中财网厦门艾尔文文化传播:德军审讯战俘的技巧
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德军审讯战俘的技巧（摘自美军《情报周刊》） 在损失了有效的空中侦察之后，德国人越来越依靠于盘问战俘来了解盟军的行动以及编制、新的装备或者设施、盟军的士气以及其他一些有价值的情报。德军的审问方式的效率在战争开始时就表现不错，发展到今日已经成为了一门非常详细的技术，俨然像一门需要精确计算的科学。德国审讯官非常清楚自己每个问题的目的以及意义，同时他们也一丝不苟的不放过任何一个可能得到信息的线索。尽管他们绝对不会错过审讯我军军官的机会，他们同样不会放过任何一个普普通通的小兵。
德军很清楚从刚从战场上抓到的俘虏口中得到有效情报的几率几乎是0，所以他们会在战俘平静下来之后才开始第一级讯问。
第一级讯问
审讯官会讯问一写非常基本的问题，当然这些问题肯定超越了“姓名，军阶和编号”这类合理问题。对战俘所在部队所收集的情报将被用来鉴定受审者是否在撒谎。德国人很清楚，自负的俘虏很容易在提供自己的姓名、军阶和序号之后再慷慨的提供一些假信息来折磨审讯官的神经（尽管我军相关条例规定除这三条之外不应回答敌人的任何问题）
如果发现战俘在撒谎，或者举止粗野，德国人会采用“更不友好的讯问方式”——仍然严格的处于《日内瓦公约》以及相关条约的限制之内。德国国防军尊敬非常礼貌但是不愿给出情报的战俘，他们视忠诚为最高荣誉；而武装党卫军可能就不这么看。
在审讯时，德军审讯官经常会公开表示他们对我军某种武器的赞美或者怀疑——来缓和审问的紧张气氛。然而事情没这么简单。自负的但是头脑简单的战俘很可能会直接更正审讯官“说错”的地方，德国人会通过这些小矛盾来挖掘细节。
德国人知道我军士兵对国家社会Ｚ義不抱任何好感，所以他们的话题会尽量避开政治。德国人也很清楚在战俘面前贬低我们的盟友——英国人或者俄国人——也并不是什么很好的开场白。鉴于我军士兵对体育运动的爱好，德国人更喜欢用“你觉得上个月纽约洋基对圣路易斯深红的比赛怎样”这样的话题来做开场白，缓解对方的紧张以及敌对情绪。 德国审讯官同样很清楚什么时候问什么问题是恰当的。 当抓住混在平民中或者穿着平民服装的盟军士兵时，德国人通常会用“战斗人员身着平民服装不受日内瓦公约保护”来威胁我军士兵说出他们的部队和任务。
在初审结束后，审讯官需要完成一篇报告，指明受审人的个人状况、精神状况、可信度以及可以从此人身上获得何种情报等信息。
德国人允许甚至鼓励战俘给他们的亲人写信。他们希望这些信件中能够交待一些被俘之前的经历，从而拼凑出一些有用的信息。
主审
主审基于初审的结果，加上从最近获取的文件中需要确认的资料，战俘所属部队的最新情况以及其他一些非常重要的问题。主审的审问官一般都是和蔼可亲的人，NC希望用他们和蔼的外表来欺骗我军战俘，有时特别的技术问题会有第二个主审官来询问。
在表面上，主审和初审的步骤和问题很类似，但是这两者其实完全不同。主审时德国审问官是有的放矢的问问题。令德国人恼火的是，美军战俘通常通常受过良好的保密训练，对提出的问题十分警觉，对该回答什么不该回答什么十分清楚。
德国人认为，囚犯的态度取决于他们的待遇，于是他们对战俘的个人资料进行详细的检查。德国人将他们提问的方向分作如下几大类：
1． 迅速、准确、有的放矢的问题；
2． 逐步深入。有关家庭状况的亲切长谈—体育—两军武器—军中经历等等；
3． 偶然在交谈中指出一些盟军的情报，暗示受审者审问官已经了解一切了，隐瞒没有意义； 4． 指明（无论真假）受审人的长官/同伴已经招了； 5． 声称战俘身上未来得及销毁的保密文件会让他在战俘中成为不受欢迎的泄密者；
6． 一支香烟，一杯咖啡，然后和蔼的告诉受审人他的家庭已经通过邮件或者广播得知他的被俘。 德军情报机关想尽一切办法让审讯看上去不像审讯。审讯总是在随意舒适的办公室中，审讯官总是和蔼可亲，桌子上只有咖啡壶和烟盒，永远没有记录本或者速记员。实际上，速记员会躲在暗处作记录，更通常的步骤是审讯官在审讯结束后根据自己的记忆写下审讯中得到的重要情报。有时，审讯在战俘被单人禁闭很久之后的一次散步中进行，禁闭时间通常长到能让战俘对任何一个把他放出去透风的人抱有好感。
口风很紧的战俘通常会和“信鸽”或者其他不愿交待任何情况的战俘关在一起，他们的一切交谈都会被窃听。由于采用叛徒十分危险，这种方法只有在极个别的情况下才采用（文件中并没有指明为什么，可能是因为反对NC的德国人或者坚强的盟军战俘）。
德国人的小把戏
以下是一些德国审讯部门用来欺骗盟军士兵的小把戏。 a. 信鸽
在审讯所里，盟军战俘被“草率”的审问一下之后就被送到旁边的一个房间中等待。房间里通常也有“被俘”的盟军——实际上可能是精通英语的德国人或者意大利人。为了避免嫌疑，德国人通常会交叉军种和国籍。比如在讯问陆军战俘时，冒牌货会伪装成飞行员，而当审问英国人时他们又会穿上美军制服。这些绰号“信鸽”的德国情报人员非常难对付。
b. 拉关系
“英国人和德国人流着一样的血，我们不应该互相残杀。”这就是一个微笑的NC分子，在全世界都流传着他们的暴行时，用来拉拢关系的话。
c. 对伤员的“延迟审问”
对受伤被送进医院的盟军战俘，德国人通常会送一个会说“一点英语”的德国“伤员”去。这个人会像最好的吸尘器推销员那样用甜言蜜语来进攻邻床的战俘。他可能会说他讨厌战争，甚至讨厌NC，比如他和某个党卫军部队的士兵打过架之类。这些情报人员依靠耐心来获得他们所需要的。 d. 傲慢与偏见
“小子，我想告诉你的就是我知道的比你还多！”审讯官的语气非常粗鲁，他将一堆看上去充满军事价值的文件往桌子上一扔。这招激将法通常会刺激那些自负的战俘和审讯官比较谁知道的更多。
e. 最坏的选择 战俘被带进一间昏暗的房间里，当审讯官问出三个基本问题之后，他的第四个问题通常没有回答。于是他会命令哨兵出去，拔出手槍擦拭，然后漫不经心地对俘虏说：“我们谁都不希望把事情弄糟”，实际上他希望将战俘的思路往相反的方向引导。战俘可能会被带到非常狭小的空间，比如装甲车里。审讯官会用非常轻的声音说话。他会向战俘暗示他需要某种情报，而且他必须得到。他会宣称：“你孤独一人，你有家庭，你希望活下去。你希望能够成为万人景仰的英雄，但是别忘了，你只有一个人。”死亡的威胁是用来摧毁精神防线的最好的武器。 f. 再试一次 摧毁受审者的精神防线是审讯官最重要的工作。达到这个目的的方法有两种，一种是生理上的，如强迫行军、减少口粮、糟糕的住宿环境等等；另一种是散布谣言，德国人喜欢在战俘中散布诸如“俄国人倒向轴心国了”，“英国投降了”，“日本人又打胜仗了”之类的假消息。不过最屡试不爽的还是那句“你的同伴都已经招了，你还有什么要说的么？”
g. 隔墙有耳
在法ＸＳ国家，特务机关可以随意怀疑任何人。他们是偷听高手。德国人会把那些嘴很紧的盟军士兵关在一起，然后通过暗藏的竊Ｔ器获取有益的信息。 反审问技术的核心
