逻辑顺序组合成段落

e-a-b-g-f-c-h-d

三、选词填空

1、Later               2、On the other hand   3、Then            4、In the first case        5、since

6、On the contrary   7、Whenever              8、And             9、While                     10、once