小说人物姓氏:某国人的单复数及冠词使用情况

Nationalities
Country
Nationality
Nationality (plural)
Language
I am from . . .
I am . . .
They are . . .
I speak . . .
She is from . . .
He is . . .
We are . . .
He speaks . . .
Armenia
Armenian
Armenians
Armenian
Bulgaria
Bulgarian
Bulgarians
Bulgarian
Cambodia
Cambodian
Cambodians
Cambodian
Estonia
Estonian
Estonians
Estonian
Indonesia
Indonesian
Indonesians
Indonesian
Latvia
Latvian
Latvians
Latvian
Lithuania
Lithuanian
Lithuanians
Lithuanian
Mongolia
Mongolian
Mongolians
Mongolian
Romania
Romanian
Romanians
Romanian
Russia
Russian
Russians
Russian
Italy
Italian
Italians
Italian
Hungary
Hungarian
Hungarians
Hungarian
Ukraine
Ukrainian
Ukrainians
Ukrainian
Australia
Australian
Australians
English
Austria
Austrian
Austrians
German
Bolivia
Bolivian
Bolivians
Spanish
Colombia
Colombian
Colombians
Spanish
Syria
Syrian
Syrians
Arabic
India
Indian
Indians
Hindi, Tamil, etc.
Nigeria
Nigerian
Nigerians
Ibo, Hausa, etc.
Brazil
Brazilian
Brazilians
Portuguese
Canada
Canadian
Canadians
English, French
Malaysia
Malay(sian)
Malay(sian)s
Malay, Cantonese, etc.
Norway
Norwegian
Norwegian
Norwegian
Belgium
Belgian
Belgians
French, Flemish
Egypt
Egyptian
Egyptians
Coptic
Iran
Iranian
Iranians
Persian, Farsi
Peru
Peruvian
Peruvians
Spanish
Korea
Korean
Koreans
Korean
Samoa
Samoan
Samoans
Samoan
Tonga
Tongan
Tongans
Tongan
Germany
German
Germans
German
Cuba
Cuban
Cubans
Spanish
Costa Rica
Costa Rican
Costa Ricans
Spanish
Guatemala
Guatemalan
Guatemalans
Spanish
Nicaragua
Nicaraguan
Nicaraguans
Spanish
Paraguay
Paraguayan
Paraguayans
Spanish
Uruguay
Uruguayan
Uruguayans
Spanish
Venezuela
Venezuelan
Venezuelans
Spanish
Chile
Chilean
Chileans
Spanish
Singapore
Singaporean
Singaporeans
English, Chinese, etc.
Mexico
Mexican
Mexicans
Spanish
Honduras
Honduran
Hondurans
Spanish
Dominican Republic
Dominican
Dominicans
Spanish
South Africa
South African
South Africans
Afrikaans, English, etc.
The United States
American
Americans
English
Japan
Japanese
Japanese
Japanese
Vietnam
Vietnamese
Vietnamese
Vietnamese
China
Chinese
Chinese
Chinese
Portugal
Portuguese
Portuguese
Portuguese
Taiwan
Chinese
Chinese
Chinese, Taiwanese
Nepal
Nepalese
Nepalese
Nepali
Denmark
Danish
Danish/Danes
Danish
Finland
Finnish
Finnish/Finns
Finnish
Poland
Polish
Polish/Poles
Polish
Spain
Spanish
Spanish/Spaniards
Spanish
Sweden
Swedish
Swedish/Swedes
Swedish
England
British
British/English
English
Scotland
Scottish
Scottish/Scots
English
Turkey
Turkish
Turkish/Turks
Turkish
Ireland
Irish
Irish
Gaelic, English
Bangladesh
Bangladeshi
Bangladeshis
Bengali
Iraq
Iraqi
Iraqis
Arabic
Israel
Israeli
Israelis
Hebrew
Kuwait
Kuwaiti
Kuwaitis
Arabic
Pakistan
Pakistani
Pakistanis
Urdu
Qatar
Qatari
Qataris
Arabic
Thailand
Thai
Thai(s)
Thai
France
French
French
French
Greece
Greek
Greeks
Greek
The Philippines
Filipino
Filipinos
Tagalog, English, etc.
Czech Republic
Czech
Czechs
Czech
Switzerland
Swiss
Swiss
German, French, etc.
Iceland
Icelander
Icelanders
Icelandic
New Zealand
(a) New Zealander
New Zealanders
English
The Netherlands
Dutch
Dutch
Dutch
With the following nationalities, we say
The Russians are here.*
The Koreans are here.
The Americans are here
The Italians are here.
The New Zealanders are here
The Pakistanis are here.
With the following nationalities, we say
The Chinese are here.*
The Japanese are here.
The British are here.
The Swiss are here.
The French are here.
The Portuguese are here.
Why?
It's mostly phonetic. That is, it depends on the final sound of the word. When the nationality words end with -an, -ian, -er, -i, their plural form requires -s. When the nationality words end with -ese, -ish, -iss, -ch, their single and plural forms are identical.
Languages -- No article needed
Russian is easy.
Korean is easy.
Italian is easy.  Chinese is easy.
Japanese is easy.
French is easy.
Generalizations**
Russians are friendly
Koreans are friendly.
New Zealanders are friendly.
The Chinese are friendly.
Chinese people are friendly.
The Japanese are friendly.
Japanese people are friendly.
The French are friendly.
Frenchmen are friendly.
[NOTE]
*If you are talking about a specific group (of Russians, etc.), the article the must be used.
Most of the Italians (in this class) are female.
Most of the Japanese (in the restaurant) are from Kyoto.
**If you are talking generally, no article or preposition is needed.
With s
Most Americans speak English.  (Not: Most of Americans)
No s
Most Vietnamese live in Asia.  (Not: Most of Vietnamese )