我们可以通过反向思维的方式来推断出如何对抗德国人的审问。就像其它国家的士兵一样，德军官兵也接受了“被俘后只允许回答三要素”以及国际法的相关准则的教育。当然，德军也对其官兵进行了特殊的教导：
1． 如果有可能被俘，一定要销毁所有的纸件，并撕去Soldbuch（账本）的第四页，那里记载了部队番号；
2． 被俘后保持军人风度和礼节，不要被敌人的威胁利诱征服；
3． 把好口风。时刻牢记你认为琐碎的问题可能包含了对敌人十分有用的信息；
4． 永远不要说敌人的语言；
5． 即使敌人贬低我国武器，也不要和他们争辩任何关于德军装备的技术问题；
6． 不要试着用谎话来嘲弄敌人；
7． 不要被敌人散布的谣言所欺骗；
8． 不要和任何战俘谈论军事行动问题。
在北非战场，德军提醒部队以下信息对联合国军极为重要，因此需要严格保密：
1． 部队番号和位置；
2． 部队作战能力和损失状况；
3． 你所处的团/师的加强部队和协同作战的部队，以及它们的战斗力；
4． 你何时来到本战区，你在前往这里的路上看到了什么，你最后一次离开本战区的时间；
5． 德军的武器装备，维修时间以及维修部队的效率；
6． 德军士气，尤其是装备和给养状况；
7． 德国本土的士气以及盟军轰炸对士气的影响。
以上这几条反之亦然。德军审问技术的核心就是“审问官对战俘所在部队或者军种的总体了解越多，他就越容易成功”。探出并且牢记战俘所在部队的指挥官的名字被证明是很重要的，同时对两军特定装备的比较也能套出很多技术方面的重点。
诸如“你的装备似乎是波士顿生产的”或者“您的指挥官根本不知道他在做什么，对么”这样看似平常的问题应该严肃对待并且拒绝回答，因为它们会把战俘引向在纠正错误的同时泄露情报。 在知道敌人的把戏的情况下，美军战俘应该对敌人表示礼貌，但除了姓名、军衔和编号以外什么都别给。香烟看上去太友善了，杜松子酒也很美味，审问官看上去是个不错的家伙，而且肯定听了上个星期世界棒球联赛的广播，能给家里写信看上去是个不错的机会，狠狠的耍弄一下坐在桌子对面的那个德国佬也许很好玩——
不过最完美的回答还是“姓名、军衔和编号”，外加一句“长官，这就是我能告诉你的”。
来自《情报周刊》的原文(1945年三月号)
PW INTERROGATION: THE GERMANS MEAN BUSINESS
Deprived of opportunities for extensive air reconnaissance, the Germans have come to depend increasingly on prisoner-of-war interrogation for information about the strength and dispositions of Allied forces, as well as about new weapons, military installations, Allied morale, and other vitally important matters. German interrogation, which was skillful even at the beginning of the war, today is a highly developed technique in which every move is deliberately calculated to serve a purpose. The latest procedures, as practiced by an enemy Army Group now engaged in combat, should be more widely known. Although German interrogators still like to get their hands on an Allied officer whenever they can, they seldom miss a chance to put an enlisted man through the mill.
[PW Interrogation: The Germans Mean Business]
The Army Group in question does not make a practice of commencing interrogation immediately after capture. It recognizes that any attempt to get an Allied soldier to talk at such a time is almost certain to fail. As a rule, then, the "preliminary interrogation" begins soon after the prisoner reaches a collecting point.
THE PRELIMINARY INTERROGATION
The interrogating officer launches an extremely general conversation. In the course of this, he casually requests the prisoner to fill in a personnel form. This form of course goes much further than "Name, rank, and serial number." Any information already available concerning the man's unit and its mission is used as a check on the accuracy of the statements made on the personnel form. The Germans know that instead of stopping at "Name, rank, and serial number," an overconfident prisoner, intending to have a little fun at his captor's expense, may answer the questions incorrectly. (Official U.S. Army comment on this misguided effort to be clever is "Don't attempt to give any answers at all!")
If a prisoner lies, or loses his temper and behaves in an undisciplined manner, "a rougher treatment (within the limits of the Articles of the Geneva Convention) or a lengthy solitary confinement may be of help," this Army Group has been told. Such treatment even may be accorded a prisoner who observes the rules of military courtesy, but who scrupulously refuses to tell more than his name, rank, and serial number. However, the prisoner who conducts himself with absolute propriety is the winner in the end; the Wehrmacht, if not the SS, entertains a certain respect for the Allied soldier who says, "In obeying orders, I am behaving with the same correctness that you would expect a German soldier to display in the same circumstances." Loyalty to one's own military organization inspires a grudging admiration in the German mind.
During the preliminary interrogation, the interrogating officer is likely to express doubts as to the effectiveness of U.S. weapons—introducing the subject offhandedly, as part of a seemingly friendly conversation. The purpose, of course, is to lead the prisoner to contradict the interrogator and supply further information unwittingly. Or the interrogator may go to extremes in boasting about the effectiveness of German weapons—again with the hope that he will be contradicted and that the truth will be forthcoming.
The Germans know that it is useless to assume that an Allied soldier harbors any sympathy for National Socialism. Interrogators generally refrain from introducing politics into the conversation, although they sometimes probe around to find sore spots—telling a British prisoner that the Americans are letting his people do all the fighting, and vice versa. Or remarking to a British or American soldier that the Soviets are merely using the Western Allies as pawns. Since Allied prisoners usually are quick to recognize the motive behind such slurs, the Germans are likely to talk about sports, instead, knowing that Allied prisoners are genuinely interested in this topic. It is not unusual for the Germans to ask something like "What do you think of the St. Louis Cardinals?" as a possible tongue-loosener before touching on military matters in a casual fashion.
German interrogating officers have been warned that clumsy or premature questions do more harm than good. ^$ g],PAY
When dealing with prisoners of war who have been discovered among the civilian population or who have been found wearing items of civilian clothing, the Germans usually threaten to treat such prisoners as sabotage agents unless they prove their identity by naming their units and giving many sorely needed details about these outfits.
After the preliminary interrogation, the examiner writes out his impressions of the prisoner's personality, mentality, and so on, and, if possible, indicates what kind of information possibly can be extracted from him in the course of the main interrogation.
During the first few days, prisoners are permitted, and even encouraged, to write to their relatives and friends. The Germans always hope that such letters not only will contain descriptions of events preceding the capture, but will dovetail with other prisoners' letters and thereby reveal much useful data.
THE MAIN INTERROGATION H
The main interrogation is based on the results of the first questioning, on information derived from documents recently captured and evaluated, and on a summary of all information already known regarding the prisoner's unit as well as of the most important questions which need to be answered. n8y An interrogating officer best suited to the character and temperament of the prisoner is detailed to perform the job, on the theory that the prisoner's reserve possibly will thaw in an atmosphere of congeniality. Sometimes this necessitates the use of a second interrogating officer for the more highly specialized questions.
Although, on the surface, the main interrogation may seem much like the preliminary interrogation, the two differ greatly; in the second questioning the enemy has much more data on which to base queries, and can work toward more definite objectives. To their annoyance the Germans have found the average U.S. soldier security-conscious and extremely stubborn about refusing to talk. He has been very well trained in this respect," an official German source observes.)
The way a prisoner will react depends on the individual method of treatment, the Germans believe. This is why so much emphasis is placed on judging each man's personality beforehand. Having analyzed each case as carefully as possible, the interrogator tries to decide which of the following approaches will yield the most favorable results: IJb1) 1. Speedy, exact, and pointed questions.
2. Cordial introductory conversation about personal interests—family, profession, sports, weapons, reminiscences about military experiences, and so on
3. Casual revelation of information at hand about Allied units, with the implication that, since everything is already known, there is no need to bother about concealing anything.
4. Indication—whether true or false—that the prisoner's officers already have given information.
5. Comment that, if the prisoner refuses to talk, documents which have been found on him and which he should have destroyed (marked maps, and so on) may be shown to other prisoners of war—thus suggesting subsequent unpleasantness in store for him. %(7w Z0Z
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6. Offer of cigarettes or a drink, and a promise to see to it that the prisoner's relatives will immediately be informed of his capture, either by mail or over the radio. ?M{ 6U[ ?
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This Army Group makes a great point of not allowing an interrogation to seem what it really is. The atmosphere of a voluntary and pleasant conversation is sought. The interrogating officer is alone with the prisoner, and does not take notes. Under no circumstances is a stenographer permitted to take down, in a prisoner's presence, the information that he gives; if necessary, however, the stenographer will take down the information while remaining out of sight. (The usual procedure is for the interrogating officer to write down, as soon as the questioning is finished, all the information he has obtained.) Sometimes a prisoner is questioned during the course of an outdoor stroll—after he has been in solitary confinement long enough to make him well disposed toward the person who apparently has arranged for his release. >a`zkl
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Persistently stubborn prisoners of war may be quartered with stool pigeons, or with prisoners from the same Allied unit so that their conversation may be picked up by microphones. However, an interesting development has restricted this particular Army Group's use of stool pigeons. Double-crossing has been so prevalent that permission to use this method now is granted only in very special cases. [It is not stated whether the trouble has been caused by anti-Nazi Germans or by Allied prisoners determined not to aid the enemy.] A(@gv8e[H^
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To summarize, the Army Group pursues a policy that a sympathetic, but clear and methodical, approach should be the standard operating procedure when dealing with U.S. prisoners of war. "The better the interrogating officer can put across the idea that he already has an abundance of information about the prisoner's unit and about the Allied forces in general, the sooner the prisoner will talk. It has proved helpful to discover and memorize the names of prisoner's immediate superiors, and to introduce into the conversation plentiful allusions to what the man's outfit has been doing in recent months." SAo \H
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Leading questions (such as "Your outfit sailed from Boston, didn't it?" and "Your commanding officer really didn't know his stuff, did he?") are avoided, since it is believed that they lead prisoners to make deliberately vague and incorrect replies. vaCdfO &
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Knowing that the enemy uses such interrogation methods as the foregoing, the U.S. soldier who is taken prisoner must be doubly on his guard, and must on no account permit himself to go farther than giving his name, rank, and serial number. The cigarette may look too good to be true. and so may the shot of schnapps—the interrogator may sound like a good guy and really know his World's Series—the alleged opportunity to get word to the family right away may seem like a lucky break—the opportunity to talk big and pull the wool over the interrogator's eyes may be tempting— 2Q'XB
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It's still got to be "name, rank, and number" and "That's all I can say, sir." R{Kd%Y:2Y
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2. TRICKS USED BY GERMANS Y l3[~S
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Some of the tricks used by the Germans in trying to get prisoners to talk are as follows: A =[f >8
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a. "Stool Pigeons" 'e)ze^Jq
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In a building prepared for the occasion, prisoners are questioned in a half-hearted manner and are then transferred to another room where they find three or four other "prisoners." These "prisoners" are Italians or Germans who speak perfect English. To avoid detection, they are often dressed in a uniform of a service other than that to which the real prisoner belongs. (For example, RAF when the prisoner is in the army, American when the prisoner is English.) They are "stool pigeons," and are highly trained to get the information the questioners have failed to obtain. <[f2ZS6
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b. Man-to-Man E9*?G4P{l
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"England and Germany should be fighting together. We don't hate one another." This is what the smiling Nazi says in an attempt to appear as a friend and make his British prisoners forget the atrocities he is committing all over the world. &EJ,k'7$
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c. Delayed Action ./*, Thc
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The prisoner is not questioned for several days—perhaps weeks. If he is in a hospital, they send along a "wounded" German or Italian who has been in England and speaks a bit of English. He has all the charm of a vacuum-cleaner salesman, and gradually lets it leak out that he is anti-Nazi and perhaps has had a row with a fellow Nazi. He takes his time and gradually the conversation veers around to the war. _$_CR\$
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d. "Know-All" c(g^*8Pb
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"We know so much there is nothing you can tell us," says the Hun. He flips over a lot of important looking papers—"See what I have?" He is rude and attempts to provoke the prisoner into proving that he is not the ignoramus the interrogator thinks he is. Wv/5#_
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e. Third Degree ~e~Mx=FT0
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The prisoner is marched into a tent lit by one flickering lantern. There is a good deal of side play. The interrogator snaps out the routine questions: "Name—rank—number?" When the next question is greeted with silence, the sentry is ordered to leave the tent. The interrogator fingers his revolver. "I don't want to resort to methods we dislike," he says, and hopes the prisoner will believe the opposite. He may be taken into a confined space, such as an armored car. The interrogator talks in a low voice. He explains that he wants some important information and that he is determined to get it. He is candid. "You are alone; you have a family. You want to live. It is nice to be a hero when someone is looking, but you are alone." He;%6OG{
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The note of death is constantly repeated in an attempt to break down morale. The interrogator, however, is not going to kill the goose which may lay the golden egg. Besides, we have thousands of enemy prisoners, and news of what happens in German prison camps travels fast. ?o'arxCxZn
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@Breaking down resistance and morale is the first object of the enemy interrogation officer. To do this, physical fatigue is often provoked by forced marches, light rations, and inadequate shelter. Another trick is the spreading of fantastic tales about Russian reverses, Japanese successes, and British and American losses. Then there is the time-worn trap: "Your comrades have told us everything, so why don't you?" Yaepy 3F
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g. Listening Walls .JKaC>oX
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In a Nazi or Fascist state, everyone is a suspect of the secret police. They are well trained in eavesdropping. Their experience is used in war time. After failing to obtain information by other methods, prisoners are put together in the most innocent-seeming circumstances. A hidden microphone reveals to a listening enemy any matters of military interest that are talked about. t^;Fq{>
1943年八月号 [+7X& B
1. INSTRUCTIONS IN CASE OF CAPTURE (GERMAN) {moNtzE;
'2{o_Like the troops of other nations, German soldiers are instructed to reveal nothing more than "name, rank, and serial number" in case of capture, and are reminded that in accordance with international law, any other information may (and must) be refused. In addition, the German Army warns its soldiers to obey certain special instructions: %=eD)p7l-
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a. If you believe you are in danger of being captured, destroy all papers that you have on your person. Above all, tear out page 4 of your Soldbuch (pay book), which mentions your unit. K%Ml2V
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b. If you are captured, be strictly military and, at the same time, polite. Don't be influenced by friendliness on the part of the enemy, or by threats. 7^X_tQf
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c. Never speak the enemy's language. 8#B;nyGD1I
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d. Always remember that the most trivial things, to which you attach no importance, can often give valuable information to the enemy. xc3Q7u!|
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e. No interest in technical questions is to be shown, not even when the questioner tries to provoke an argument by belittling German weapons. wyM3|%RZ
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f. Don't try to deceive by false answers. KguFU
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g. Don't let yourself be fooled by an assumed knowledge, on the questioner's part, of the subject under discussion. Pw{ +7b$
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h. Don't discuss military matters or details of operations with your fellow prisoners. U5=J;[w}N
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In North Africa the German Army regarded the following information as especially valuable to the United Nations, and warned its troops that they must take every precaution to keep it secret: + ^:K#S9U
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a. The unit to which you belong, and its location. 1<5yG7SZ
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b. The effectives of your unit, and its losses. #$E vybETx
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c. The other units which belong to your regiment or your division. The other units which were engaged at the same time as yours, and their effectives. HL]?CWtGP
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d. When, and by what means, you arrived in the theater of operations, what you saw on your way, and when you had your last leave. 107SXYdhI
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e. What weapons the German Army has, whether you have seen any new ones, and if and when new or repaired tanks may be expected to arrive. OoNAW<
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f. The morale of German troops; details regarding supplies and materiel. kcb'`^ 9i^Ci9
g. The morale at home; the effect of United Nations bombing. y:L|]p}huE
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German soldiers in other theaters of operation receive similar warnings. The Germans caution their troops not to believe that better treatment will be given them if they consent to talk. It is stressed that even after a soldier has been interrogated, he must be careful when talking to other comrades in the camp, because of the possibility that a listening apparatus may have been installed. Troops are warned, too, that strangers in German uniforms may try to win their confidence, and that these strangers will certainly be spies. Speaking over the radio, making phonograph recordings, and writing of war experiences are strictly forbidden. |j<'[gB\p
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Of special significance is the German Army's threat of future punishment if these orders are not fully obeyed: iu .{L(m
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Every prisoner remains a German soldier. You must realize that after your return you will, if necessary, be called upon to answer for your behavior during your time of captivity. @tA .^k0`
请注意：文章在翻译中经过了重新组织
德军很清楚从刚从战场上抓到的俘虏口中得到有效情报的几率几乎是0，所以他们会在战俘平静下来之后才开始第一级讯问。
第一级讯问
审讯官会讯问一写非常基本的问题，当然这些问题肯定超越了“姓名，军阶和编号”这类合理问题。对战俘所在部队所收集的情报将被用来鉴定受审者是否在撒谎。德国人很清楚，自负的俘虏很容易在提供自己的姓名、军阶和序号之后再慷慨的提供一些假信息来折磨审讯官的神经（尽管我军相关条例规定除这三条之外不应回答敌人的任何问题）
如果发现战俘在撒谎，或者举止粗野，德国人会采用“更不友好的讯问方式”——仍然严格的处于《日内瓦公约》以及相关条约的限制之内。德国国防军尊敬非常礼貌但是不愿给出情报的战俘，他们视忠诚为最高荣誉；而武装党卫军可能就不这么看。
在审讯时，德军审讯官经常会公开表示他们对我军某种武器的赞美或者怀疑——来缓和审问的紧张气氛。然而事情没这么简单。自负的但是头脑简单的战俘很可能会直接更正审讯官“说错”的地方，德国人会通过这些小矛盾来挖掘细节。
德国人知道我军士兵对国家社会Ｚ義不抱任何好感，所以他们的话题会尽量避开政治。德国人也很清楚在战俘面前贬低我们的盟友——英国人或者俄国人——也并不是什么很好的开场白。鉴于我军士兵对体育运动的爱好，德国人更喜欢用“你觉得上个月纽约洋基对圣路易斯深红的比赛怎样”这样的话题来做开场白，缓解对方的紧张以及敌对情绪。 德国审讯官同样很清楚什么时候问什么问题是恰当的。 当抓住混在平民中或者穿着平民服装的盟军士兵时，德国人通常会用“战斗人员身着平民服装不受日内瓦公约保护”来威胁我军士兵说出他们的部队和任务。
在初审结束后，审讯官需要完成一篇报告，指明受审人的个人状况、精神状况、可信度以及可以从此人身上获得何种情报等信息。
德国人允许甚至鼓励战俘给他们的亲人写信。他们希望这些信件中能够交待一些被俘之前的经历，从而拼凑出一些有用的信息。
主审
主审基于初审的结果，加上从最近获取的文件中需要确认的资料，战俘所属部队的最新情况以及其他一些非常重要的问题。主审的审问官一般都是和蔼可亲的人，NC希望用他们和蔼的外表来欺骗我军战俘，有时特别的技术问题会有第二个主审官来询问。
在表面上，主审和初审的步骤和问题很类似，但是这两者其实完全不同。主审时德国审问官是有的放矢的问问题。令德国人恼火的是，美军战俘通常通常受过良好的保密训练，对提出的问题十分警觉，对该回答什么不该回答什么十分清楚。
德国人认为，囚犯的态度取决于他们的待遇，于是他们对战俘的个人资料进行详细的检查。德国人将他们提问的方向分作如下几大类：
1． 迅速、准确、有的放矢的问题；
2． 逐步深入。有关家庭状况的亲切长谈—体育—两军武器—军中经历等等；
3． 偶然在交谈中指出一些盟军的情报，暗示受审者审问官已经了解一切了，隐瞒没有意义； 4． 指明（无论真假）受审人的长官/同伴已经招了； 5． 声称战俘身上未来得及销毁的保密文件会让他在战俘中成为不受欢迎的泄密者；
6． 一支香烟，一杯咖啡，然后和蔼的告诉受审人他的家庭已经通过邮件或者广播得知他的被俘。 德军情报机关想尽一切办法让审讯看上去不像审讯。审讯总是在随意舒适的办公室中，审讯官总是和蔼可亲，桌子上只有咖啡壶和烟盒，永远没有记录本或者速记员。实际上，速记员会躲在暗处作记录，更通常的步骤是审讯官在审讯结束后根据自己的记忆写下审讯中得到的重要情报。有时，审讯在战俘被单人禁闭很久之后的一次散步中进行，禁闭时间通常长到能让战俘对任何一个把他放出去透风的人抱有好感。
口风很紧的战俘通常会和“信鸽”或者其他不愿交待任何情况的战俘关在一起，他们的一切交谈都会被窃听。由于采用叛徒十分危险，这种方法只有在极个别的情况下才采用（文件中并没有指明为什么，可能是因为反对NC的德国人或者坚强的盟军战俘）。
德国人的小把戏
以下是一些德国审讯部门用来欺骗盟军士兵的小把戏。 a. 信鸽
在审讯所里，盟军战俘被“草率”的审问一下之后就被送到旁边的一个房间中等待。房间里通常也有“被俘”的盟军——实际上可能是精通英语的德国人或者意大利人。为了避免嫌疑，德国人通常会交叉军种和国籍。比如在讯问陆军战俘时，冒牌货会伪装成飞行员，而当审问英国人时他们又会穿上美军制服。这些绰号“信鸽”的德国情报人员非常难对付。
b. 拉关系
“英国人和德国人流着一样的血，我们不应该互相残杀。”这就是一个微笑的NC分子，在全世界都流传着他们的暴行时，用来拉拢关系的话。
c. 对伤员的“延迟审问”
对受伤被送进医院的盟军战俘，德国人通常会送一个会说“一点英语”的德国“伤员”去。这个人会像最好的吸尘器推销员那样用甜言蜜语来进攻邻床的战俘。他可能会说他讨厌战争，甚至讨厌NC，比如他和某个党卫军部队的士兵打过架之类。这些情报人员依靠耐心来获得他们所需要的。 d. 傲慢与偏见
“小子，我想告诉你的就是我知道的比你还多！”审讯官的语气非常粗鲁，他将一堆看上去充满军事价值的文件往桌子上一扔。这招激将法通常会刺激那些自负的战俘和审讯官比较谁知道的更多。
e. 最坏的选择 战俘被带进一间昏暗的房间里，当审讯官问出三个基本问题之后，他的第四个问题通常没有回答。于是他会命令哨兵出去，拔出手槍擦拭，然后漫不经心地对俘虏说：“我们谁都不希望把事情弄糟”，实际上他希望将战俘的思路往相反的方向引导。战俘可能会被带到非常狭小的空间，比如装甲车里。审讯官会用非常轻的声音说话。他会向战俘暗示他需要某种情报，而且他必须得到。他会宣称：“你孤独一人，你有家庭，你希望活下去。你希望能够成为万人景仰的英雄，但是别忘了，你只有一个人。”死亡的威胁是用来摧毁精神防线的最好的武器。 f. 再试一次 摧毁受审者的精神防线是审讯官最重要的工作。达到这个目的的方法有两种，一种是生理上的，如强迫行军、减少口粮、糟糕的住宿环境等等；另一种是散布谣言，德国人喜欢在战俘中散布诸如“俄国人倒向轴心国了”，“英国投降了”，“日本人又打胜仗了”之类的假消息。不过最屡试不爽的还是那句“你的同伴都已经招了，你还有什么要说的么？”
g. 隔墙有耳
在法ＸＳ国家，特务机关可以随意怀疑任何人。他们是偷听高手。德国人会把那些嘴很紧的盟军士兵关在一起，然后通过暗藏的竊Ｔ器获取有益的信息。 反审问技术的核心
我们可以通过反向思维的方式来推断出如何对抗德国人的审问。就像其它国家的士兵一样，德军官兵也接受了“被俘后只允许回答三要素”以及国际法的相关准则的教育。当然，德军也对其官兵进行了特殊的教导：
1． 如果有可能被俘，一定要销毁所有的纸件，并撕去Soldbuch（账本）的第四页，那里记载了部队番号；
2． 被俘后保持军人风度和礼节，不要被敌人的威胁利诱征服；
3． 把好口风。时刻牢记你认为琐碎的问题可能包含了对敌人十分有用的信息；
4． 永远不要说敌人的语言；
5． 即使敌人贬低我国武器，也不要和他们争辩任何关于德军装备的技术问题；
6． 不要试着用谎话来嘲弄敌人；
7． 不要被敌人散布的谣言所欺骗；
8． 不要和任何战俘谈论军事行动问题。
在北非战场，德军提醒部队以下信息对联合国军极为重要，因此需要严格保密：
1． 部队番号和位置；
2． 部队作战能力和损失状况；
3． 你所处的团/师的加强部队和协同作战的部队，以及它们的战斗力；
4． 你何时来到本战区，你在前往这里的路上看到了什么，你最后一次离开本战区的时间；
5． 德军的武器装备，维修时间以及维修部队的效率；
6． 德军士气，尤其是装备和给养状况；
7． 德国本土的士气以及盟军轰炸对士气的影响。
以上这几条反之亦然。德军审问技术的核心就是“审问官对战俘所在部队或者军种的总体了解越多，他就越容易成功”。探出并且牢记战俘所在部队的指挥官的名字被证明是很重要的，同时对两军特定装备的比较也能套出很多技术方面的重点。
诸如“你的装备似乎是波士顿生产的”或者“您的指挥官根本不知道他在做什么，对么”这样看似平常的问题应该严肃对待并且拒绝回答，因为它们会把战俘引向在纠正错误的同时泄露情报。 在知道敌人的把戏的情况下，美军战俘应该对敌人表示礼貌，但除了姓名、军衔和编号以外什么都别给。香烟看上去太友善了，杜松子酒也很美味，审问官看上去是个不错的家伙，而且肯定听了上个星期世界棒球联赛的广播，能给家里写信看上去是个不错的机会，狠狠的耍弄一下坐在桌子对面的那个德国佬也许很好玩——
不过最完美的回答还是“姓名、军衔和编号”，外加一句“长官，这就是我能告诉你的”。
来自《情报周刊》的原文(1945年三月号)
PW INTERROGATION: THE GERMANS MEAN BUSINESS
Deprived of opportunities for extensive air reconnaissance, the Germans have come to depend increasingly on prisoner-of-war interrogation for information about the strength and dispositions of Allied forces, as well as about new weapons, military installations, Allied morale, and other vitally important matters. German interrogation, which was skillful even at the beginning of the war, today is a highly developed technique in which every move is deliberately calculated to serve a purpose. The latest procedures, as practiced by an enemy Army Group now engaged in combat, should be more widely known. Although German interrogators still like to get their hands on an Allied officer whenever they can, they seldom miss a chance to put an enlisted man through the mill.
[PW Interrogation: The Germans Mean Business]
The Army Group in question does not make a practice of commencing interrogation immediately after capture. It recognizes that any attempt to get an Allied soldier to talk at such a time is almost certain to fail. As a rule, then, the "preliminary interrogation" begins soon after the prisoner reaches a collecting point.
THE PRELIMINARY INTERROGATION
The interrogating officer launches an extremely general conversation. In the course of this, he casually requests the prisoner to fill in a personnel form. This form of course goes much further than "Name, rank, and serial number." Any information already available concerning the man's unit and its mission is used as a check on the accuracy of the statements made on the personnel form. The Germans know that instead of stopping at "Name, rank, and serial number," an overconfident prisoner, intending to have a little fun at his captor's expense, may answer the questions incorrectly. (Official U.S. Army comment on this misguided effort to be clever is "Don't attempt to give any answers at all!")
If a prisoner lies, or loses his temper and behaves in an undisciplined manner, "a rougher treatment (within the limits of the Articles of the Geneva Convention) or a lengthy solitary confinement may be of help," this Army Group has been told. Such treatment even may be accorded a prisoner who observes the rules of military courtesy, but who scrupulously refuses to tell more than his name, rank, and serial number. However, the prisoner who conducts himself with absolute propriety is the winner in the end; the Wehrmacht, if not the SS, entertains a certain respect for the Allied soldier who says, "In obeying orders, I am behaving with the same correctness that you would expect a German soldier to display in the same circumstances." Loyalty to one's own military organization inspires a grudging admiration in the German mind.
During the preliminary interrogation, the interrogating officer is likely to express doubts as to the effectiveness of U.S. weapons—introducing the subject offhandedly, as part of a seemingly friendly conversation. The purpose, of course, is to lead the prisoner to contradict the interrogator and supply further information unwittingly. Or the interrogator may go to extremes in boasting about the effectiveness of German weapons—again with the hope that he will be contradicted and that the truth will be forthcoming.
The Germans know that it is useless to assume that an Allied soldier harbors any sympathy for National Socialism. Interrogators generally refrain from introducing politics into the conversation, although they sometimes probe around to find sore spots—telling a British prisoner that the Americans are letting his people do all the fighting, and vice versa. Or remarking to a British or American soldier that the Soviets are merely using the Western Allies as pawns. Since Allied prisoners usually are quick to recognize the motive behind such slurs, the Germans are likely to talk about sports, instead, knowing that Allied prisoners are genuinely interested in this topic. It is not unusual for the Germans to ask something like "What do you think of the St. Louis Cardinals?" as a possible tongue-loosener before touching on military matters in a casual fashion.
German interrogating officers have been warned that clumsy or premature questions do more harm than good. ^$ g],PAY
When dealing with prisoners of war who have been discovered among the civilian population or who have been found wearing items of civilian clothing, the Germans usually threaten to treat such prisoners as sabotage agents unless they prove their identity by naming their units and giving many sorely needed details about these outfits.
After the preliminary interrogation, the examiner writes out his impressions of the prisoner's personality, mentality, and so on, and, if possible, indicates what kind of information possibly can be extracted from him in the course of the main interrogation.
During the first few days, prisoners are permitted, and even encouraged, to write to their relatives and friends. The Germans always hope that such letters not only will contain descriptions of events preceding the capture, but will dovetail with other prisoners' letters and thereby reveal much useful data.
THE MAIN INTERROGATION H
The main interrogation is based on the results of the first questioning, on information derived from documents recently captured and evaluated, and on a summary of all information already known regarding the prisoner's unit as well as of the most important questions which need to be answered. n8y An interrogating officer best suited to the character and temperament of the prisoner is detailed to perform the job, on the theory that the prisoner's reserve possibly will thaw in an atmosphere of congeniality. Sometimes this necessitates the use of a second interrogating officer for the more highly specialized questions.
Although, on the surface, the main interrogation may seem much like the preliminary interrogation, the two differ greatly; in the second questioning the enemy has much more data on which to base queries, and can work toward more definite objectives. To their annoyance the Germans have found the average U.S. soldier security-conscious and extremely stubborn about refusing to talk. He has been very well trained in this respect," an official German source observes.)
The way a prisoner will react depends on the individual method of treatment, the Germans believe. This is why so much emphasis is placed on judging each man's personality beforehand. Having analyzed each case as carefully as possible, the interrogator tries to decide which of the following approaches will yield the most favorable results: IJb1) 1. Speedy, exact, and pointed questions.
2. Cordial introductory conversation about personal interests—family, profession, sports, weapons, reminiscences about military experiences, and so on
3. Casual revelation of information at hand about Allied units, with the implication that, since everything is already known, there is no need to bother about concealing anything.
4. Indication—whether true or false—that the prisoner's officers already have given information.
5. Comment that, if the prisoner refuses to talk, documents which have been found on him and which he should have destroyed (marked maps, and so on) may be shown to other prisoners of war—thus suggesting subsequent unpleasantness in store for him. %(7w Z0Z
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6. Offer of cigarettes or a drink, and a promise to see to it that the prisoner's relatives will immediately be informed of his capture, either by mail or over the radio. ?M{ 6U[ ?
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This Army Group makes a great point of not allowing an interrogation to seem what it really is. The atmosphere of a voluntary and pleasant conversation is sought. The interrogating officer is alone with the prisoner, and does not take notes. Under no circumstances is a stenographer permitted to take down, in a prisoner's presence, the information that he gives; if necessary, however, the stenographer will take down the information while remaining out of sight. (The usual procedure is for the interrogating officer to write down, as soon as the questioning is finished, all the information he has obtained.) Sometimes a prisoner is questioned during the course of an outdoor stroll—after he has been in solitary confinement long enough to make him well disposed toward the person who apparently has arranged for his release. >a`zkl
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Persistently stubborn prisoners of war may be quartered with stool pigeons, or with prisoners from the same Allied unit so that their conversation may be picked up by microphones. However, an interesting development has restricted this particular Army Group's use of stool pigeons. Double-crossing has been so prevalent that permission to use this method now is granted only in very special cases. [It is not stated whether the trouble has been caused by anti-Nazi Germans or by Allied prisoners determined not to aid the enemy.] A(@gv8e[H^
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To summarize, the Army Group pursues a policy that a sympathetic, but clear and methodical, approach should be the standard operating procedure when dealing with U.S. prisoners of war. "The better the interrogating officer can put across the idea that he already has an abundance of information about the prisoner's unit and about the Allied forces in general, the sooner the prisoner will talk. It has proved helpful to discover and memorize the names of prisoner's immediate superiors, and to introduce into the conversation plentiful allusions to what the man's outfit has been doing in recent months." SAo \H
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Leading questions (such as "Your outfit sailed from Boston, didn't it?" and "Your commanding officer really didn't know his stuff, did he?") are avoided, since it is believed that they lead prisoners to make deliberately vague and incorrect replies. vaCdfO &
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Knowing that the enemy uses such interrogation methods as the foregoing, the U.S. soldier who is taken prisoner must be doubly on his guard, and must on no account permit himself to go farther than giving his name, rank, and serial number. The cigarette may look too good to be true. and so may the shot of schnapps—the interrogator may sound like a good guy and really know his World's Series—the alleged opportunity to get word to the family right away may seem like a lucky break—the opportunity to talk big and pull the wool over the interrogator's eyes may be tempting— 2Q'XB
but Y 1ilH-8
It's still got to be "name, rank, and number" and "That's all I can say, sir." R{Kd%Y:2Y
1942年12月号 G mUs U{
2. TRICKS USED BY GERMANS Y l3[~S
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Some of the tricks used by the Germans in trying to get prisoners to talk are as follows: A =[f >8
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a. "Stool Pigeons" 'e)ze^Jq
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In a building prepared for the occasion, prisoners are questioned in a half-hearted manner and are then transferred to another room where they find three or four other "prisoners." These "prisoners" are Italians or Germans who speak perfect English. To avoid detection, they are often dressed in a uniform of a service other than that to which the real prisoner belongs. (For example, RAF when the prisoner is in the army, American when the prisoner is English.) They are "stool pigeons," and are highly trained to get the information the questioners have failed to obtain. <[f2ZS6
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b. Man-to-Man E9*?G4P{l
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"England and Germany should be fighting together. We don't hate one another." This is what the smiling Nazi says in an attempt to appear as a friend and make his British prisoners forget the atrocities he is committing all over the world. &EJ,k'7$
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c. Delayed Action ./*, Thc
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The prisoner is not questioned for several days—perhaps weeks. If he is in a hospital, they send along a "wounded" German or Italian who has been in England and speaks a bit of English. He has all the charm of a vacuum-cleaner salesman, and gradually lets it leak out that he is anti-Nazi and perhaps has had a row with a fellow Nazi. He takes his time and gradually the conversation veers around to the war. _$_CR\$
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d. "Know-All" c(g^*8Pb
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"We know so much there is nothing you can tell us," says the Hun. He flips over a lot of important looking papers—"See what I have?" He is rude and attempts to provoke the prisoner into proving that he is not the ignoramus the interrogator thinks he is. Wv/5#_
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e. Third Degree ~e~Mx=FT0
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The prisoner is marched into a tent lit by one flickering lantern. There is a good deal of side play. The interrogator snaps out the routine questions: "Name—rank—number?" When the next question is greeted with silence, the sentry is ordered to leave the tent. The interrogator fingers his revolver. "I don't want to resort to methods we dislike," he says, and hopes the prisoner will believe the opposite. He may be taken into a confined space, such as an armored car. The interrogator talks in a low voice. He explains that he wants some important information and that he is determined to get it. He is candid. "You are alone; you have a family. You want to live. It is nice to be a hero when someone is looking, but you are alone." He;%6OG{
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The note of death is constantly repeated in an attempt to break down morale. The interrogator, however, is not going to kill the goose which may lay the golden egg. Besides, we have thousands of enemy prisoners, and news of what happens in German prison camps travels fast. ?o'arxCxZn
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f. Try Again PH &m s
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g. Listening Walls .JKaC>oX
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In a Nazi or Fascist state, everyone is a suspect of the secret police. They are well trained in eavesdropping. Their experience is used in war time. After failing to obtain information by other methods, prisoners are put together in the most innocent-seeming circumstances. A hidden microphone reveals to a listening enemy any matters of military interest that are talked about. t^;Fq{>
1943年八月号 [+7X& B
1. INSTRUCTIONS IN CASE OF CAPTURE (GERMAN) {moNtzE;
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a. If you believe you are in danger of being captured, destroy all papers that you have on your person. Above all, tear out page 4 of your Soldbuch (pay book), which mentions your unit. K%Ml2V
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b. If you are captured, be strictly military and, at the same time, polite. Don't be influenced by friendliness on the part of the enemy, or by threats. 7^X_tQf
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c. Never speak the enemy's language. 8#B;nyGD1I
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d. Always remember that the most trivial things, to which you attach no importance, can often give valuable information to the enemy. xc3Q7u!|
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e. No interest in technical questions is to be shown, not even when the questioner tries to provoke an argument by belittling German weapons. wyM3|%RZ
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f. Don't try to deceive by false answers. KguFU
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g. Don't let yourself be fooled by an assumed knowledge, on the questioner's part, of the subject under discussion. Pw{ +7b$
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h. Don't discuss military matters or details of operations with your fellow prisoners. U5=J;[w}N
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In North Africa the German Army regarded the following information as especially valuable to the United Nations, and warned its troops that they must take every precaution to keep it secret: + ^:K#S9U
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a. The unit to which you belong, and its location. 1<5yG7SZ
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b. The effectives of your unit, and its losses. #$E vybETx
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c. The other units which belong to your regiment or your division. The other units which were engaged at the same time as yours, and their effectives. HL]?CWtGP
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d. When, and by what means, you arrived in the theater of operations, what you saw on your way, and when you had your last leave. 107SXYdhI
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e. What weapons the German Army has, whether you have seen any new ones, and if and when new or repaired tanks may be expected to arrive. OoNAW<
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f. The morale of German troops; details regarding supplies and materiel. kcb'`^ 9i^Ci9
g. The morale at home; the effect of United Nations bombing. y:L|]p}huE
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German soldiers in other theaters of operation receive similar warnings. The Germans caution their troops not to believe that better treatment will be given them if they consent to talk. It is stressed that even after a soldier has been interrogated, he must be careful when talking to other comrades in the camp, because of the possibility that a listening apparatus may have been installed. Troops are warned, too, that strangers in German uniforms may try to win their confidence, and that these strangers will certainly be spies. Speaking over the radio, making phonograph recordings, and writing of war experiences are strictly forbidden. |j<'[gB\p
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Of special significance is the German Army's threat of future punishment if these orders are not fully obeyed: iu .{L(m
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Every prisoner remains a German soldier. You must realize that after your return you will, if necessary, be called upon to answer for your behavior during your time of captivity. @tA .^k0`
请注意：文章在翻译中经过了重新组织
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